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Christian Vanhove (November 8, 2012)

            SMALL ANIMAL IMAGING
THE BRIDGE BETWEEN IN VITRO TECHNOLOGY AND
           PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
The evolution of bio-imaging




             Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
The evolution of bio-imaging




             Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
Medical imaging




US   RX         CT          MRI   SPECT & PET
The evolution of bio-imaging




             Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
Microscopy & Optical imaging

  The human eye can focus from 20cm to
infinity control illumination and resolve to
     ±100 m however it can’t magnify




                        The Nimrud Lens
                        Babylon750-710 BC
                        The British Museum
Molecular Biology




                                                     Genomics

                                                     Proteomics

                                                    Metabolomics
The ‘omics’ is very trendy today in daily science
Molecular Biology

                                         Translation

   DNA                         mRNA                     Proteins                 Metabolites
±25000 genes                   ±500000                    Nx107                       Nx106

               Transcription


                                             Effect of the environment (life style)




                                Genomics
                                                            Gene
                                                              ≠
                                Proteomics                Blueprint

                               Metabolomics
The evolution of bio-imaging




             Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
The Bridge
             Small Animal Imaging




Molecular Biology                     Medical Imaging
The evolution of bio-imaging




             Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
In the beginning there was …




  Wilhelm Röntgen               22 December 1895          23 January 1896
Nobel Prize Physics 1901       Hand of Anna Berthe   Hand of Albert von Kölliker,
  Discovery of X-rays                                   a famous anatomist
… the first medical image ?




             The hand of a 12-year-old boy who had shot
             himself one month before his hand was
             examined by x-rays in 1896 at at Columbia
             University.
… the first medical image ?



                Find            Fight            Follow
                                                  Up

             Diagnosis        Treatment        Follow-up




             The hand of a 12-year-old boy who had shot
             himself one month before his hand was
             examined by x-rays in 1896 at at Columbia
             University.
The medical imaging timeline




             Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
The medical imaging timeline

1900   1910   1920     1930       1940   1950   1960   1970   1980   1990         2000   2010




                          X-ray                                              CT




                                                                                   MRI




                                                                       Fiber optics




                                                                     SPECT




                                                                                  PET
The medical imaging timeline

  1900      1910   1920      1930       1940      1950   1960   1970   1980   1990         2000   2010




                                X-ray                                                 CT




                                                                                            MRI




                                                                                Fiber optics




                                                                              SPECT



  Find               Fight                     Follow
                                                Up                                         PET



Diagnosis          Treatment              Follow-up
Imaging Analogue
Imaging Analogue
Imaging Analogue
Imaging Analogue
Imaging Analogue
Imaging Analogue: Structural Imaging
Imaging Analogue




How can we (as foreign investigators) get more information about Earth?
Imaging Analogue




How can we (as foreign investigators) get more information about Earth?
Imaging Analogue
Imaging Analogue: Functional Imaging




                          Molecular Investigator
                             Contrast Agent
                              Radiotracer
                             Imaging Probe
                               Biomarker
Imaging Analogue: Functional imaging




                          Carrier or Agent Label
                            Specific moiety Moiety for detection
Moiety for localization of specific process Moiety for imaging signal
Imaging Analogue: Functional imaging
Micro-Macro-Structure-Function




              Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
Micro-Macro-Structure-Function
               Macroscopic        Microscopic
Anatomy
Functional
Micro-Macro-Structure-Function
               Macroscopic        Microscopic
Anatomy
Functional
Structural versus Functional



                                                              Anatomic imaging
Symptoms




           Clinical Symptoms
                    Functional changes



                                                                Treatment        Follow-up

                                                              Time / Course of disease

                                         Functional imaging
The importance of functional imaging




    Why was this disease not earlier detected ?
The importance of functional imaging




1€           100€              1€           100€
The importance of functional imaging
          Multi-modality imaging
The role of molecular biology




 Genomics                                       Cancer

 Proteomics                                    Alzheimer

Metabolomics                                     CAD
Biomarkers

                        The FDA defines a biomarker as, "A characteristic that is
                        objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal
                        biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic
                        responses to a therapeutic intervention".




