This document summarizes a research paper on the design and development of a fixture for an eccentric shaft. It discusses the need for properly designed fixtures to hold eccentric workpieces securely during manufacturing operations. The paper reviews various aspects of fixture design, including locating methods, clamping elements, materials used, and the role of computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) systems in analyzing and optimizing fixture layout. The document examines several studies on topics like conformability metrics, the effects of design parameters, and algorithms for automatically generating optimal fixture configurations.
IRJET- Numerical Investigation on Cold Formed Press Braking Steel Zed Section...IRJET Journal
This document describes a numerical investigation on cold formed press braking steel Z-section columns under axial compression. Various Z-section profiles were analyzed using the finite strip method (CUFSM) and finite element analysis (ANSYS) to determine buckling behavior. A parametric study was conducted by varying the yield stress of the steel sheets while keeping thickness and length constant. Theoretical analysis using the direct strength method and Indian code provisions were also carried out and compared to the numerical results. The scope of the study was to determine the most effective Z-section profile for carrying ultimate load with minimum buckling values.
Bearing Life Improvement of Centrifugal Blowers by Vibration AnalysisIJMER
This document discusses vibration analysis of centrifugal blowers to improve bearing life. It analyzes blower structural issues and causes of vibration like design defects, manufacturing defects, and operational stresses. Vibration data is collected from various blower locations and analyzed using spectral plots. Corrective actions like balancing, alignment, and modifying accessories like the plumber block are discussed to prevent bearing failure. Equations for calculating ball pass frequencies, bearing life, heat generation, grease quantity, and friction coefficients are also provided. The analysis indicates excessive vibration develops due to material buildup changing balance conditions. Periodic vibration monitoring and corrective maintenance actions can extend equipment life.
This document is a revision of the Zamil Steel Company Limited Pre-Engineered Buildings Division Design Manual. It presents changes made to standards for single skin and Tempcon panels, built-up sections, serviceability considerations, connections, and some results of technical studies. Designers are advised to read the entire manual, which includes revisions to clauses covering topics like expansion joints, bracing systems, purlins, anchors, and crane beams. Feedback on the manual is appreciated for continuous improvement.
The document describes how computer aided engineering was used to rapidly explore 60 variations of a stent design overnight. Using nonlinear optimization techniques, design variables like crown radius, strut length, and thickness were assessed. This identified an optimal design with a 125% stiffer radial strength and lower stresses than the baseline design. Nonlinear finite element analysis of stent deployment was accelerated using parallel computing on a cluster. This represented a significant improvement over traditional single analysis verification of stent designs.
The document is the Indian Standard code for plain and reinforced concrete. It provides guidelines for concrete mix design, quality control, construction practices, and structural design using both working stress and limit state methods. The 2000 revision incorporates changes to improve durability, simplify acceptance criteria, include higher concrete grades, and provide more guidance on factors affecting long-term performance of concrete structures. It aims to harmonize with international standards while addressing developments in concrete technology.
Effect of User Defined Plastic Hinges on Nonlinear Modelling of Reinforced Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of user-defined plastic hinges on nonlinear modeling of reinforced concrete frames for seismic analysis. It compares the results of pushover analysis using default hinge properties provided in guidelines versus user-defined hinge properties that account for varying amounts of transverse reinforcement. The study found that increasing the amount of transverse reinforcement, by decreasing the spacing from 200mm to 100mm, increases the displacement capacity of the frames by around 50% for a 7-story frame and 15% for a 4-story frame. While default hinge properties provide reasonable results, user-defined hinge properties better capture the effect of transverse reinforcement on hinge behavior and displacement capacity.
IRJET- Effectiveness of Different Crack Depth at Various Locations of Ste...IRJET Journal
1. The document analyzes the effect of cracks at different depths and locations on the natural frequency, time period, and displacement of a steel frame structure.
2. A 3m x 3m x 9m steel frame structure is modeled in SAP2000 software. Cracks of 5mm and 10mm depth are introduced at various heights and locations.
3. Modal analysis is performed on the healthy and cracked frames. Results show that cracks near supports cause more displacement. As crack depth increases, natural frequency increases, time period decreases. Multiple cracks have a greater effect than single cracks.
This document provides an overview of the process of structural steel design and construction from engineering through erection. It begins with an introduction to steel as a building material, highlighting its advantages over other materials. It then outlines the typical steps in the steel process, including engineering, detailing, fabrication, and erection. Key aspects like main member design, connection design, shop drawings, and erection are discussed. Special considerations like weight, connections, quality, and schedule impacts are also covered. The document aims to give attorneys a framework for understanding structural steel projects and potential issues that can arise.
IRJET- Numerical Investigation on Cold Formed Press Braking Steel Zed Section...IRJET Journal
This document describes a numerical investigation on cold formed press braking steel Z-section columns under axial compression. Various Z-section profiles were analyzed using the finite strip method (CUFSM) and finite element analysis (ANSYS) to determine buckling behavior. A parametric study was conducted by varying the yield stress of the steel sheets while keeping thickness and length constant. Theoretical analysis using the direct strength method and Indian code provisions were also carried out and compared to the numerical results. The scope of the study was to determine the most effective Z-section profile for carrying ultimate load with minimum buckling values.
Bearing Life Improvement of Centrifugal Blowers by Vibration AnalysisIJMER
This document discusses vibration analysis of centrifugal blowers to improve bearing life. It analyzes blower structural issues and causes of vibration like design defects, manufacturing defects, and operational stresses. Vibration data is collected from various blower locations and analyzed using spectral plots. Corrective actions like balancing, alignment, and modifying accessories like the plumber block are discussed to prevent bearing failure. Equations for calculating ball pass frequencies, bearing life, heat generation, grease quantity, and friction coefficients are also provided. The analysis indicates excessive vibration develops due to material buildup changing balance conditions. Periodic vibration monitoring and corrective maintenance actions can extend equipment life.
This document is a revision of the Zamil Steel Company Limited Pre-Engineered Buildings Division Design Manual. It presents changes made to standards for single skin and Tempcon panels, built-up sections, serviceability considerations, connections, and some results of technical studies. Designers are advised to read the entire manual, which includes revisions to clauses covering topics like expansion joints, bracing systems, purlins, anchors, and crane beams. Feedback on the manual is appreciated for continuous improvement.
The document describes how computer aided engineering was used to rapidly explore 60 variations of a stent design overnight. Using nonlinear optimization techniques, design variables like crown radius, strut length, and thickness were assessed. This identified an optimal design with a 125% stiffer radial strength and lower stresses than the baseline design. Nonlinear finite element analysis of stent deployment was accelerated using parallel computing on a cluster. This represented a significant improvement over traditional single analysis verification of stent designs.
