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Image sensor
- 1. Santosh Kumar Roll No.16/EC/4105 IMAGE SENSOR 1st Semester Term Paper Presentation Microwave and Antenna Research Laboratory Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering राष्ट्रीय प्रोद्योगिकी संस्थान दुिाापुर National Institute of Technology Durgapur Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur-713209, West Bengal INDIA 2016
- 2. Janesick J, Andrews J, Elliott T (2006) Fundamental performance differences between CMOS and CCD imagers: Part I, Proc SPIE 6276:62760M-1–19 Content • Introduction • Pixel • Fill Factor • Type of Image Sensor • Charge Coupled device ( CCD ) • Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Device ( CMOS ) • Basics of CCD • Basics of CMOS
- 3. Holland AD (1991) Annealing of proton-induced displacement damage in CCDs for space use, Proc. of 10th Symposium on Photoelectronic Image Devices, IoP, 33–40 INTRODUCTION • Unlike traditional camera, that used to film capture and store image, digital camera used solid state device called mage sensor. • Image sensor contain million of photosensitive diode known as Photosite. • When we take a picture, the camera shutter’s opens briefly and each photo site on the image sensor records the brightness of the light that falls on it by accumulating photons . The more light that hits a photosite ,the more photons it record.
- 4. Holland A, Abbey A, Lumb D, McCarthy K (1990) Proton damage effects in EEV charge coupled devices. Proc SPIE 1344:378–395 Pixel •The smallest discrete component of an image on a CRT screen is known as a Pixel. •Pixels must have same area. •Only 3 tessellations possible. 1. Square 2. Triangle 3. Hexagon
- 5. Hopkins IH, Hopkinson GR (1995) Further measurements of random telegraph signals from proton- irradiated CCDs. IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 42:2074–2081 Fill Factor •The Fill factor of an image sensor array is the ratio of a pixel's light sensitive area to its total area.
- 6. Fill Factor • For pixels without microlenes the fill factor is the ratio of photodiode area to total pixel area , but the use of microlenes increases the effective fill factor, often to nearly 100%, by converging light from the whole pixel area into the photodiode. • If fill factor is high then sensor is more sensitive. • Fill Factor = Active Area in Pixel / Total Pixel Area
- 7. Type of Image Sensor •Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor(CMOS) •Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) Hopkinson GR, Dale CJ, Marshall PW (1996) Proton effects in charge-coupled devices, IEEE Trans Nuc Sci 43:614–627
- 8. Hynecek J (2001) Impactron – a new solid state image intensifier. IEEE Trans on Electron Devices, 48:2238–2241 Basics Of CCD camera Advantages •Low noise •High full well capacity •100% fill factor •High uniformity Disadvantage •Slow readout •Pixel blooming •Specialised fabrication •Low functionality
- 9. Kimble R, Brown L, Fowler W (plus 11 authors) (1994) CCD detector for the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. Proc SPIE 2282:169–181 Basics of CMOS Advantages: •High speed readout •Random access •On-chip intelligence •Low power consumption Disadvantage: •High readout noise •Reduced dynamic range •Reduced uniformity •Reduced fill factor •High cost
- 10. THANK YOU PGTermpaperPresentation2016 Microwave and Antenna Research Laboratory Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering राष्ट्रीय प्रोद्योगिकी संस्थान दुिाापुर National Institute of Technology Durgapur Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur-713209, West Bengal INDIA