    Agent


Optical label (in vitro)
Radioactive label (in vivo)                                          Target
Uses of biomarkers




Individualized/Personalized Medicine
Scientific Publications Biomarkers
MICAD
        List contains today 5076 items !!
              Probably not complete

            Only 236 FDA Approved
         From which 123 Discontinued
            Thus 113 still available
           47 SPECT and PET Tracers

          3357 SPECT and PET tracers
                   (66%)
              47 FDA Approved
Biomarker development
                     Multi-disciplinary




R. Weissleder, B.D. Ross, A. Rehemtulla, S.G. Gambhir (Eds.), Molecular Imaging: Principles and Practice.
Biomarker development




                                                                                In-vitro
                                                                                In-vivo
R. Weissleder, B.D. Ross, A. Rehemtulla, S.G. Gambhir (Eds.), Molecular Imaging: Principles and Practice.
Biomarker development
                   Cellular / Molecular level   Cell culture




                                                               Molecular Biology



                                                                                     In-vitro
                                                               Preclinical imaging
Clinical imaging




                                                                                     In-vivo
                            Human               Small animal
Small animal imaging




    70 kg                                    250 g


               280x smaller in volume


            ±6.5 times smaller / direction


    1 mm                                     150 µm
Small animal imaging




    70 kg                                   20 g


              3500x smaller in volume


            ±15 times smaller / direction


    1 mm                                    66 µm
Small animal imaging
Clinical – Human       Pre-Clinical – Animal




                                  !!! Optical
                                  Imaging !!!




      Bed                     Bench
Small animal imaging
Clinical – Human                     Pre-Clinical – Animal




                                                !!! Optical
                                                Imaging !!!




      Bed                                   Bench


                   Translational imaging
Small animal imaging



                       Disease Progression


imaging

              quantitative parameters
                                                 therapy



                           Response to Therapy
Small animal imaging

Modality   Study time   Resolution   Intrinsic     Probe       Dynamic    Radiation     Cost
                                     Contrast    Sensitivity   Imaging      Dose
 SPECT     30-90 min    0.5-2 mm      None          <pM          Yes     10-100cGy     700K
  PET       5-60 min     1-2 mm       None          <pM          Yes     10-100cGy     700K
  MRI       ±60 min     <100 µm        High      µM - mM         Yes          -         1M
  CT       10-15 min    <200 µm        Low          mM           No       10-20cGy     350K
  US        ±60 min     <100 µm        Low           ?           Yes          -        200K
  BLI       ±5 min        ±1 cm       None          nM           Yes          -        250K
  FLI       ±5 min       <5 mm       Variable       nM           No           -        150K
  NIR       ±10 min      <5 mm        None          pM           No           -        250K




                                                                   Multi-modality imaging
Small animal imaging




Multi-dimensional imaging

      Quantitative
In summary
             Small Animal Imaging




Molecular Biology                    Medical Imaging
In summary

 Anatomy / Structure



     Physiology



Functional/Metabolism



  Molecular/Cellular



Genomics/Proteomics
In summary

                 Anatomy / Structure
Image-n-omics




                     Physiology



                Functional/Metabolism



                  Molecular/Cellular



                Genomics/Proteomics
In summary

                 Small animal imaging




Multi-modality    Multi-dimensional     Multi-disciplinary




                     Multi-skilled
Christian Vanhove (November 8, 2012)

            SMALL ANIMAL IMAGING
THE BRIDGE BETWEEN IN VITRO TECHNOLOGY AND
           PERSONALIZED MEDICINE

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iMinds The Conference: Christian Vanhove

