American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Time perspective, hope, and learning strategy among rural australian universi...James Cook University
Ganzer, J., Caltabiano, N. J., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). Time Perspective, Hope, and Learning Strategy among Rural Australian University Students. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 10(4). doi: 10.9734/BJESBS/2015/19449
A comparative study of government and private secondary school teachers towar...Alexander Decker
This study compared the teaching attitudes of government and private secondary school teachers in India. 200 teachers were surveyed using the Teaching Attitude Scale. The results showed that government secondary school teachers had significantly higher attitudes towards teaching compared to private secondary school teachers. When comparing attitudes by gender within each school type, government male teachers had higher attitudes than females, while private female teachers had higher attitudes than males. The study aimed to understand differences in teaching attitudes that could impact the quality of education.
The document discusses the role of the principal decision maker. It notes that as student populations become more diverse, principals will face increasing challenges. Effective principal decision making requires understanding school dynamics and the relationships between school leaders, teachers, and the organizational environment. Principals must also consider external factors like community perceptions and government mandates. The role of the principal has shifted from managerial to creating collaborative, data-driven cultures. Knowledge alone does not determine success; a principal's ability to lead and influence others is also important.
Academic Stress and coping Strategies of Filipino College Students in private...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study explored the academic stress and coping mechanisms of three hundred eighty-two (382) college students from public and private universities in Central Luzon, Philippines using descriptive research design. Results showed that major contributors to the respondents' stress were from teachers, completion of requirements and peers who commit cheating. They felt academically stressed and experience sleeping problems low self-confidence and moodiness. Respondents coped with stress through spirituality, one of the prominent traits of Filipinos. The study highlights the need to comply with the mental health protocol and to create avenues to attain well-being for students with varying interests.
The document discusses stress experienced by nursing students. It notes that nursing students experience higher levels of stress than students in other programs like medicine, social work, and pharmacy. Sources of stress for nursing students include their learning experiences, which involve 24 hours per week spent in clinical duties like patient interaction and procedures. Stress can negatively impact students' performance and mental health, causing issues like burnout, illness, and even suicidal thoughts in some cases. While many students experience stress, most are able to graduate on time, suggesting they utilize effective stress management techniques. The study aims to understand the relationship between stress levels and stress management techniques used by nursing students during their clinical learning experiences.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Time perspective, hope, and learning strategy among rural australian universi...James Cook University
Ganzer, J., Caltabiano, N. J., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). Time Perspective, Hope, and Learning Strategy among Rural Australian University Students. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 10(4). doi: 10.9734/BJESBS/2015/19449
A comparative study of government and private secondary school teachers towar...Alexander Decker
This study compared the teaching attitudes of government and private secondary school teachers in India. 200 teachers were surveyed using the Teaching Attitude Scale. The results showed that government secondary school teachers had significantly higher attitudes towards teaching compared to private secondary school teachers. When comparing attitudes by gender within each school type, government male teachers had higher attitudes than females, while private female teachers had higher attitudes than males. The study aimed to understand differences in teaching attitudes that could impact the quality of education.
The document discusses the role of the principal decision maker. It notes that as student populations become more diverse, principals will face increasing challenges. Effective principal decision making requires understanding school dynamics and the relationships between school leaders, teachers, and the organizational environment. Principals must also consider external factors like community perceptions and government mandates. The role of the principal has shifted from managerial to creating collaborative, data-driven cultures. Knowledge alone does not determine success; a principal's ability to lead and influence others is also important.
Academic Stress and coping Strategies of Filipino College Students in private...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study explored the academic stress and coping mechanisms of three hundred eighty-two (382) college students from public and private universities in Central Luzon, Philippines using descriptive research design. Results showed that major contributors to the respondents' stress were from teachers, completion of requirements and peers who commit cheating. They felt academically stressed and experience sleeping problems low self-confidence and moodiness. Respondents coped with stress through spirituality, one of the prominent traits of Filipinos. The study highlights the need to comply with the mental health protocol and to create avenues to attain well-being for students with varying interests.
The document discusses stress experienced by nursing students. It notes that nursing students experience higher levels of stress than students in other programs like medicine, social work, and pharmacy. Sources of stress for nursing students include their learning experiences, which involve 24 hours per week spent in clinical duties like patient interaction and procedures. Stress can negatively impact students' performance and mental health, causing issues like burnout, illness, and even suicidal thoughts in some cases. While many students experience stress, most are able to graduate on time, suggesting they utilize effective stress management techniques. The study aims to understand the relationship between stress levels and stress management techniques used by nursing students during their clinical learning experiences.
Job Stress among Faculty: An investigation of Self-Financing Arts and Science...IJMTST Journal
A teacher is a person who thought knowledge to the student’s community. In general the teacher plays an
important role in a workplace of giving formal education in schools, colleges and in universities. The teacher
working in an arts and science college which is affiliated to a government university and its follow the
syllabus and curriculum. It is known as Self financing arts and science college faculty. The main aim of the
study is to investigate the factors causing Job Stress among faculty of Self financing Arts and Science
Colleges. In this study using both primary and secondary data. In primary data using structured
questionnaire and it has two parts namely demographical questions and Job stress scale. There are 120
samples are collected randomly to the faculty of arts and science colleges. The secondary data using wide
range of literature review, journal published and thesis. The statistical tools used in this study are t test and
ANOVA. The variables such as designation and type of family are showing significant difference with factors
causing stress among faculty and the remaining variables are showing insignificant difference with factors
causing stress among faculty at five percentage level of significance.
The Effect of Intrinsic Learning Motivation and School Learning Environment o...inventionjournals
This study aimed to analyze the effect of intrinsic learning motivation and school learning environment on economics learning outcome partially and simultaneously. Population and sample of this study was 87 X grade students of accounting at SMK Wijaya Putra Surabaya. Data gathering techniques used were questionnaires and documentations. Analysis method used was multiple linear regressions. The result of the study showed that intrinsic learning motivation and school learning environment partially affected learning outcomes significantly positive. Intrinsic learning motivation and school learning environment simultaneously affected learning outcomes significantly positive.
Self-efficacy and Work Commitment of the private Senior High Teachers in Time...Medania Malagsic
The level of self-efficacy of private senior high school teachers during the pandemic was very high overall, with student engagement rated the highest and classroom management the lowest. Male teachers and those with bachelor's degrees reported higher self-efficacy than their counterparts. The findings indicate teachers felt exceptionally confident in their abilities despite challenges with the shift to online learning during the pandemic.
