Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and human B-lymphoblastoid cells (NC-37) in response to antigenic stimulation. IL-12 is composed of a bundle of four alpha helices.
El sistema inmune innato se compone de una serie diversa de tipos de células hematopoyéticas evolutivamente antiguas, incluyendo células dendríticas, monocitos, macrófagos y granulocitos. Estas poblaciones de células colaboran entre sí, con el sistema inmune adaptativo y con las células no hematopoyéticas para promover la inmunidad, inflamación y reparación de tejidos. células linfoides innatas son los constituyentes más recientemente identificados del sistema inmune innato y han sido objeto de intensa investigación en los últimos cinco años. Resumimos los estudios que identifican formalmente células linfoides innatas y ponemos de relieve sus roles emergentes para el control de la homeostasis del tejido en el contexto de la infección, la inflamación crónica, enfermedades metabólicas y cáncer.
El sistema inmune innato se compone de una serie diversa de tipos de células hematopoyéticas evolutivamente antiguas, incluyendo células dendríticas, monocitos, macrófagos y granulocitos. Estas poblaciones de células colaboran entre sí, con el sistema inmune adaptativo y con las células no hematopoyéticas para promover la inmunidad, inflamación y reparación de tejidos. células linfoides innatas son los constituyentes más recientemente identificados del sistema inmune innato y han sido objeto de intensa investigación en los últimos cinco años. Resumimos los estudios que identifican formalmente células linfoides innatas y ponemos de relieve sus roles emergentes para el control de la homeostasis del tejido en el contexto de la infección, la inflamación crónica, enfermedades metabólicas y cáncer.
The sodium channel is a channel present on the membrane that allows a small amount of Na+ to enter the cell along its electrochemical gradient, as discovered by British scientists Hodgkin and Huxley. It can be divided into two types, voltage-gated and ligand-gated. The sodium ion channel is the primary activation bond for electrical signals in all animals, while the electrical signal is the basis for a series of physiological processes such as neural activity and muscle contraction.
Numerous cells are able to ingest foreign materials, but the ability to increase this activity in response to opsonization by antibody and/or complement, so as to acquire antigen specificity, is restricted to cells of the myeloid series, principally polymorphs, monocytes and macrophages; these are sometimes termed ‘professional’ phagocytes.
Neuroscience is characterized by multi-disciplinary and multi-level intersections. It combines behavior, cognition and brain mechanism, and it attempts to elaborate the neural mechanism of human and animal in perceiving objects, forming images, using language, memorizing information, reasoning and decision-making at the micro level of molecule, synapse and neuron and at the macro level of system, whole brain and behavior.
Transient receptor potenital (TRP) is a large family of non-selective cation channels located on the cell membrane. One type of channel can be activated by Vanillic acid compounds, so this type of channel is called the TRPV subfamily. Mutations in TRPV are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disease and cancer and TRPV is an important therapeutic target for these diseases.
CFTR is a chloride channel located on the cell membrane. Under the mediation of cAMP, CFTR is phosphorylated, causing the channel to open and transporting about 10 CIs extracellularly per minute. When the cftr gene is mutated (most commonly, the codon encoding 508 phenylalanine is lost), the defective CFTR cannot be processed normally in the endoplasmic reticulum, and most cannot be transported to the cell membrane;
The organic cation transporter (OCT) is an important drug delivery protein with a broad tissue distribution in the body that mediates the metabolic processes of most drugs. At present, the gene sequence, transport mechanism, substrate structure specificity, regulatory mechanism, gene polymorphism andin vivodistribution characteristics of this transporter have been deeply studied. Based on this knowledge, pharmacologists have successfully delivered many drugs at the transporter molecule level and applied them to clinical practice.
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. A variety of epigenetic mechanisms can be perturbed in different types of cancer. Epigenetic alterations of DNA repair genes or cell cycle control genes are very frequent in sporadic (non-germ line) cancers, being significantly more common than germ line (familial) mutations in these sporadic cancers.
In genetics, genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damage the genetic information within a cell causing mutations(Genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity. All mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic.). The alteration can have direct or indirect effects on the DNA: the induction of mutations, mistimed event activation, and direct DNA damage resulting in mutations.
The process of cell cycle regulation is the activation or inactivation of various regulatory factors under the surveillance of checkpoints, thereby initiating the process of cell DNA replication and division into two daughter cells.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.
Post-translational modifications play an important role in cells, such as DNA recognition, protein-protein interactions, catalytic activity, and protein stability. Protein acetylation/deacetylation is a histone covalent modification that is mainly catalyzed by histone acetylase and histone deacetylase, respectively.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The sodium channel is a channel present on the membrane that allows a small amount of Na+ to enter the cell along its electrochemical gradient, as discovered by British scientists Hodgkin and Huxley. It can be divided into two types, voltage-gated and ligand-gated. The sodium ion channel is the primary activation bond for electrical signals in all animals, while the electrical signal is the basis for a series of physiological processes such as neural activity and muscle contraction.
Numerous cells are able to ingest foreign materials, but the ability to increase this activity in response to opsonization by antibody and/or complement, so as to acquire antigen specificity, is restricted to cells of the myeloid series, principally polymorphs, monocytes and macrophages; these are sometimes termed ‘professional’ phagocytes.
Neuroscience is characterized by multi-disciplinary and multi-level intersections. It combines behavior, cognition and brain mechanism, and it attempts to elaborate the neural mechanism of human and animal in perceiving objects, forming images, using language, memorizing information, reasoning and decision-making at the micro level of molecule, synapse and neuron and at the macro level of system, whole brain and behavior.
Transient receptor potenital (TRP) is a large family of non-selective cation channels located on the cell membrane. One type of channel can be activated by Vanillic acid compounds, so this type of channel is called the TRPV subfamily. Mutations in TRPV are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disease and cancer and TRPV is an important therapeutic target for these diseases.
CFTR is a chloride channel located on the cell membrane. Under the mediation of cAMP, CFTR is phosphorylated, causing the channel to open and transporting about 10 CIs extracellularly per minute. When the cftr gene is mutated (most commonly, the codon encoding 508 phenylalanine is lost), the defective CFTR cannot be processed normally in the endoplasmic reticulum, and most cannot be transported to the cell membrane;
The organic cation transporter (OCT) is an important drug delivery protein with a broad tissue distribution in the body that mediates the metabolic processes of most drugs. At present, the gene sequence, transport mechanism, substrate structure specificity, regulatory mechanism, gene polymorphism andin vivodistribution characteristics of this transporter have been deeply studied. Based on this knowledge, pharmacologists have successfully delivered many drugs at the transporter molecule level and applied them to clinical practice.
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. A variety of epigenetic mechanisms can be perturbed in different types of cancer. Epigenetic alterations of DNA repair genes or cell cycle control genes are very frequent in sporadic (non-germ line) cancers, being significantly more common than germ line (familial) mutations in these sporadic cancers.
In genetics, genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damage the genetic information within a cell causing mutations(Genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity. All mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic.). The alteration can have direct or indirect effects on the DNA: the induction of mutations, mistimed event activation, and direct DNA damage resulting in mutations.
The process of cell cycle regulation is the activation or inactivation of various regulatory factors under the surveillance of checkpoints, thereby initiating the process of cell DNA replication and division into two daughter cells.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.
Post-translational modifications play an important role in cells, such as DNA recognition, protein-protein interactions, catalytic activity, and protein stability. Protein acetylation/deacetylation is a histone covalent modification that is mainly catalyzed by histone acetylase and histone deacetylase, respectively.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
1. IL-12 Family
Overview
Within the vast array of bioactive cytokines, the interleukin-12 (IL-12) family is
unique. It is the only heterodimeric cytokine family and this endows them with
several unique and distinctive features. It also presents a number of molecular and
functional realities that provide unprecedented opportunities for positive and
negative feedback control, some of which may remain unrealized. Chain pairing
promiscuity is a common feature of this heterodimeric cytokine family which
currently includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35. Despite many structural similarities in
the cytokines, their receptors and downstream signaling components, they possess
vastly contrasting biological activities which belie their common features. Each of the
IL-12 family cytokines consists of two subunits: an alpha chain (p19, p28, or p35) with
a four alpha-helix bundle structure and a beta chain (p40 or EBI3) that is homologous
to the soluble class I cytokine receptor chains.
IL-12
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells,
macrophages, neutrophils, and human B-lymphoblastoid cells (NC-37) in response to
antigenic stimulation. IL-12 is composed of a bundle of four alpha helices. It is a
heterodimeric cytokine encoded by two separate genes, IL-12A (p35) and IL-12B
(p40). The active heterodimer (referred to as 'p70'), and a homodimer of p40 are
formed following protein synthesis. A positive feedback loop is established where
IL-12 induces IFNγ production by T cells which primes additional APCs for IL-12
production and facilitates Th1 differentiation. IL-12 can also induce production of
IFNγ by NK cells.
https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/il-12-family.htm