The document is the Indian Standard code for plain and reinforced concrete. It provides guidelines for concrete mix design, quality control, construction practices, and structural design using both working stress and limit state methods. The 2000 revision incorporates changes to improve durability, simplify acceptance criteria, include higher concrete grades, and provide more guidance on factors affecting long-term performance of concrete structures. It aims to harmonize with international standards while addressing developments in concrete technology.
Effect of User Defined Plastic Hinges on Nonlinear Modelling of Reinforced Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of user-defined plastic hinges on nonlinear modeling of reinforced concrete frames for seismic analysis. It compares the results of pushover analysis using default hinge properties provided in guidelines versus user-defined hinge properties that account for varying amounts of transverse reinforcement. The study found that increasing the amount of transverse reinforcement, by decreasing the spacing from 200mm to 100mm, increases the displacement capacity of the frames by around 50% for a 7-story frame and 15% for a 4-story frame. While default hinge properties provide reasonable results, user-defined hinge properties better capture the effect of transverse reinforcement on hinge behavior and displacement capacity.
IRJET- Effectiveness of Different Crack Depth at Various Locations of Ste...IRJET Journal
1. The document analyzes the effect of cracks at different depths and locations on the natural frequency, time period, and displacement of a steel frame structure.
2. A 3m x 3m x 9m steel frame structure is modeled in SAP2000 software. Cracks of 5mm and 10mm depth are introduced at various heights and locations.
3. Modal analysis is performed on the healthy and cracked frames. Results show that cracks near supports cause more displacement. As crack depth increases, natural frequency increases, time period decreases. Multiple cracks have a greater effect than single cracks.
This document provides an overview of the process of structural steel design and construction from engineering through erection. It begins with an introduction to steel as a building material, highlighting its advantages over other materials. It then outlines the typical steps in the steel process, including engineering, detailing, fabrication, and erection. Key aspects like main member design, connection design, shop drawings, and erection are discussed. Special considerations like weight, connections, quality, and schedule impacts are also covered. The document aims to give attorneys a framework for understanding structural steel projects and potential issues that can arise.
This document provides standards and guidelines for dimensional tolerances in die cast parts. It discusses the differences between standard and precision tolerances, with precision tolerances allowing for less variation from the design specifications. A variety of tolerance categories are covered, including linear dimensions, parting lines, draft angles, flatness, and cored holes. The document also discusses how to design parts to be efficiently produced through die casting rather than alternative processes like stamping, extrusion, machining, or casting. Overall it aims to help designers optimize part designs to meet functional requirements while minimizing costs through appropriate use of tolerances and die casting production methods.
This document provides a summary of an Indian Standard (IS 800:2007) that outlines general guidelines for steel construction. Some key points:
- IS 800 covers general construction using hot rolled steel sections joined by riveting, bolting, and welding.
- It provides guidance on loads to consider in design, referring to other standards for specifics on dead, live, snow, wind, and earthquake loads.
- Fabrication and erection requirements are general in nature to ensure minimum quality consistent with design assumptions.
- The standard was revised to update it based on the latest developments and state-of-the-art in steel construction technology.
- The revision incorporated limit state design principles and allowed
Design with structural_steel_-_a_guide_for_architectsĐức Tính Nguyễn
This document provides an overview of a guidebook for designing with structural steel. It includes sections on ideas, systems, details, materials and an appendix. The systems section covers basic structural engineering concepts like load flow, lateral load resisting systems, beam web penetrations, thermal movement of steel and floor vibration. It also includes an in-depth section on protecting structural steel with various coating systems and fire protection methods. The guide is intended to help architects better understand structural steel design and communicate more effectively with engineers.
This document provides standards of practice for architects/engineers and reinforcing steel detailers in detailing reinforced concrete structures. It defines the responsibilities of both parties in developing structural drawings and placing drawings. The document establishes standards for tolerances, bar lengths, hooks, beams/girders, columns, splices, joints, supports, and seismic and corrosion-resistant details. It provides reference tables and figures to support the guidelines.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It provides guidelines for the design, materials, construction and quality control of concrete structures. The summary highlights:
1) This is the fourth revision of the standard which was originally published in 1953 and revised in 1957, 1964, and 1978.
2) Major changes in this revision include expanded guidance on durability design, simplified acceptance criteria aligned with international standards, and additional concrete grades and exposure conditions.
3) The revision aims to keep up with developments in concrete technology and incorporate improvements based on experience using earlier versions.
IRJET- Response Analysis of Cold-Formed Dimpled ColumnIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the response of plain and dimpled steel columns with circular cross-sections under various loading conditions using finite element analysis. Dimpled columns are formed by a cold rolling process that work hardens the steel, increasing its strength. The study finds that dimpled columns have 24% higher ultimate load capacity than plain columns under axial compression. It also finds that a dimpled column absorbs impact energy more effectively than a plain column when subjected to both axial compression and lateral impact loads, with a calculated specific energy absorption of 17.17 kJ/kg.
This document provides a proposed revised outline for ACI 336.2R, which provides guidance on the analysis and design of combined footings and mat foundations. The summary discusses reorganizing some chapters, removing outdated or duplicative information, and adding new sections to address recent developments. Key proposed changes include consolidating load information, moving the design procedure section, adding content on soil-structure interaction and flexible foundation analysis methods, and including a new chapter on mat foundations supported by deep foundations. The goal is to update the document to align with current codes and design practices while avoiding duplicating information available elsewhere.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates cluster quality using a modified density subspace clustering approach. It discusses how density subspace clustering can be used to identify clusters in high-dimensional datasets by detecting density-connected clusters in all subspaces. The proposed approach uses a density subspace clustering algorithm to select attribute subsets and identify the best clusters. It then calculates intra-cluster and inter-cluster distances to evaluate cluster quality and compares the results to other clustering algorithms in terms of accuracy and runtime. Experimental results showed that the proposed method improves clustering quality and performs faster than existing techniques.
O documento descreve o que são células-tronco, suas características de se dividirem e diferenciarem em outros tecidos, e seu potencial para tratamento de doenças. As células-tronco podem ser encontradas em embriões, cordão umbilical, medula óssea, sangue, fígado e placenta.
1) Uma ONG constatou que o desperdício diário de água nas capitais brasileiras seria suficiente para abastecer 38 milhões de pessoas.
2) A distribuição de água no Brasil é inadequada, com locais de pouca água e alta população, como São Paulo, que já vive "estresse hídrico".
3) É preciso reduzir o desperdício de água nas redes e preservar os mananciais para garantir o abastecimento futuro.
Os alimentos transgênicos são organismos modificados geneticamente para ter características desejadas, como resistência a doenças ou maior produção. Eles podem melhorar a nutrição e saúde ao fornecer alimentos mais nutritivos e resistentes a condições climáticas adversas. Os alimentos transgênicos também podem beneficiar produtores ao aumentar lucros e eficiência.
O documento descreve o bioma da Mata Atlântica no Brasil, incluindo sua localização, clima, vegetação típica e alguns animais encontrados. A Mata Atlântica originalmente ocupava quase toda a região litorânea brasileira, mas perdeu grande parte de sua área devido ao desmatamento. Ela é caracterizada por florestas fechadas com árvores de porte médio e alto e abriga grande biodiversidade.
1. A Renovatio oferece propriedades de luxo fracionadas para que clientes possam desfrutar de estilos de vida luxuosos a preços acessíveis.
2. A empresa possui uma variedade de ativos fracionados como casas de férias, barcos, jatos e clubes sociais.
3. A Renovatio visa atender a uma tendência crescente de consumidores que buscam experiências de luxo temporárias em vez de posse permanente de bens.
O documento resume uma pesquisa sobre a avaliação de um evento chamado youPIX realizado em abril de 2011. Os principais pontos são: (1) a maioria dos participantes eram jovens entre 25 anos com ensino superior, (2) a avaliação geral do evento foi positiva com mais de 83% de satisfação, (3) os convidados e temas abordados foram os pontos mais apreciados e (4) 87% pretendem participar da próxima edição.
Células-tronco são células primárias encontradas em todos os organismos multicelulares que podem se renovar através da divisão celular e se diferenciar em vários tipos de células especializadas. Existem debates sobre a melhor tradução do termo "stem cell" para o português, com opções como "célula indiferenciada" sendo consideradas mais precisas do que termos como "célula-tronco" ou "célula-mãe".
O documento descreve o sapo cururu, que foi levado aos canaviais para comer besouros daninhos, mas não se interessou por essa refeição. O sapo possui glândulas de veneno na cabeça que oferecem perigo até para humanos, e pode sufocar predadores que tentem engoli-lo inteiro. O cururu tem hábitos noturnos e se reproduz rapidamente.
O documento apresenta o plano de trabalho da Federação Cearense de Cultura e Desporto Escolar - Ceará Colegial para 2011, que tem como objetivos promover a integração de crianças e adolescentes por meio de atividades esportivas, artísticas e culturais, além de oportunizar competições para escolas do estado a um custo acessível. O plano inclui o calendário das competições regionais para 2011.1 e 2011.2, além dos benefícios para potenciais patrocinadores.
Este documento apresenta o plano de actividades de um grupo de alunos do 12o ano chamado "M-BOTS" para o ano lectivo de 2010/2011. O plano inclui objectivos como identificar o tema e nome do grupo, divulgar as suas actividades, e construir um robô de busca e salvamento. As actividades planejadas incluem discussões, elaboração de um logótipo e blogue, participação em eventos de robótica e apresentação final do trabalho realizado.
A Mata Atlântica se estende ao longo da costa brasileira de 17 estados, com diferentes ecossistemas dependendo da altitude, solo e clima. Sua vegetação inclui palmeiras, orquídeas e árvores como pau-brasil. Sua fauna em risco inclui mico-leão-dourado, muriqui e onça-pintada. Seu clima varia de úmido na planície costeira a mais chuvoso nas encostas.
This document provides standards and guidelines for dimensional tolerances in die cast parts. It discusses the differences between standard and precision tolerances, with precision tolerances allowing for less variation from the design specifications. A variety of tolerance categories are covered, including linear dimensions, parting lines, draft angles, flatness, and cored holes. The document also discusses how to design parts to be efficiently produced through die casting rather than alternative processes like stamping, extrusion, machining, or casting. Overall it aims to help designers optimize part designs to meet functional requirements while minimizing costs through appropriate use of tolerances and die casting production methods.
This document provides a summary of an Indian Standard (IS 800:2007) that outlines general guidelines for steel construction. Some key points:
- IS 800 covers general construction using hot rolled steel sections joined by riveting, bolting, and welding.
- It provides guidance on loads to consider in design, referring to other standards for specifics on dead, live, snow, wind, and earthquake loads.
- Fabrication and erection requirements are general in nature to ensure minimum quality consistent with design assumptions.
- The standard was revised to update it based on the latest developments and state-of-the-art in steel construction technology.
- The revision incorporated limit state design principles and allowed
Design with structural_steel_-_a_guide_for_architectsĐức Tính Nguyễn
This document provides an overview of a guidebook for designing with structural steel. It includes sections on ideas, systems, details, materials and an appendix. The systems section covers basic structural engineering concepts like load flow, lateral load resisting systems, beam web penetrations, thermal movement of steel and floor vibration. It also includes an in-depth section on protecting structural steel with various coating systems and fire protection methods. The guide is intended to help architects better understand structural steel design and communicate more effectively with engineers.
This document provides standards of practice for architects/engineers and reinforcing steel detailers in detailing reinforced concrete structures. It defines the responsibilities of both parties in developing structural drawings and placing drawings. The document establishes standards for tolerances, bar lengths, hooks, beams/girders, columns, splices, joints, supports, and seismic and corrosion-resistant details. It provides reference tables and figures to support the guidelines.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It provides guidelines for the design, materials, construction and quality control of concrete structures. The summary highlights:
1) This is the fourth revision of the standard which was originally published in 1953 and revised in 1957, 1964, and 1978.
2) Major changes in this revision include expanded guidance on durability design, simplified acceptance criteria aligned with international standards, and additional concrete grades and exposure conditions.
3) The revision aims to keep up with developments in concrete technology and incorporate improvements based on experience using earlier versions.
IRJET- Response Analysis of Cold-Formed Dimpled ColumnIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the response of plain and dimpled steel columns with circular cross-sections under various loading conditions using finite element analysis. Dimpled columns are formed by a cold rolling process that work hardens the steel, increasing its strength. The study finds that dimpled columns have 24% higher ultimate load capacity than plain columns under axial compression. It also finds that a dimpled column absorbs impact energy more effectively than a plain column when subjected to both axial compression and lateral impact loads, with a calculated specific energy absorption of 17.17 kJ/kg.
This document provides a proposed revised outline for ACI 336.2R, which provides guidance on the analysis and design of combined footings and mat foundations. The summary discusses reorganizing some chapters, removing outdated or duplicative information, and adding new sections to address recent developments. Key proposed changes include consolidating load information, moving the design procedure section, adding content on soil-structure interaction and flexible foundation analysis methods, and including a new chapter on mat foundations supported by deep foundations. The goal is to update the document to align with current codes and design practices while avoiding duplicating information available elsewhere.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates cluster quality using a modified density subspace clustering approach. It discusses how density subspace clustering can be used to identify clusters in high-dimensional datasets by detecting density-connected clusters in all subspaces. The proposed approach uses a density subspace clustering algorithm to select attribute subsets and identify the best clusters. It then calculates intra-cluster and inter-cluster distances to evaluate cluster quality and compares the results to other clustering algorithms in terms of accuracy and runtime. Experimental results showed that the proposed method improves clustering quality and performs faster than existing techniques.
O documento descreve o que são células-tronco, suas características de se dividirem e diferenciarem em outros tecidos, e seu potencial para tratamento de doenças. As células-tronco podem ser encontradas em embriões, cordão umbilical, medula óssea, sangue, fígado e placenta.
1) Uma ONG constatou que o desperdício diário de água nas capitais brasileiras seria suficiente para abastecer 38 milhões de pessoas.
2) A distribuição de água no Brasil é inadequada, com locais de pouca água e alta população, como São Paulo, que já vive "estresse hídrico".
3) É preciso reduzir o desperdício de água nas redes e preservar os mananciais para garantir o abastecimento futuro.
Os alimentos transgênicos são organismos modificados geneticamente para ter características desejadas, como resistência a doenças ou maior produção. Eles podem melhorar a nutrição e saúde ao fornecer alimentos mais nutritivos e resistentes a condições climáticas adversas. Os alimentos transgênicos também podem beneficiar produtores ao aumentar lucros e eficiência.
O documento descreve o bioma da Mata Atlântica no Brasil, incluindo sua localização, clima, vegetação típica e alguns animais encontrados. A Mata Atlântica originalmente ocupava quase toda a região litorânea brasileira, mas perdeu grande parte de sua área devido ao desmatamento. Ela é caracterizada por florestas fechadas com árvores de porte médio e alto e abriga grande biodiversidade.
1. A Renovatio oferece propriedades de luxo fracionadas para que clientes possam desfrutar de estilos de vida luxuosos a preços acessíveis.
2. A empresa possui uma variedade de ativos fracionados como casas de férias, barcos, jatos e clubes sociais.
3. A Renovatio visa atender a uma tendência crescente de consumidores que buscam experiências de luxo temporárias em vez de posse permanente de bens.
O documento resume uma pesquisa sobre a avaliação de um evento chamado youPIX realizado em abril de 2011. Os principais pontos são: (1) a maioria dos participantes eram jovens entre 25 anos com ensino superior, (2) a avaliação geral do evento foi positiva com mais de 83% de satisfação, (3) os convidados e temas abordados foram os pontos mais apreciados e (4) 87% pretendem participar da próxima edição.
Células-tronco são células primárias encontradas em todos os organismos multicelulares que podem se renovar através da divisão celular e se diferenciar em vários tipos de células especializadas. Existem debates sobre a melhor tradução do termo "stem cell" para o português, com opções como "célula indiferenciada" sendo consideradas mais precisas do que termos como "célula-tronco" ou "célula-mãe".
O documento descreve o sapo cururu, que foi levado aos canaviais para comer besouros daninhos, mas não se interessou por essa refeição. O sapo possui glândulas de veneno na cabeça que oferecem perigo até para humanos, e pode sufocar predadores que tentem engoli-lo inteiro. O cururu tem hábitos noturnos e se reproduz rapidamente.
O documento apresenta o plano de trabalho da Federação Cearense de Cultura e Desporto Escolar - Ceará Colegial para 2011, que tem como objetivos promover a integração de crianças e adolescentes por meio de atividades esportivas, artísticas e culturais, além de oportunizar competições para escolas do estado a um custo acessível. O plano inclui o calendário das competições regionais para 2011.1 e 2011.2, além dos benefícios para potenciais patrocinadores.
Este documento apresenta o plano de actividades de um grupo de alunos do 12o ano chamado "M-BOTS" para o ano lectivo de 2010/2011. O plano inclui objectivos como identificar o tema e nome do grupo, divulgar as suas actividades, e construir um robô de busca e salvamento. As actividades planejadas incluem discussões, elaboração de um logótipo e blogue, participação em eventos de robótica e apresentação final do trabalho realizado.
A Mata Atlântica se estende ao longo da costa brasileira de 17 estados, com diferentes ecossistemas dependendo da altitude, solo e clima. Sua vegetação inclui palmeiras, orquídeas e árvores como pau-brasil. Sua fauna em risco inclui mico-leão-dourado, muriqui e onça-pintada. Seu clima varia de úmido na planície costeira a mais chuvoso nas encostas.
El documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo sobrevivir a un terremoto o derrumbe de edificios. Explica que es más seguro acostarse al lado de muebles grandes y pesados en lugar de debajo de ellos, ya que esto crea un "triángulo de vida" que protege del derrumbe. También recomienda salir de vehículos y edificios si es posible, y evitar escaleras o puertas durante un sismo. El objetivo es que esta información se comparta para ayudar a salvar vidas.
O documento descreve o Cabo Carvoeiro localizado em Peniche, Portugal. O Cabo Carvoeiro é constituído principalmente por rochas sedimentares calcárias do período Jurássico e apresenta características como campos de lapiás. O local também possui importância histórica e ecológica e abriga espécies de flora e fauna únicas.
Este documento apresenta slogans criativos de várias marcas para diferentes produtos e serviços, como vinho, eletrônicos, automóveis e cartões de crédito. Os slogans usam humor, jogos de palavras e referências culturais para promover seus produtos de maneira interessante e memorável.
El documento describe el sistema operativo iOS 4 que se ejecuta en el iPhone 4. iOS 4 es un sistema operativo estable y rápido basado en Mac OS X que gestiona el consumo de energía y permite la multitarea sin afectar el rendimiento. La estructura de software y hardware permite a las aplicaciones aprovechar al máximo las capacidades del dispositivo como la pantalla Retina y la interfaz táctil. El sistema también incluye seguridad como bloqueo de aplicaciones y borrado remoto, y es compatible con más de 30 idiomas en todo el mundo.
Este documento proporciona información sobre AEBALL, la Asociación Empresarial de L'Hospitalet y Bajo Llobregat. AEBALL representa a más de 3,000 empresas en la región de L'Hospitalet y Bajo Llobregat que generan más de 48,000 puestos de trabajo. El documento describe la misión, estructura de gobierno y servicios de AEBALL.
Design and development of fixture for eccentric shaft a reviewLaukik Raut
of eccentric shaft for ginning machine..
Fixture is required in various industries
according to their application. Designer design
fixture according to dimension required by
industry to fulfill our production tar gate. In
traditional manufacturing process performing
operation on eccentric shaft is critical. so holding
a work piece in proper position during a
manufacturing operation fixture is very
necessary and important. Because the shaft is
eccentric so for this requirement of
manufacturing process Designer design proper
fixture for eccentric shaft.
Fixtures reduce operation time and increases
productivity and high quality of operation is
possible.
Computer aided fixture design for machining of key waysLaukik Raut
Eccentric shaft play an important role in application of
ginning machine. Machining of keyways on eccentric
shaft is a important task. Machining on simple shaft is
easy as compare to eccentric shaft by conventional
process. machining of keyways on eccentric shaft is a
time consuming process, so reducing this time is a main
aim.
The job having a cylindrical shape and number of
keyways are required on it at an different position. This
is a challenging task for design engineer and hence
Computer Aided Fixture Design (CAFD) is incorporated
in manufacturing industry. It deals with the integration
of CAD and CNC programming in CAM systems using
software’s for fixture design. Except V block, no other
option is available to hold cylindrical object and hence
special type of fixture is designed for this case, which can
be used for machining of keyway on eccentric shaft.
Fixtures reduce operation time and increases
productivity and high quality of operation is possible.
The document describes the design of a dedicated fixture with a chain conveyor arrangement for a multistage special purpose machine. The fixture is designed to hold engine components like a rear axle carrier, bull gear, and shaft during cleaning operations on a conveyorized automated washing machine. Dedicated fixtures are designed for each component to locate and support them properly. The rear axle carrier fixture uses vertical resting pads. The shaft fixture uses V-shaped rods to locate the shaft. The individual fixtures are mounted on holding plates attached to the conveyor chain to move the components through the washing stages. The chain conveyor and dedicated moving fixtures allow reliable cleaning of complex engine components in an automated process.
Abstract: This Project presents the Design of Machining Fixture for Support Bracket for Machining on VTC (Vertical Turning Centre). Fixture Design consists of High product rate, low manufacturing operation cost. The fixture should be designed in such-a-way that part/product change overtime is very less. The report consists of study of input data from customers like Part drawing and Assembly drawing. The fixture design begins with part modeling, Machining and Analysis of various parts in the fixture assembly using AutoCAD and Solid works, for a analysis ANSYS Software package is used. The actual design begins with study details of project proposal summary from customer. After that machining fixture concept is done. Locating and clamping points are decided. This also includes accessibility, loading and unloading sequence of parts, required material for this fixture is selected, and Fixture is designed at HMT MACHINE TOOL, KALAMASSERY using Industrial application standards. Locating accuracy and machined part quality tested and found that the fixture is as good as any dedicated fixture in production.
Design of machining fixture for turbine rotor bladeeSAT Journals
Abstract This Project presents the Design of Machining Fixture for Gas Turbine Rotor Blade for Machining on VMC (Vertical Machining Centre). Fixture Design consists of High product rate, low manufacturing operation cost. The fixture should be designed in such-a-way that part/product change overtime is very less. The report consists of study of input data from customers like Part drawing and Assembly drawing. The fixture design begins with part modeling, Machining and Analysis of various parts in the fixture assembly using AutoCAD and Solid works, for a analysis COSMOS Software package is used. The actual design begins with study details of project proposal summary from customer. After that machining fixture concept is done. Locating and clamping points are decided. This also includes accessibility, loading and unloading sequence of parts, required material for this fixture is selected, and Fixture is designed at SRI VENKATESWARA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICALENGINEERING INDUSTRIES, Hyderabad using Industrial application standards. Locating accuracy and machined part quality tested and found that the fixture is as good as any dedicated fixture in production. Keywords: Vertical Machining Centre, AutoCAD and Solid works, COSMOS Software.
The document describes the design of a machining fixture for a gas turbine rotor blade. It discusses machining fixtures in general and their purposes. It then describes the specific rotor blade material, machining operations to be performed including milling, drilling and tapping. A conceptual layout of the fixture is presented including locating pins, rest pads and hydraulic clamps. Dimensions and tolerances of 50 microns are specified. Calculations are shown for material removal rates and cutting speeds for milling operations on the rotor blade. Main elements of the designed fixture are also listed and diagrams show the assembled fixture holding the rotor blade.
IRJET- Design and Modification in Clamping SystemIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and modification of a clamping system to allow adjustment of parts from 90 to 140 degrees. It aims to reduce rework, save labor during welding and cutting, and increase production rates. The system was designed based on a literature review of existing clamping systems and their limitations. Key components like the screw, nut, and base plate were modeled in CAD software. Testing showed the modified clamping system could accurately hold parts at varying angles from 90 to 140 degrees for machining, addressing limitations of prior clamping designs. This allows easier positioning of parts for welding and cutting tasks.
DESIGN OF FIXTURE OF CONNECTING ROD FOR BORING OPERATIONijsrd.com
Connecting rod is very important part of engine. It should be accurately machined with the acceptable tolerance. Also the fluctuations of dimensions in work-piece to work piece should be minimum so that it will be easier to assemble in engine. But it has been observed that the required dimensions for the bolt diameter and smaller end diameter for the connecting rod are not continuously achievable by using the existing fixture. The diameters required of the bolts and the smaller end of the said connecting rod are 10±0.05 mm and 24±0.01 mm respectively The aim of this project is to design and development of a new fixture for machining (Boring) operation using designing software's i.e. Pro E and analysis using ANSYS ,which can eliminate the said problems. And the production rate will also increase up to 15% which is quite objective. So for that, a new hydraulic fixture is designed and observed that dimensional accuracy, increased production rate up to 15% and more output per day with boring operation. Which defines process is satisfactory enough and validates the project.
An Advanced Exploration on Fixture DesignIJERA Editor
Widely used in manufacturing, fixtures have a direct impact upon product manufacturing quality, productivity and cost, so much attention has already been paid to the research fixture design and many achievements in this field have been reported. In this paper, a literature survey of fixture design and automation over the past decade is proposed. First, an introduction is given on the fixture applications in industry. Then, significant works done in the design field, including their approaches, requirements and working principles are discussed. Finally, some prospective research trends are also discussed.
Analysis And Design of Pre-Engineered Building Using Indian And Equivalent Am...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a pre-engineered building (PEB) using Indian and American design codes. It describes the objectives of studying PEB design using STAAD Pro software. It also reviews literature on PEB design and analysis and identifies a research gap in using different steel section profiles to optimize weight. The methodology section then outlines the PEB design process using STAAD Pro. This includes considering frame geometry, design codes, load calculations, and connection design philosophy to achieve a structurally sound design with minimum weight. Finally, the building input data and load calculations for a sample industrial shed PEB are presented.
Analysis And Design of Pre-Engineered Building Using Indian And Equivalent Am...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a pre-engineered building (PEB) using Indian and American design codes. It describes the objectives of studying PEB design using STAAD Pro software. It also reviews literature on PEB design and analysis and identifies a research gap in using different steel section profiles to optimize weight. The methodology section then outlines the PEB design process using STAAD Pro. This includes considering frame geometry, design codes, load calculations, and connection design philosophy to achieve a structurally sound design with minimum weight. Finally, the building input data and load calculations for a sample industrial shed PEB are presented.
Comparative Analysis of Conventional Steel Structure with Diagrid Structures ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of a conventional steel structure to diagrid structures with varying angles (30°, 45°, 55°, 65°) through analysis of a 50-story steel building modelled in ETABS. Key results analyzed include time period, base shear, story displacement, story drift, and member forces. Diagrid structures were found to have shorter time periods and reduced displacements compared to the conventional steel frame, with 55° and 65° diagrids performing best by resisting lateral forces most effectively. Analysis of story drift also showed 55° and 65° diagrids provided better resistance to lateral loads than other structural systems.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Staircase with Various Support Conditions using S...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study of staircase models with various support conditions using STAAD.Pro software. Six different support types for the staircase slab are modeled and analyzed. Bending moments and deflections are calculated and compared graphically at critical locations for each support type. The results show that support conditions have a significant impact on the structural behavior of the staircase slab. Support types that involve the landing slab being supported on its edges parallel to the flight direction experience substantial restraint effects. While the analysis provides insight, experimental validation is recommended to better understand the true structural behavior of staircases under different support conditions. Design considerations for three support types are also proposed based on the analytical findings.
IRJET- Predicting Filed H1-B Visa Petitions StatusIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of the behavior of staircases with various support conditions using the STAAD.Pro finite element analysis software. Six different support configurations (CASE I to CASE VI) for a doglegged staircase model are analyzed to determine bending moments and deflections. The results show variations in moments and deflections at critical locations along the stair slab. It is found that stair slabs behave differently depending on the support arrangement and that specifications in design codes may not apply uniformly to all configurations. Additional supporting arrangements provide significant restraint. However, experimental validation is needed to better understand the true behavior of staircases under different support conditions.
Design and analysis of jig and welding fixturesagmech24
The fixture is a collection of working holdings
that holds, supports, and locates the workpiece.
Depending on their application, the fixture is needed in
different industries. The locating pin is used to restrict
the panel's degree of freedom. The panel will affect the
loading and unloading of the panel due to a fixed
position pin, so we have to configure the shift tool to
change the positioning pin during loading and unloading
of the panel. In this project we will create a CAD model
with a jig and welding fixture. The change unit or the
position unit will be designed as compact as possible,
depending on the need for the jig and the welding
fixture. This project is designed to move the positioning
pin between the locating pin and the panel to avoid
interference during loading and unloading.
Study on Behavior of Tubular Diagrid Structures During Seismic ExcitationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of tubular diagrid structures during seismic excitation. It models a 50-story structure with varying diagrid angles in ETABS and analyzes seismic performance parameters. The study finds that a diagrid angle of 60 degrees performs best, with lower displacement, drift, and base shear compared to models with 45 and 75 degree diagrids or no diagrid. Analyzing lateral displacement, story drift, time period, and base shear allows determining the most effective seismic resistant system.
IRJET- Mechanical Behavior Performance in Boring Tool using Composite MaterialIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a study analyzing vibrations in boring tools through finite element analysis to reduce wear and improve accuracy.
2) A boring tool and various damping materials, including aloe vera root and papaya stem, were modeled in Pro-Engineer and analyzed in ANSYS to determine natural frequencies and stresses.
3) The results found that a papaya stem damper most effectively reduced boring tool stresses and vibrations compared to an aloe vera root damper or no damper.
The document describes the design and development of a rotary fixture for a CNC turning center. The fixture is intended to machine a flow TEE body from a petroleum refinery. Operations include facing, turning, grooving, boring, and back facing. A four-quadrant computer aided mass balancing method is used to predict and balance any mass imbalance before manufacturing. Mass properties are calculated for each quadrant and summed to find the total imbalance. A counterweight is then added to balance the fixture about the two axes perpendicular to the rotation axis. The method allows imbalance to be addressed during the design phase to reduce material waste and improve productivity compared to traditional post-manufacturing balancing approaches.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document presents a new analytical method for identifying stability lobes in high-speed machining of thin ribs. It describes developing a stability lobe diagram that shows the relationship between axial depth of cut and spindle speed, with lobe number as a parameter. The method involves using experimental modal analysis to determine dynamic characteristics of the machine-tool system and then using mathematical equations to simulate the real and imaginary parts of the frequency response function. This allows predicting stable and unstable machining regions. The document outlines the specific steps of the proposed method and shows examples of simulating the frequency response function and stability lobes using Mathcad software. It concludes that the method can predict stability lobes considering workpiece flexibility and that future work will incorporate experimental validation.
Design and analysis of fixture for a stone crusher bodyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with the design and analysis of the welding fixture for the body of a stone crusher. A fixture is a work-holding or support device used in the manufacturing industry. Fixtures are used to securely locate (position in a specific location or orientation) and support the work, ensuring that all parts produced using the fixture will maintain conformity and interchange ability. Locating and supporting areas must usually be large and very sturdy in order to accommodate welding operations; strong clamps are also a requirement. The toggle clamps are generally used. The body of a stone crusher consists of various plates that have to be welded to each other with a specified tolerance and weld quality. The material used in the manufacture of different parts of body of a stone crusher is Mild steel which is one of the most commonly used materials in the field of fabrication. All the welding processes are carried out by CO2 welding to ensure the quality of weld is as per the requirement. We have modeled a weld fixture by using UNIGRAPHICS NX8.0 software which is one of the software used for modeling components in most of the design based industries. While the modeling of the components the material selection is carried out simultaneously based on the design considerations related to loads, etc. Later the stress concentration and deformation on the baseplate of the weld fixture have been found by applying certain load on the baseplate, using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) by using ANSYS software that provides best output within few seconds. Finally the stress concentration and deformation results are presented in this document. Key Words: welding fixture, stone crusher body, toggle clamp, modeling, Finite Element Analysis.
Design and analysis of fixture for a stone crusher body
Im3115911596
1. Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
Design and Development of Fixture for eccentric shaft: A Review
Shrikant.V.Peshatwar* L.P Raut **
*M-Tech(CAD/CAM) Student,Department of Mechanical Engineering G.H. Raisoni college of Engineering
Nagpur-16. India
**Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering G.H. Raisoni college of Engineering Nagpur-16
.India
ABSTRACT
This paper present a fixture design Steel Institute) classification and standards.eg. SAE
system of eccentric shaft for ginning machine.. 1020 first two digit indicate the class to which the
Fixture is required in various industries steel belongs, the last two digit indicate carbon
according to their application. Designer design contain.
fixture according to dimension required by CLASS TYPES OF STEEL
industry to fulfill our production tar gate. In 1) 10XX Plain carbon steel
traditional manufacturing process performing 2) 11XX Free cutting (carbon )steel
operation on eccentric shaft is critical. so holding 3) 13XX Manganese steels
a work piece in proper position during a 4) 2XXX Nickel steels
manufacturing operation fixture is very 5) 3XXX Nickel –chromium steels
necessary and important. Because the shaft is 6) 4XXX Molybdenum steels
eccentric so for this requirement of 7) 5XXX Chromium steels
manufacturing process Designer design proper 8) 6XXX Chromium vanadium steels
fixture for eccentric shaft. 9) 7XXX Tungsten steels
Fixtures reduce operation time and increases 10) Nickel chromium molybdenum
productivity and high quality of operation is 8XXX steels
possible. 11) Silicon manganese steels
9XXX
Keywords- Eccentricity, Fixture design, Computer SAE 1015 and below are highly ductile and are used
aided fixture design (CAFD) for press work but not for fixture.(ref from Jig and
Fixture Design manual by Erik Karl Henriksen)
1. INTRODUCTION
The fixture is a special tool for holding a 2 .LITERATURE REVIEW
work piece in proper position during manufacturing 2.1 Fixture designers support expert system and
operation. It is provided with device for supporting concurrent engineering
and clamping the work piece. Fixture eliminates Researcher give the main lines of their
frequent checking, positioning, individual marking, process, that fixture design support system is
vacillate uniform quality in manufacture. This developed on the basis of an expert system shell.
increase productivity and reduce operation time. Researcher show how the use of that kind of tool is
Fixture is widely used in the industry practical determinant factor for reactivity in the fixture design
production because of feature and advantages. process in concurrent engineering.
Eccentric shaft is a circular or cam type The paper focuses of the development of
disc solidly fixed to rotating axel with its centre fixture designer‟s support. Researcher present a
offset from that of the axel. eccentric shaft is the structuring of the design method and expression of
important element, which plays the important role in the trade rules in the expert system formalism.
ginning operation. Researcher has developed using industrial expertise
Shaft provides an oscillatory motion to SEACMU (System Expert d'Aide il la Conception
moving knives and widely appreciated for its des Montages d'Usinage for expert system for
features like effective performance, corrosion fixture design). That is a fixture designers' support
resistance, reliability, long service. Reducing expert system..SEACMU is based on a fitted part
manufacturing cycle time and achieving high quality modeling to the fixture design.
of operation fixture design is very important. The correspondent model is defined from
Designer design a compact type fixture for eccentric the part CAD/CAM data using RI rules. RI rules are
shaft for fulfilling production target and high quality the necessary link between the part CAD/CAM and
of work and increases productivity. the future design expert system. The general
organization set out on figure 3 results of the
1.1 Material of fixture decomposition in rules basis.
Steel specified by SAE (Society of
Automobile Engineers) and AISI(American Iron and
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2. Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
Fig.3. Flow diagram of the CAFD system [2]
The jig and fixture parts and component are
Fig.1.Knowledge bases organization[1] divided into following categories: (a) Locating
components, (b) Clamping mechanisms,(c) Tool
A simultaneously development of the fixture design, guiding components, (d) Support components,
the manufacturing schedule establishment and the (e)Body of fixture, (f) Fixing components for
NC programmed design is then allowed[1]. fixture, (g) Auxiliary mechanisms, (h) Operating
elements, (i) Power mechanisms, (j) Miscellaneous
components.. Paper explored the technology of
intelligence and optimization in the process of the
jig and fixture design [2].
Two conformability metrics are introduced
to account for global and local conformability‟s his
design variables are: the number and position of
fixture element, fixture element length, static
coefficient, fixture element tip radius, and direction
of the fixture principal stiffness. Both force
Fig.2. Fig.3 controlled and displacement controlled fixtures are
Sequential form Concurrent considered.
engineering of It was found that conformability and stability
of the steps [1] the part its can either increases nor decrease with the position
machining of contacts depending on their proximity to the line
process[1] of action of the external perturbation. Clamping
intensity and principal stiffness directions have
opposing effects on the stability of force controlled
2.2 FIXTURE DESIGN SYSTEM and displacement controlled fixtures [3].
(COMPUTER AIDED FIXTURE DESIGN)
The manual design of fixture is 2.2 PARAMETRIC STUDY`
traditionally a time consuming work in A. Number and position of fixture element
manufacturing and the experience of designer plays Fig. 4 shows that the local conformability
an important role in fixture design. metric for P-controlled and U-controlled fixtures
(CZ,, and Cza, respectively) follow very similar
trends as L4 moves in the
+XA direction. In scenario #2 (P2), the addition of
L4 came‟s an increase in both conformability
metrics and also an increase in stability with respect
to the reference case.
Locator L4 helps to support the bottom part
of the sphere. This explains the increase in stability
from PI to P2.Conformability and stability decrease
as L4 moves from P2 to P5 as shown in Fig.4
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3. Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
Fig.4.Effect of the number and position of fixture
element[3] Fig.6.Effect of the Clamp Orientation.[3]
B. Clamping intensity
For the case of the P-controlled fixture, the
clamping
Force was changed from 800 N in PI to 900 N in P2
and
to l000 N in P3. Similarly, the prescribed clamping
Displacements for P2. P3 and P4 are 12.5, 15.0 and
17.5
pm, respectively. Fig. 5 shows that S, and Czp
increase
With clamping intensity. Higher clamping loads
produce larger work piece and contact elastic
deformations causing an increase in Czp. In the case
of the U-controlled fixture stability decreases
slightly with increasing clamping intensity while Cz, Fig.7. Effect of the Static Coefficient of Friction
is not significantly affected. [3]
The normal clamping loads necessary to produce the
Requirements should be satisfied for
prescribed displacements of the U-controlled fixture
do not change significantly when going from 12.5 to fixture:(i)total restraint of the work piece or form
17.5 pm (D'F,, = 659 N, D2F=n 590 N for 12.5 pm; closure;(ii)accurate locating of work piece ;
DIFn= 680 N, D2F,=, 623 N for 17.5 pm). As a (iii)limited deformation of work piece; no
result, the fixture-work piece reaction forces remain interference between fixture components and
almost unchanged from PI to P4. This explains the machine tool;(iv)including ease of
small variation of Czu shown in Fig.5 [3]. loading/unloading a work piece. The first two
requirements that are essential for the design of
fixture layout and can be viewed as the first step of
fixturing system design for determination of the
number, type and location of fixturing points.
researcher propose an efficient algorithm to identify
seven frictionless fixturing point ensuring form
closure and small positioning error of the work
piece from original dense set. Paper addressed the
problem of fixture layout design for a 3D curved
work piece [4].
Facing a continuously increasing
competition worldwide, manufacturing industry are
undergoing a critical transition from traditional
methods to advanced manufacturing technology
many of which are computer based.
Fig.5. Effect of the Clamping Intensity [3]
In order to increase competitiveness,
manufacturers are seeking to improve product
quality. Lower production costs, and increase the
speed of bringing innovative products to the market.
Early years of computer aided fixture design
(CAFD), the designer simply used the CAD tool to
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4. Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
assemble the drawings on computer screen with a Fixture requires simple configuration, small
library of standard fixture components. clamping force, multi-varieties and small batch
Fixture assembly operations are performed production, short design and manufacturing cycle,
by specifying coordinates and rotation angles in x-y and low cost. Compare to conventional
plane, which still takes time for manipulating manufacturing processes, the primary advantage of
geometric entities. One of the most important goals RP is its ability to create almost any shape or
of CAFD is to reduce the manufacturing lead time. geometric feature, in this case, production efficiency
the problems associated with current CAFD and manufacturing flexibility will be greatly
applications include: 1) functions of automated improved.
fixture design systems are limited and many The evaluation method proposed in this
complex fixture designs still need human interaction paper is going to evaluate the clamping plan from
and using CAFD systems with commercial CAD several aspects as follows: Area factor. Stability
packages is time consuming as it manipulates factor, location of clamping point factor. The
geometric entities around on screen. automation of fixture planning plays a vital role in
Outline of rapid fixture design system improving the efficiency of fixture design and
(RFDS) which includes several modules and manufacture [7].
databases: a) locating method selection‟s) work Fixture layout is the primary task of the
piece information retrieval; c) locator/clamp fixture design. Fixture design is a practical problem
selection; d) fixture unit generation and placement; and is crucial to product manufacturing. During the
e) interactive fixture design modification; f) locating course of manufacturing processes, such as
method database and g) fixture component database. machining, assembly, or inspection, it is necessary
In fixture design, the locating method and locator to immobilize, support, and locate the work piece,
clamp selection are based on fixturing requirement this is also referred to as work holding.
analysis. A fixture is comprised of a number of basic
To help fixture designers in the locating work holding elements such as locators, supports,
method selection, a menu-driven locating method and clamps. The task of fixture layout is to
classification tree is designed which makes the determine the number, type, and location of the
fixture design process more logical and requires less work holding elements. Second task is referred to as
experience. fixture setup, and its main concern is to avoid
Researcher presents a rapid fixture design collision and interference between the machine tool
system which combines the automated modular and the fixture. Basic Fixture Components is
fixture configuration design technique for fixture locator, support, clamps. Fixtures have six basic
unit generation and interactive fixture design functional Requirements: (a) stable resting, (b)
functions for selections of locating methods and accurate localization.(c) Support reinforcement, (d)
locating clamping components [5]. stable clamping, (e) force-closure (or total restraint),
Only concerned with achieving three point and (f) quality performance.
contacts, which is necessary to re-use the fixture, The focus of the researcher paper is on
Manufacturing and installation of fixtures are costly effective fixture modeling and efficient numerical
for high volume production runs. In this paper we techniques for automatically generating, analyzing,
address the problem of the re-usability of fixtures. and optimizing fixture layout designs for any
Researcher addresses both types of variation in the complex-shaped 3D work pieces [8].
context of modular fixtures. For tolerance variation, A fixture is usually modeled as a set of
they give a method for comparing fixtures in terms supporting, locating and clamping points called
of how much geometric tolerance they will permit fixels. These fixturing points (or fixels) should be
before failing. For design variation, they identify selected to satisfy two fundamental requirements:
design rules that can rapidly check if a proposed part the form-closure constraint and accurate locating of
design is consistent with a given previous fixture the work piece in addition to requirements like even
[6]. load distribution among the fixturing points, non-
Fixture design is a critical manufacturing intersection among the fixels, etc.
activity in the production cycle and has great effect The form-closure constraint guarantees that
on product quality, lead time, and cost targets. the work piece is fully constrained without being
With the development of computer aided disturbed by any force and moment generated
fixture design (CAFD) system, the efficiency of during manufacturing processes. The requirement of
fixture design and the cost of production have been accurate localization is to ensure accuracy of
improved obviously. Fixture planning is an manufacturing operations.
important early step in CAFD process, which A fixture must satisfy various functional
determines the locating and clamping points on and non-functional requirements listed as follows:
work piece surfaces, it contributes so much to total restraint of the work piece or form-closure, i.e.
fixture design. able to reject any force and moment generated
during manufacturing courses; Accurate locating of
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5. Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
the work piece, i.e. the positioning Errors of the Optimum design approach to provide
work piece should be minimized with given comprehensive analyses and determine an overall
positioning accuracy of the fixturing points; even optimal design to fulfill the multi-functional and
load distribution among the fixturing points. high performance fixturing requirements [8]. Dual
No interference between fixture components and fixture layout and dynamic clamping forces
Machine tools and “Goodness “under various optimization method based on optimal fixture layout
criteria, including ease of Loading/unloading a work could minimize the deformation and uniform the
piece. deformation most effectively and it is meaningful
Researcher paper presents a simple and for deformation control in NC machining [10].
complete algorithm for automatic and optimal An attempt is made in this paper various design and
fixture design on 3D work pieces represented by analysis methods in the context of to improve the
discrete points. A new performance index is life of fixture, different fixture geometries are
proposed to simultaneously address three compared experimentally and are selected. The
fundamental requirements: form-closure constraint, proposed eccentric shaft fixture will fulfilled
minimum locating errors of the work piece, and researcher Production target and enhanced the
even load distribution among the fixturing points efficiency, fixture reduces operation time and
[9]. increases productivity, high quality of operation,
A fixture is used to establish and maintain reduce scarp.
the required position and orientation of a work piece
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6. Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.1591-1596
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[8] Jing Yu, Ting Wen, Qingxi Hu “Research
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[11] Jig and Fixture Design Manual by Erik
Karl Henriksen.
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