Lester, derek a review of the student engagement literature focus v7 n1 2013William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System. Professor of Educational Leadership, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin.
This document summarizes a research proposal that examines the impact of organizational climate on teacher commitment in schools. The proposal discusses previous research showing that school climate influences teacher motivation, commitment, and job satisfaction. It aims to identify the relationship between school climate and teacher commitment using the Organizational Climate Descriptive Questionnaire. The proposal outlines the background, problem statement, objectives, literature review on organizational climate and teacher commitment, proposed quantitative research methodology using questionnaires, and references.
The document summarizes a study on stress levels in various age categories of men. It finds that working employees face the most stress compared to other groups. School students face the least amount of stress. College students experience some stress. The study utilized questionnaires and statistical analysis to collect and analyze data on stress levels and sources of stress. It was found that inability to concentrate and feeling anxious were common stressors. The majority of people deal with stress by talking to friends. Physical work environment was cited as a source of stress by 36% of respondents.
The Study of Relationship Between Depression And Academic Achievement In Grad...WriteKraft Dissertations
This document discusses a study on the relationship between depression and academic achievement among graduate and postgraduate students. It begins with an introduction that discusses depression as a mental disorder and its increasing prevalence among college students. It then discusses the theoretical framework of depression, including its concept, history, types, causes, diagnosis and perspectives. The problem statement, objectives, hypotheses, assumptions, limitations and significance of the study are also outlined. The document then reviews relevant literature on the relationship between depression and academic achievement as well as other related topics. It describes the methodology used in the study, including research design, sample, variables, tools, data collection and analysis. Finally, it outlines the data analysis and conclusions/recommendations from the study.
Management techniques of head teachers effectiveness in reducing behaviour pr...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study that investigated management techniques used by primary school head teachers to reduce behavior problems. The study found that effective techniques included: explaining negative peer influences to parents during PTA meetings; exhibiting good leadership; providing teaching facilities; involving pupils in leadership; and encouraging effective communication. Out of 16 techniques studied, 12 were found to be effective in reducing behavior problems based on teacher responses. The implications are that creating a positive learning environment and strong school-home relationship can help reduce misbehavior.
Psychological burnout and coping strategies of special education teachers in ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated psychological burnout and coping strategies among special education teachers in Kuwait. It found that female teachers experienced higher levels of burnout than male teachers, possibly due to feeling overwhelmed by their work and social responsibilities. Both male and female teachers used various coping strategies, but female teachers tended to rely more on strategies like seeking emotional support. The study aimed to help reduce burnout among special education teachers in Kuwait by identifying their experiences and support needs.
Development of Aljabar Materials Based On React Strategy To Increase Material...AJHSSR Journal
e them is with developing algebra teaching materials based
on the REACT strategy to enhance students' metaphorical thinking ability. The research method uses research
and development type formative research. The subject of this study is class VII in one of junior high school in
Cianjur, Indonesia. Based on the results of research and discussion can be summed up some things as follows:
(1) teaching materials that have been compiled good quality although still need to be refined again. (2) The
students' metaphorical thinking ability through the use of the teaching materials is enhancing. (3) The student's
response to this teaching material is very positive.
KEYWORDS: React Strategy , Algebra, Teaching and Learning Materials, Metaphorical Thingking, Moral
Crisis
Influence of personality on academic achievement and performance of teaching ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of personality on academic achievement and performance of teaching practice students in technical and vocational education and training (TVET). The study used a personality inventory to assess 37 TVET graduate students on extroversion and neuroticism. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine relationships between personality type and academic achievement, and personality and teaching performance. The results aimed to identify student personality types and whether significant correlations exist between personality, academics, and teaching performance for TVET graduate students.
This document presents the background and introduction to a research proposal on examining the impact of school leadership on student academic performance in schools in Rwampala County, Mbarara District, Uganda. It discusses the importance of academic achievement and the government's priority of improving performance in science and mathematics. The study aims to explore the relationship between school leadership and student outcomes in Ugandan secondary schools using a mixed-methods approach. It will examine different leadership styles, their impact on academic performance, and measures to improve performance. The document provides context on leadership theory and the need to understand leadership practices in everyday school settings.
This study investigated the influence of principal's classroom visitation and inspection strategies on teachers' job performance in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. 660 teachers and 3,300 senior secondary students across 232 schools were surveyed. The results of ANOVA analysis indicated that principal's classroom visitation and inspection of lesson notes each significantly influenced teachers' job performance. It is recommended that regular supervision including classroom visitation and inspection of lesson notes be implemented to enhance teachers' performance. The study aims to provide information to help principals improve instructional effectiveness and help teachers contribute to achieving educational goals in Akwa Ibom State.
The previous research result showed that the learning model based on the investigation could increase the students’ critical thinking skills. The aim of this research was to measure the effectiveness of the using of problem-based learning model to increase the students’ critical thinking skills. The research design was quasi-experiment by using post-test only design. The population of this research was the eleventh grade students of science which contained 124 students of SMAN 6 and SMAN 7 Kupang that were chosen randomly. The treatment that was given in this research was problem-based learning model for the experiment class and conventional model for the control class whereas the given materials were the reaction rate. The instrument that was used in this research previously validated by two experts of theory and material. The result of this research showed that the students who studied in experiment class had different critical thinking skills better that the students who studied using conventional model.
How to choose thesis topic | Bed | Med Thesis description | Guidelines | AIOU...NaumanMalik30
AOA #is tutorials ma meny apko aiou and vu thesis solve kraya; guide kia .
Here is my #slideshare #link for downloading thesis.
.
Asssignments k lia facebook link per contact krain
umeed hai ki aapko ye video achi lgi.
Please Share, Support, follow , Subscribe!!! or if u Need help me?
Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Nauman1
Linkedin : https://bit.ly/2DYFgTg
Download #Artificial_intelligence_slides https://bit.ly/2HTb3dD
Subscribe Nauman Malik channel: https://bit.ly/2t1P3Dd
Cs607 #playlist on Youtube: https://bit.ly/2DNUjQM
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nauman_mlik/
Google Plus: https://bit.ly/2MSJq3n
BLOGspot https://naumanai.blogspot.com/
About : Nauman Malik is actually a YouTube Channel, where you will find #University
courses videos #Artificial_intelligence #cs607 #robotic technological videos in Urdu_
Hindi, #keep in touch for your Future #needs So don’t forgot to subscribe :)
Relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college students in Pakistan. Surveys were administered to 300 male and 300 female students measuring their intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The results showed:
1) There was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation between male and female students.
2) There was no significant difference in goal orientation between male and female students.
3) There was a significant positive correlation between students' intrinsic motivation scores and their goal orientation scores. Students with higher intrinsic motivation tended to have higher goal orientation as well.
11.relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among colle...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college students in Pakistan. Surveys were administered to 300 male and 300 female students measuring their intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The results showed:
1) There was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation between male and female students.
2) There was no significant difference in goal orientation between male and female students.
3) A significant positive correlation was found between students' intrinsic motivation scores and their goal orientation scores. Students with higher intrinsic motivation tended to have higher goal orientation as well.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines strategies for improving classroom discipline through action research. The researcher conducted action research in their classroom to determine if punishment and demotivation are effective discipline tools, and whether they are related to student behavior. Through observations, diaries, and recordings, the researcher found that positive reinforcement worked better for maintaining discipline than punishment and demotivation. When students were positively reinforced and had input in classroom activities, they were more engaged and better behaved. The action research helped the teacher improve classroom management with effective discipline practices.
Higher secondary school teachers' attitude towards second degree in physics: ...Premier Publishers
The goal of this paper is to understand the attitude of teachers for second degree in physics in Eastern part of Ethiopia. This study adopts a qualitative approach. Questionnaires written for open-ended responses were administered to a sample of 100 high school teachers. Content analysis was used to interpret diverse responses pertaining to teachers who want to continue further education on their first background. Both descriptive and quantitative methods were used to discuss the result. The study revealed that there is significant number of teachers who doesn’t want to pursue higher education in physics. Although the obtained result shows that most of the respondents are interested to upgrade their academic qualification, the number of teachers’ who lost interest for further education in their first background is very significant, more than 20% of the total number of respondents, which is an alarming quantity and shows the threat that research and postgraduate program in this field are facing.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure
of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in
examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate. The paper sought to determine
the contribution of teacher qualification to students’ scores. The study adopted the Theory of Organisational Climate
which defines organisational climate as the human environment within which an organization’s employees do their
work. A case study and survey design was used. Purposive sampling was used to identify the four schools under study
and form three students. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents of the study. Data was analyzed
using both qualitative and quantitative using descriptive statistics in particular percentages and means. The study
found that teachers’ qualifications affect teaching ability while knowledge of teachers’ subject was among the major
teacher factors contributing to students’ academic achievements.
The issue of psychological well-being in education has emerged as an increasingly critical topic in recent years. This is due to the significance of psychological well-being in enhancing the performance of e ducational institutions, encompassing students, teachers, and the process of formulating school policies. This study sought to discover recent research on psychological well-being from an academic perspective. A total of 27 research articles were successfully gathered and reviewed based on the established criteria. This article review was conducted utilizing two databases (SCOPUS and WoS) and the following keywords: "psychological well-being" combined with "AND" and other search terms such as "school", "teacher", and "student". This systematic review offers a synthesis of results that can serve as the initial step in developing constructs of psychological well-being in educational institutions, thus implying the importance of psychological well-being for teachers and students. The results of the analysis from this systematic literature review have been discussed and concluded in this study.
This research aimed to find out whether or not there is an effect of Learning Infrastructure (LI) and Learning Motivation (LM) on Economics Learning Achievement (ELA), and which one has more dominant effect on Learning Achievement, Learning Infrastructure or Learning Motivation. This study was a descriptive quantitative research with survey method. The data of LI, LM and ELA were collected using questionnaire. The population of research consisted of 1192 economics students in Public Senior High Schools of Serdang Bedagai Regency applying the 2013 curriculum. The sample consisted of 300 respondents, taken using cluster areas sampling technique. From the result of research, it can be found that there was a positive significant effect of LI on ELA (tstatistic=9.597, P = 0.000), there was a positive significant effect of LM on ELA (tstatistic=6.990, P=0.000), there was a positive and significant effect of LI and LM on ELA (Fstatistic=114.281, P=0.000), and LI affected ELA more dominantly than LM did.
Job Stress among Faculty: An investigation of Self-Financing Arts and Science...IJMTST Journal
A teacher is a person who thought knowledge to the student’s community. In general the teacher plays an
important role in a workplace of giving formal education in schools, colleges and in universities. The teacher
working in an arts and science college which is affiliated to a government university and its follow the
syllabus and curriculum. It is known as Self financing arts and science college faculty. The main aim of the
study is to investigate the factors causing Job Stress among faculty of Self financing Arts and Science
Colleges. In this study using both primary and secondary data. In primary data using structured
questionnaire and it has two parts namely demographical questions and Job stress scale. There are 120
samples are collected randomly to the faculty of arts and science colleges. The secondary data using wide
range of literature review, journal published and thesis. The statistical tools used in this study are t test and
ANOVA. The variables such as designation and type of family are showing significant difference with factors
causing stress among faculty and the remaining variables are showing insignificant difference with factors
causing stress among faculty at five percentage level of significance.
The Effect of Intrinsic Learning Motivation and School Learning Environment o...inventionjournals
This study aimed to analyze the effect of intrinsic learning motivation and school learning environment on economics learning outcome partially and simultaneously. Population and sample of this study was 87 X grade students of accounting at SMK Wijaya Putra Surabaya. Data gathering techniques used were questionnaires and documentations. Analysis method used was multiple linear regressions. The result of the study showed that intrinsic learning motivation and school learning environment partially affected learning outcomes significantly positive. Intrinsic learning motivation and school learning environment simultaneously affected learning outcomes significantly positive.
Self-efficacy and Work Commitment of the private Senior High Teachers in Time...Medania Malagsic
The level of self-efficacy of private senior high school teachers during the pandemic was very high overall, with student engagement rated the highest and classroom management the lowest. Male teachers and those with bachelor's degrees reported higher self-efficacy than their counterparts. The findings indicate teachers felt exceptionally confident in their abilities despite challenges with the shift to online learning during the pandemic.
Lester, derek a review of the student engagement literature focus v7 n1 2013William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System. Professor of Educational Leadership, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin.
This document summarizes a research proposal that examines the impact of organizational climate on teacher commitment in schools. The proposal discusses previous research showing that school climate influences teacher motivation, commitment, and job satisfaction. It aims to identify the relationship between school climate and teacher commitment using the Organizational Climate Descriptive Questionnaire. The proposal outlines the background, problem statement, objectives, literature review on organizational climate and teacher commitment, proposed quantitative research methodology using questionnaires, and references.
The document summarizes a study on stress levels in various age categories of men. It finds that working employees face the most stress compared to other groups. School students face the least amount of stress. College students experience some stress. The study utilized questionnaires and statistical analysis to collect and analyze data on stress levels and sources of stress. It was found that inability to concentrate and feeling anxious were common stressors. The majority of people deal with stress by talking to friends. Physical work environment was cited as a source of stress by 36% of respondents.
The Study of Relationship Between Depression And Academic Achievement In Grad...WriteKraft Dissertations
This document discusses a study on the relationship between depression and academic achievement among graduate and postgraduate students. It begins with an introduction that discusses depression as a mental disorder and its increasing prevalence among college students. It then discusses the theoretical framework of depression, including its concept, history, types, causes, diagnosis and perspectives. The problem statement, objectives, hypotheses, assumptions, limitations and significance of the study are also outlined. The document then reviews relevant literature on the relationship between depression and academic achievement as well as other related topics. It describes the methodology used in the study, including research design, sample, variables, tools, data collection and analysis. Finally, it outlines the data analysis and conclusions/recommendations from the study.
Management techniques of head teachers effectiveness in reducing behaviour pr...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study that investigated management techniques used by primary school head teachers to reduce behavior problems. The study found that effective techniques included: explaining negative peer influences to parents during PTA meetings; exhibiting good leadership; providing teaching facilities; involving pupils in leadership; and encouraging effective communication. Out of 16 techniques studied, 12 were found to be effective in reducing behavior problems based on teacher responses. The implications are that creating a positive learning environment and strong school-home relationship can help reduce misbehavior.
Psychological burnout and coping strategies of special education teachers in ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated psychological burnout and coping strategies among special education teachers in Kuwait. It found that female teachers experienced higher levels of burnout than male teachers, possibly due to feeling overwhelmed by their work and social responsibilities. Both male and female teachers used various coping strategies, but female teachers tended to rely more on strategies like seeking emotional support. The study aimed to help reduce burnout among special education teachers in Kuwait by identifying their experiences and support needs.
Development of Aljabar Materials Based On React Strategy To Increase Material...AJHSSR Journal
e them is with developing algebra teaching materials based
on the REACT strategy to enhance students' metaphorical thinking ability. The research method uses research
and development type formative research. The subject of this study is class VII in one of junior high school in
Cianjur, Indonesia. Based on the results of research and discussion can be summed up some things as follows:
(1) teaching materials that have been compiled good quality although still need to be refined again. (2) The
students' metaphorical thinking ability through the use of the teaching materials is enhancing. (3) The student's
response to this teaching material is very positive.
KEYWORDS: React Strategy , Algebra, Teaching and Learning Materials, Metaphorical Thingking, Moral
Crisis
Influence of personality on academic achievement and performance of teaching ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of personality on academic achievement and performance of teaching practice students in technical and vocational education and training (TVET). The study used a personality inventory to assess 37 TVET graduate students on extroversion and neuroticism. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine relationships between personality type and academic achievement, and personality and teaching performance. The results aimed to identify student personality types and whether significant correlations exist between personality, academics, and teaching performance for TVET graduate students.
This document presents the background and introduction to a research proposal on examining the impact of school leadership on student academic performance in schools in Rwampala County, Mbarara District, Uganda. It discusses the importance of academic achievement and the government's priority of improving performance in science and mathematics. The study aims to explore the relationship between school leadership and student outcomes in Ugandan secondary schools using a mixed-methods approach. It will examine different leadership styles, their impact on academic performance, and measures to improve performance. The document provides context on leadership theory and the need to understand leadership practices in everyday school settings.
This study investigated the influence of principal's classroom visitation and inspection strategies on teachers' job performance in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. 660 teachers and 3,300 senior secondary students across 232 schools were surveyed. The results of ANOVA analysis indicated that principal's classroom visitation and inspection of lesson notes each significantly influenced teachers' job performance. It is recommended that regular supervision including classroom visitation and inspection of lesson notes be implemented to enhance teachers' performance. The study aims to provide information to help principals improve instructional effectiveness and help teachers contribute to achieving educational goals in Akwa Ibom State.
The previous research result showed that the learning model based on the investigation could increase the students’ critical thinking skills. The aim of this research was to measure the effectiveness of the using of problem-based learning model to increase the students’ critical thinking skills. The research design was quasi-experiment by using post-test only design. The population of this research was the eleventh grade students of science which contained 124 students of SMAN 6 and SMAN 7 Kupang that were chosen randomly. The treatment that was given in this research was problem-based learning model for the experiment class and conventional model for the control class whereas the given materials were the reaction rate. The instrument that was used in this research previously validated by two experts of theory and material. The result of this research showed that the students who studied in experiment class had different critical thinking skills better that the students who studied using conventional model.
How to choose thesis topic | Bed | Med Thesis description | Guidelines | AIOU...NaumanMalik30
AOA #is tutorials ma meny apko aiou and vu thesis solve kraya; guide kia .
Here is my #slideshare #link for downloading thesis.
.
Asssignments k lia facebook link per contact krain
umeed hai ki aapko ye video achi lgi.
Please Share, Support, follow , Subscribe!!! or if u Need help me?
Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Nauman1
Linkedin : https://bit.ly/2DYFgTg
Download #Artificial_intelligence_slides https://bit.ly/2HTb3dD
Subscribe Nauman Malik channel: https://bit.ly/2t1P3Dd
Cs607 #playlist on Youtube: https://bit.ly/2DNUjQM
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nauman_mlik/
Google Plus: https://bit.ly/2MSJq3n
BLOGspot https://naumanai.blogspot.com/
About : Nauman Malik is actually a YouTube Channel, where you will find #University
courses videos #Artificial_intelligence #cs607 #robotic technological videos in Urdu_
Hindi, #keep in touch for your Future #needs So don’t forgot to subscribe :)
Relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college students in Pakistan. Surveys were administered to 300 male and 300 female students measuring their intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The results showed:
1) There was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation between male and female students.
2) There was no significant difference in goal orientation between male and female students.
3) There was a significant positive correlation between students' intrinsic motivation scores and their goal orientation scores. Students with higher intrinsic motivation tended to have higher goal orientation as well.
11.relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among colle...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college students in Pakistan. Surveys were administered to 300 male and 300 female students measuring their intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The results showed:
1) There was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation between male and female students.
2) There was no significant difference in goal orientation between male and female students.
3) A significant positive correlation was found between students' intrinsic motivation scores and their goal orientation scores. Students with higher intrinsic motivation tended to have higher goal orientation as well.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines strategies for improving classroom discipline through action research. The researcher conducted action research in their classroom to determine if punishment and demotivation are effective discipline tools, and whether they are related to student behavior. Through observations, diaries, and recordings, the researcher found that positive reinforcement worked better for maintaining discipline than punishment and demotivation. When students were positively reinforced and had input in classroom activities, they were more engaged and better behaved. The action research helped the teacher improve classroom management with effective discipline practices.
Higher secondary school teachers' attitude towards second degree in physics: ...Premier Publishers
The goal of this paper is to understand the attitude of teachers for second degree in physics in Eastern part of Ethiopia. This study adopts a qualitative approach. Questionnaires written for open-ended responses were administered to a sample of 100 high school teachers. Content analysis was used to interpret diverse responses pertaining to teachers who want to continue further education on their first background. Both descriptive and quantitative methods were used to discuss the result. The study revealed that there is significant number of teachers who doesn’t want to pursue higher education in physics. Although the obtained result shows that most of the respondents are interested to upgrade their academic qualification, the number of teachers’ who lost interest for further education in their first background is very significant, more than 20% of the total number of respondents, which is an alarming quantity and shows the threat that research and postgraduate program in this field are facing.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure
of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in
examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate. The paper sought to determine
the contribution of teacher qualification to students’ scores. The study adopted the Theory of Organisational Climate
which defines organisational climate as the human environment within which an organization’s employees do their
work. A case study and survey design was used. Purposive sampling was used to identify the four schools under study
and form three students. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents of the study. Data was analyzed
using both qualitative and quantitative using descriptive statistics in particular percentages and means. The study
found that teachers’ qualifications affect teaching ability while knowledge of teachers’ subject was among the major
teacher factors contributing to students’ academic achievements.
The issue of psychological well-being in education has emerged as an increasingly critical topic in recent years. This is due to the significance of psychological well-being in enhancing the performance of e ducational institutions, encompassing students, teachers, and the process of formulating school policies. This study sought to discover recent research on psychological well-being from an academic perspective. A total of 27 research articles were successfully gathered and reviewed based on the established criteria. This article review was conducted utilizing two databases (SCOPUS and WoS) and the following keywords: "psychological well-being" combined with "AND" and other search terms such as "school", "teacher", and "student". This systematic review offers a synthesis of results that can serve as the initial step in developing constructs of psychological well-being in educational institutions, thus implying the importance of psychological well-being for teachers and students. The results of the analysis from this systematic literature review have been discussed and concluded in this study.
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Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: Introduction
Ijerph 17-07687-v2
1. International Journal of
Environmental Research
and Public Health
Article
The Influence of Transformational Teacher Leadership
on Academic Motivation and Resilience, Burnout and
Academic Performance
Rubén Trigueros 1, Ana Padilla 2, José M. Aguilar-Parra 1 , Isabel Mercader 1,*,
Remedios López-Liria 3,* and Patricia Rocamora 3
1 Department of Psychology, Health Research Centre, Hum-878 Research Team, University of Almería,
04120 Almería, Spain; rtr088@ual.es (R.T.); jmaguilar@ual.es (J.M.A.-P.)
2 Research Center Hablame, 04005 Almeria, Spain; anapadilla@centrohablame.com
3 Department of Nursing, Health Research Centre, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería,
04120 Almería, Spain; rocamora@ual.es
* Correspondence: imercade@ual.es (I.M.); rll040@ual.es (R.L.-L.)
Received: 24 September 2020; Accepted: 17 October 2020; Published: 21 October 2020
Abstract: Currently, the university failure rate is around 33% of students starting their studies. Among
the main reasons are demanding academic situations and the use of inappropriate coping strategies.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of teacher leadership on academic
resilience and motivation, burnout, and academic performance. This study involved 3354 university
students. A structural equation model was made to analyze the predictive relationships between
the study’s variables. The results showed that teacher leadership positively predicted academic
resilience and motivation; academic resilience negatively predicted burnout and positively predicted
academic performance; likewise, academic motivation negatively predicted burnout and positively
predicted academic performance; finally, burnout negatively predicted academic resilience.
Keywords: teacher leadership; motivation; resilience; burnout; academic performance
1. Introduction
University academic failure is one of the issues that should be of most concern to the educational
community since education is a basic instrument for the social and economic evolution of a country [1].
In this sense, 33% of Spanish students do not finish the university course in which they enrolled,
21% leave university without obtaining a degree, and the remaining 12% change studies. These data
place Spain among the first countries in the European Union with the highest rate of university
dropouts (11% on average) and the highest rate of change of studies (9% on average). This situation also
represents a loss of EUR 1500 million from the Spanish public coffers, which could be used to promote
public education [2]. This premature dropout from university studies can have serious consequences
for both the individual and society. In this sense, an early dropout will lead to major educational
deficiencies, making it difficult to find a job in the future. In addition, they will show a greater
propensity to work illegally and a greater demand for social services. On the other hand, the social
consequences of dropping out of university are: (a) problems of social integration, (b) income inequality,
and (c) low tax rates for the state. Among the main reasons for this abandonment, students cite lack
of capacity and time, low motivation, high anxiety, absenteeism, and loss of interest [3]. Thus, students’
classroom experiences can be key to staying in university and completing their studies [4]. In this sense,
teachers have considerable potential to influence the motivational, affective, and behavioral responses
of their students, exercising the role of leader within the classroom [5]. Therefore, this study aimed to
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687; doi:10.3390/ijerph17207687 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
2. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687 2 of 12
analyze the influence of teacher leadership on motivation, academic resilience, burnout, and student
academic performance.
1.1. Teacher Leadership
One of the main theories that have tried to explain the effect of leaders’ behaviors on followers
is Transformational Leadership Theory [6]. This theory states that transformational leaders have
a positive influence on followers because they are able to inspire them to move into action on the basis
of a shared vision, aligning vision and objectives with the needs and goals of the group of followers [7].
In this sense, transformational leaders seek to discern the needs, strengths, and goals of the followers
in order to be in tune with them [8]. In addition, transformational leaders seek to stimulate followers
to think for themselves and in new ways in order to overcome challenges [7].
The theory of transformational leadership has been present in many studies and different
contexts, some examples are: in the workplace [9], organizational contexts [10], crime [11], and also
in the educational field [8]. It is in the latter context that transformational leadership theory has
most recently arrived, giving rise to what it calls “Transformative Teaching” [8]. This style of teaching
suggests that the transformational behaviors displayed by teachers enhance student engagement
in the classroom. In this sense, those teacher behaviors that deviate from self-interest, and instead seek
to inspire students, will lead to higher levels of functioning, increasing their interest and participation
in the classroom, and encouraging their critical thinking.
Current studies in the educational context showed that teacher leadership in the classroom was
positively related to critical thinking [12], academic performance [13], motivation [14], and classroom
engagement [13]. However, there are currently no studies that have analyzed how classroom leadership
favors university students’ ability to adapt to academic difficulties since current studies have focused
more on aspects outside the educational context.
1.2. Academic Motivation
Motivation refers to the different reasons that drive certain actions and guide human behavior.
In this sense, motivation includes both energy and direction, persistence and purpose of behavior,
and includes actions and intentions [15]. However, motivation is not something that occurs
spontaneously, but rather the experiences of the individual and the social context play an important
role [16]. The Self-Determination Theory states that motivation can be of three different types:
demotivation, extrinsic motivation (includes four types of regulation), and intrinsic motivation [17].
Amotivation refers to the lack of interest in the activity, lacking motivation. External motivation
refers to the fact that what drives the individual comes from the outside. Within external motivation,
external regulation refers to the individual’s commitment to avoid a punishment or get a reward;
introjected regulation refers to the individual’s search for positive feelings towards him or herself or
the avoidance of negative emotions; identified regulation refers to the individual’s commitment to
the activity because he or she feels identified with it; integrated regulation refers to when the individual’s
behavior and conduct are prioritized according to internal values and needs; finally, there is intrinsic
motivation which refers to the commitment to the activity simply for the sake of enjoyment and fun.
Studies that have analyzed the influence of internal motivation in academia showed that it is
positively related to adaptive behaviors [18], academic performance [19], metacognitive processes [20],
and critical thinking [20]. Conversely, external motivation and amotivation showed to be positively
related to school dropout [21], stress [22], and exam failure [23].
1.3. Academic Resilience
Resilience is understood as a psychological element or capacity that people possess in order to
overcome extreme situations and the negative effects to which they are exposed [24]. In a way, resilience
represents one of the main psychological characteristics that are related to psychological and emotional
well-being and academic success.
3. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687 3 of 12
Throughout their student period, students are exposed to academic experiences and situations
(both negative and positive) to which they have to adapt, reacting in one way or another to an adverse
situation, and may or may not overcome it [25]. Those students who succeed show a resilient attitude
that allows them to adapt and overcome these negative experiences [26]. In this way, resilience
is understood as a construct that is linked to protective and vulnerable factors within and outside
the individual, which influence the individual’s adaptation to vicissitudes and stressful events that result
in a loss of homeostasis [27]. However, resilience is not a construct that is inherited by the subject,
nor does it remain unchanged, but is acquired and evolves from different life situations and the control
of emotions [28].
Until now, studies of resilience in academic contexts have been positively related to intrinsic
motivation [29], academic goals [30], academic performance [30], and internal well-being [31].
In contrast, resilience has been negatively associated with stress [25], anxiety [25], and school
failure [32]. However, studies on resilience in the university context are very scarce, as most studies
in academic contexts focus on the secondary school stage, despite the fact that the university context
exceeds the secondary school stage in terms of dropouts.
1.4. Burnout
During the training process, many students develop a range of skills that help them to achieve
their academic goals, but other young people have difficulty in adapting to the difficulties that prevent
them from achieving their goals [33]. Thus, some students succeed in developing appropriate
strategies to cope with academic demands. In contrast, others do not and become unable to modify
the problematic situation, resulting in the use of escape or avoidance behaviors as forms of coping that
are not necessarily appropriate in this situation [34].
In the face of the continuous presence of demanding academic situations and the use of coping
strategies such as escape or avoidance, it can contribute to generating sensations of not being able to
give more of oneself, both physically and psychologically, a negative attitude of criticism, devaluation,
loss of interest in transcendence, of value in the face of study, and growing doubts about one’s capacity
to carry it out [35]. The simultaneous presence of these manifestations is known as academic
burnout syndrome.
Studies to date in the academic context, which have focused on burnout, showed that it is
a good predictor of poor academic performance [36], frustration with studies [37], and reduced
student self-concept [38]. These results showed that burnout played an important role as a predictor
of various variables related to the academic life of university students. However, it is necessary to
point out that the association between academic burnout and academic performance is still not clear
since some understand low performance as a predictor variable of the syndrome, whereas others
understand it as a consequence of it [39]. Therefore, this study aimed to incorporate protective factors
such as resilience and internal motivation as elements that can clarify whether burnout predicts
academic performance.
1.5. Objectives and Hypothesis
According to the above, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of teacher leadership
on academic resilience and motivation, burnout, and academic performance. To this end, the following
hypotheses are specified: (a) teacher leadership will positively predict academic resilience and
motivation; (b) academic resilience will negatively predict burnout and positively predict academic
performance; (c) academic motivation will negatively predict burnout and positively predict academic
performance; (d) burnout negatively predicts academic resilience.
4. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687 4 of 12
2. Method
2.1. Participants
The sample of participants in the study was 3354 university students, consisting of 1653 men
and 1701 women (Table 1). The students were enrolled at the universities of Granada and Almeria.
Their ages were between 18 and 31 years (M = 22.36; SD = 1.88). The sampling technique was
non-probabilistic and incidental based on those university centers we had access to and the students
who wanted to participate. To be able to participate in the study, it was necessary to give the informed
consent, signed by the parent or legal guardian, and to participate voluntarily.
Table 1. Description of the sample.
University Degree Distribution Sample
University of Granada
Education 207 men and 254 women
Psychology 214 men and 252 women
Sciences 164 men and 198 women
Humanities 201 men and 203 women
University of Almeria
Education 222 men and 216 Women
Psychology 259 men and 241 women
Sciences 237 men and 175 women
Humanities 149 men and 162 women
N = 3354
2.2. Measurements
Leadership in the classroom: The Spanish version [40] of the Transformative Teaching
Questionnaire [41] was used. This questionnaire consisted of 16 items distributed equally among
4 factors (individualized consideration, idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, and inspirational
motivation). The participants in the study completed the questionnaire using a Likert scale from
1 (nothing at all) to 5 (frequently). This scale has been used in numerous studies to evaluate teacher
leadership in the classroom (e.g., [42,43]).
Academic Resilience: The Spanish version [44] of the Academic Resilience Scale [45] was used.
There were 30 items on the scale, which were distributed among three factors (reflection and adaptation
of the search for help, perseverance, negative affect, and emotional response). Those items that had
a positive connotation were reversed. Thus, a high score indicated greater academic resilience.
The participants in the study completed the questionnaire by means of a Likert scale from 1 (probable)
to 5 (improbable).
Academic motivation towards learning: The [46] version was used. The scale had 30 items
distributed among six factors: demotivation, extrinsic motivation (external regulation, introjected
regulation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation), and intrinsic motivation. The participants
in the study completed the questionnaire using a Likert scale from 1 (not true) to 7 (completely true).
In the present study, it was necessary to calculate the Self-Determination Index (SDI) in order to know
the level of academic motivation of the students. This index has been used in several similar studies
(see [47]).
Burnout: The Spanish version [48] of the Maslach Burnout Inventory [49] was used. There are
two items that make up the scale distributed among three factors: personal fulfilment, depersonalization,
and emotional exhaustion. The participants in the study completed the questionnaire using a Likert
scale from 0 (never) to 6 (every day).
Academic Performance: The grade at the end of the academic year was taken into consideration.
The grade was coded as follows: outstanding (5), notable (4), good (3), passed (2), and failure (1).
5. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687 5 of 12
2.3. Procedure
In order to carry out the study, the management and teaching staff of the universities were
initially contacted. They were informed of the objective of the study, and their collaboration was
requested in order to carry out the study. Subsequently, the university students that agreed to take
part in the study were contacted and informed of the objective of the study and asked to participate.
The questionnaires were completed individually, anonymously, and at the beginning of the classes.
At the beginning of the completion of the questionnaires, it was stressed that it was not compulsory to
participate in the study and that a member of the research group should be present to resolve any doubts
that might arise. The recommendations of the American Psychological Association were followed
for this study. In addition, ethical approval was obtained (Ref. UALBIO 2019/014) by the Research
Committee of the University of Almería (Spain).
2.4. Data Analysis
The SPSS v.25 statistical package (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to perform various statistical
analyses (mean, standard deviation, reliability analysis, and Pearson’s bivariate correlations). Similarly,
the AMOS v.20 statistical package (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyze the predictive
relationships between the variables of the study, through a structural equation model (SEM).
For the SEM, a bootstrapping of 6000 interactions and the maximum likelihood procedure were
used. The estimators were considered robust despite the lack of normality, so they were not affected.
The adjustment rates taken into account for SEM were as follows [50] (Table 2):
Table 2. Adjustment indexes.
Statistics Indexes Adequate Scoring
χ2/df Between 2 and 3
CFI (Comparative Fit Index) Over 0.95
IFI (Incremental Fit Index) Over 0.95
TLI (Tucker Lewis Index) Over 0.95
RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation)
plus your confidence interval (CI) at 90%
Equal to or less than 0.06
SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) Equal to or less than 0.08
According to Marsh, Hau, and Wen [51], these adjustment rates must be taken into account with
some caution as they can be very restrictive or difficult to achieve in overly complex models.
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analysis
As can be seen in Table 3, the bivariate correlations were positive among all factors, except
when correlated to the burnout. In addition, the reliability analysis reflected a score above 0.70 [52],
so they were considered robust.
Table 3. Descriptive statistical analysis and reliability analysis.
Factors M SD α 1 2 3 4 5
1. Teacher Leadership 3.01 0.87 0.76 - 0.43 *** 0.52 *** −0.47 *** 0.39 ***
2. Academic Resilience 3.31 0.87 0.84 - 0.68 *** −0.53 *** 0.42 ***
3. SDI-Academic 14.05 9.51 - - −0.24 ** 0.33 **
4. Burnout 2.67 1.21 0.83 - −0.31 **
5. Academic Performance 3.82 1.33 - -
*** p 0.001; ** p 0.01, SDI: Self-Determination Index.
6. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687 6 of 12
3.2. Structural Equation Model Analysis
The fit rates of the structural equation model (Figure 1) that were used to analyze the predictive
relationships, as described in the hypotheses, showed adequate scores: χ2 (49, N = 3354) = 140.03,
χ2/df = 2.86, p 0.001, IFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.055 (IC 90% = 0.047–0.058),
SRMR= 0.049. These parameters showed an acceptable fit, and therefore the hypothesized model
can be considered adequate. The relationship between the study variables was examined through
standardized regression weights.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687 6 of 11
3.2. Structural Equation Model Analysis
The fit rates of the structural equation model (Figure 1) that were used to analyze the predictive
relationships, as described in the hypotheses, showed adequate scores: χ2 (49, N = 3354) = 140.03,
χ2/df = 2.86, p 0.001, IFI = 0.96, TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.055 (IC 90% = 0.047–0.058), SRMR=
0.049. These parameters showed an acceptable fit, and therefore the hypothesized model can be
considered adequate. The relationship between the study variables was examined through
standardized regression weights.
Figure 1. Hypothesized model, where all variables are related to one another. All parameters are
standardized and are statistically significant. Note: *** p 0.001;** p 0.01.
4. Discussion
This study sought to analyze the influence of teacher leadership on motivation, academic
resilience, burnout, and academic performance of university students. For the first time, this study
looked at the direct relationship of teacher leadership on motivation and academic resilience of
university students. Both psychological elements are essential for their involvement and participation
in the classroom, allowing them to develop their skills and knowledge through a balance between
discovery and previous experiences [53]. Similarly, this study looked at the direct relationship
between motivation and academic resilience with respect to burnout. In this sense, the change from
secondary school to university, together with the academic pressure between jobs and exams,
Figure 1. Hypothesized model, where all variables are related to one another. All parameters are
standardized and are statistically significant. Note: *** p 0.001; ** p 0.01.
4. Discussion
This study sought to analyze the influence of teacher leadership on motivation, academic
resilience, burnout, and academic performance of university students. For the first time, this study
looked at the direct relationship of teacher leadership on motivation and academic resilience
of university students. Both psychological elements are essential for their involvement and participation
in the classroom, allowing them to develop their skills and knowledge through a balance between
discovery and previous experiences [53]. Similarly, this study looked at the direct relationship between
motivation and academic resilience with respect to burnout. In this sense, the change from secondary
school to university, together with the academic pressure between jobs and exams, subjected students
7. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687 7 of 12
to a high level of stress that could lead to emotional exhaustion [25]. Therefore, both factors, motivation
and resilience, were considered as protective elements that can help the consolidation and creation
of skills and coping strategies in the face of possible disruptive events [54].
The results of this study showed that teacher leadership positively predicted motivation and
academic resilience. These results can only be compared with similar studies from the secondary
level, albeit in a segmented way [55]. In this regard, a study by Bolkan, Goodboy, and Griffin [56],
with secondary school students showed that those teachers who were perceived as transformational
leaders by their students had high levels of intrinsic motivation and were more involved in various
classroom activities. Similarly, a physical education study of secondary school students showed
that those students who were most interested and motivated in learning were those who perceived
teachers as leaders [57]. In contrast, there is currently no evidence of studies in education that have
linked teacher leadership to academic resilience in students. However, there are a few studies
in the field of employment. One study by Nguyen, Kuntz, Näswall, and Malinen [58] that used
a sample of workers in the financial sector showed that workers with high levels of resilience and high
adaptive capacity were perceived as good leaders by their bosses. Similarly, a study that used a sample
of technology workers showed that those bosses who were transformational leaders had positive
relationships with a positive work climate, receptive workers, and increased work involvement [59].
These results highlighted the importance and role of teachers in the classroom. In this sense, those
teachers who act as transformational leaders for their students will tend to develop a greater capacity
to adapt to academic difficulties and a greater interest in the classroom. This requires that teachers pay
attention to the interests of their students, show understanding, listen to them, and know their goals
and objectives in order to provide them with a fulfilling educational experience.
Likewise, the results showed how academic motivation predicted burnout negatively and
academic performance positively. These results were similar to several studies in the academic field,
including the university one, where motivation was a positive predictor of academic performance
and a negative one of burnout (e.g., Stoeber, Childs, Hayward, and Feast, [60]). Similarly, a study
conducted by Chang, Lee, Byeon, and Lee [61] with high school students showed that those students
who showed high internal motivation predicted burnout negatively and perfectionism positively
predicted burnout. In this sense, perfectionism is an egomaniacal attitude of the individual, as opposed
to the Self-Determination Theory postulates regarding internal motivation [62]. Similarly, a study
carried out with university students showed that motivation towards learning was positively related
to academic performance and participation, and negatively to burnout [63]. Furthermore, the results
showed how resilience predicted burnout negatively and academic performance positively. However,
these results can only be compared with a few studies in the educational field and in a fragmented
way. In this regard, a study by Dunn, Iglewicz, and Moutier [64] with medical students showed
that students with high levels of resilience had a greater sense of psychological well-being, as well as
acted as a protector against burnout. Similarly, a study with nursing students [65] showed that students
with high levels of resilience experienced low levels of burnout and high levels of psychological
well-being. On the other hand, there are several studies in the educational field that have linked
resilience to academic performance. A study conducted by Kotzé and Kleynhans [66] with five-year-old
students showed that those students who showed greater maturity were associated with greater
resilience, which in turn was positively related to academic performance. Similarly, Kwek, Bui,
Rynne, and So [67] in their study with university students showed that those with high self-esteem
and academic performance were positively related to academic performance. These results showed
that intrinsic motivation and resilience could be considered as protective psychological factors
against stressful events and various problem situations faced by students. Therefore, it is essential
that classes create a climate in which internal motivation, achievable goals, and surmountable challenges
predominate so that students can extrapolate the positive experiences that take place during classes
and bring them into the academic context.
8. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7687 8 of 12
Finally, the results showed how the burnout negatively predicted academic performance.
These results were similar to several studies in the university academic field [68–70]. In this regard,
a study conducted by Salanova, Schaufeli, Martínez, and Bresó [68] with university students found
that the vicissitudes perceived by students were positively associated with burnout, whereas facilitators
were negatively associated with burnout. In addition, burnout was negatively related to academic
performance. Similarly, a study conducted by Yang [71] revealed that student burnout had a negative
effect on academic performance. These results can be explained by the fact that those students who
perceived many obstacles felt more burnout, affecting their academic future, as the problems caused
by the obstacles interfered with academic performance. As a result of the findings of this study, it is
obvious that there is a need to control student burnout to improve interest in learning and academic
performance. This requires teachers and schools to design and plan courses, tests, and even career
plans with great care to reduce student burnout and improve academic performance, and ultimately
the attainment of a university degree.
Despite the results achieved in this study, it is necessary to highlight some limitations. The present
study was based on the use of self-reporting questionnaires, which limits the information to be collected.
Furthermore, the relationships between the variables can be interpreted in many different ways
depending on the reader’s opinions. Finally, the selection of participants was probably not incidental;
therefore, no comparisons can be made between study populations. On the other hand, future studies
should analyze the influence of close family and friends on academic burnout, resistance, and motivation.
In this sense, family and friends constitute the nucleus where the first experiences of socialization,
protection, and security originate, being the origin of the future behavior of the adolescent based
on previous learning [72].
5. Conclusions
In short, the results achieved in this study showed that teacher leadership positively predicted
academic resilience and motivation. In turn, academic resilience and motivation predicted burnout
negatively and academic performance positively. These results showed that academic contexts could
generate both positive and negative situations in the classroom and that the role of the teacher is key to
a positive transformation in students’ experiences in the classroom.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.T. and A.P.; methodology, R.T. and J.M.A.-P.; software, I.M.;
validation, J.M.A.-P. and R.L.-L.; formal analysis, J.M.A.-P.; investigation, P.R. and R.L.-L.; resources, P.R.; data
curation, I.M.; writing—original draft preparation, R.T.; writing—review and editing, I.M.; visualization, R.T. and
I.M.; supervision, J.M.A.-P.; project administration, J.M.A.-P. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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