  • 1. Christian Vanhove (November 8, 2012) SMALL ANIMAL IMAGING THE BRIDGE BETWEEN IN VITRO TECHNOLOGY AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
  • 2. The evolution of bio-imaging Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
  • 3. The evolution of bio-imaging Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
  • 4. Medical imaging US RX CT MRI SPECT & PET
  • 5. The evolution of bio-imaging Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
  • 6. Microscopy & Optical imaging The human eye can focus from 20cm to infinity control illumination and resolve to ±100 m however it can’t magnify The Nimrud Lens Babylon750-710 BC The British Museum
  • 7. Molecular Biology Genomics Proteomics Metabolomics The ‘omics’ is very trendy today in daily science
  • 8. Molecular Biology Translation DNA mRNA Proteins Metabolites ±25000 genes ±500000 Nx107 Nx106 Transcription Effect of the environment (life style) Genomics Gene ≠ Proteomics Blueprint Metabolomics
  • 9. The evolution of bio-imaging Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
  • 10. The Bridge Small Animal Imaging Molecular Biology Medical Imaging
  • 11. The evolution of bio-imaging Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
  • 12. In the beginning there was … Wilhelm Röntgen 22 December 1895 23 January 1896 Nobel Prize Physics 1901 Hand of Anna Berthe Hand of Albert von Kölliker, Discovery of X-rays a famous anatomist
  • 13. … the first medical image ? The hand of a 12-year-old boy who had shot himself one month before his hand was examined by x-rays in 1896 at at Columbia University.
  • 14. … the first medical image ? Find Fight Follow Up Diagnosis Treatment Follow-up The hand of a 12-year-old boy who had shot himself one month before his hand was examined by x-rays in 1896 at at Columbia University.
  • 15. The medical imaging timeline Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
  • 16. The medical imaging timeline 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 X-ray CT MRI Fiber optics SPECT PET
  • 17. The medical imaging timeline 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 X-ray CT MRI Fiber optics SPECT Find Fight Follow Up PET Diagnosis Treatment Follow-up
  • 24. Imaging Analogue How can we (as foreign investigators) get more information about Earth?
  • 25. Imaging Analogue How can we (as foreign investigators) get more information about Earth?
  • 27. Imaging Analogue: Functional Imaging Molecular Investigator Contrast Agent Radiotracer Imaging Probe Biomarker
  • 28. Imaging Analogue: Functional imaging Carrier or Agent Label Specific moiety Moiety for detection Moiety for localization of specific process Moiety for imaging signal
  • 30. Micro-Macro-Structure-Function Weissleder and Pittet. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008
  • 31. Micro-Macro-Structure-Function Macroscopic Microscopic Anatomy Functional
  • 32. Micro-Macro-Structure-Function Macroscopic Microscopic Anatomy Functional
  • 33. Structural versus Functional Anatomic imaging Symptoms Clinical Symptoms Functional changes Treatment Follow-up Time / Course of disease Functional imaging
  • 34. The importance of functional imaging Why was this disease not earlier detected ?
  • 35. The importance of functional imaging 1€ 100€ 1€ 100€
  • 36. The importance of functional imaging Multi-modality imaging
  • 37. The role of molecular biology Genomics Cancer Proteomics Alzheimer Metabolomics CAD
  • 38. Biomarkers The FDA defines a biomarker as, "A characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention". Agent Optical label (in vitro) Radioactive label (in vivo) Target
  • 41. MICAD List contains today 5076 items !! Probably not complete Only 236 FDA Approved From which 123 Discontinued Thus 113 still available 47 SPECT and PET Tracers 3357 SPECT and PET tracers (66%) 47 FDA Approved
  • 42. Biomarker development Multi-disciplinary R. Weissleder, B.D. Ross, A. Rehemtulla, S.G. Gambhir (Eds.), Molecular Imaging: Principles and Practice.
  • 43. Biomarker development In-vitro In-vivo R. Weissleder, B.D. Ross, A. Rehemtulla, S.G. Gambhir (Eds.), Molecular Imaging: Principles and Practice.
  • 44. Biomarker development Cellular / Molecular level Cell culture Molecular Biology In-vitro Preclinical imaging Clinical imaging In-vivo Human Small animal
  • 45. Small animal imaging 70 kg 250 g 280x smaller in volume ±6.5 times smaller / direction 1 mm 150 µm
  • 46. Small animal imaging 70 kg 20 g 3500x smaller in volume ±15 times smaller / direction 1 mm 66 µm
  • 47. Small animal imaging Clinical – Human Pre-Clinical – Animal !!! Optical Imaging !!! Bed Bench
  • 48. Small animal imaging Clinical – Human Pre-Clinical – Animal !!! Optical Imaging !!! Bed Bench Translational imaging
  • 49. Small animal imaging Disease Progression imaging quantitative parameters therapy Response to Therapy
  • 50. Small animal imaging Modality Study time Resolution Intrinsic Probe Dynamic Radiation Cost Contrast Sensitivity Imaging Dose SPECT 30-90 min 0.5-2 mm None <pM Yes 10-100cGy 700K PET 5-60 min 1-2 mm None <pM Yes 10-100cGy 700K MRI ±60 min <100 µm High µM - mM Yes - 1M CT 10-15 min <200 µm Low mM No 10-20cGy 350K US ±60 min <100 µm Low ? Yes - 200K BLI ±5 min ±1 cm None nM Yes - 250K FLI ±5 min <5 mm Variable nM No - 150K NIR ±10 min <5 mm None pM No - 250K Multi-modality imaging
  • 52. In summary Small Animal Imaging Molecular Biology Medical Imaging
  • 53. In summary Anatomy / Structure Physiology Functional/Metabolism Molecular/Cellular Genomics/Proteomics
  • 54. In summary Anatomy / Structure Image-n-omics Physiology Functional/Metabolism Molecular/Cellular Genomics/Proteomics
  • 55. In summary Small animal imaging Multi-modality Multi-dimensional Multi-disciplinary Multi-skilled
  • 56. Christian Vanhove (November 8, 2012) SMALL ANIMAL IMAGING THE BRIDGE BETWEEN IN VITRO TECHNOLOGY AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE