The document discusses the data link layer and framing. It begins by introducing the data link layer and its functions, including providing services to the network layer like unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented services. It then discusses framing, including defining frames, problems with framing, parts of a frame, and types of framing. Error control and flow control are also summarized as important functions of the data link layer to ensure reliable data transfer.

1. 5/24/2023 © Copyright | Sushama Deshmukh 1
Course :
Computer Network (CSE 252)
Ms. Sushama Deshmukh
Assistant Professor in Computer Science & Engineering
Course Instructor

2. Unit III
Data Link Layer

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| Sushama Deshmukh
Index
 Data Link Layer- Services Provided to the Network Layer, Framing,
 Error Control, Flow Control, Error Detection and Correction, Error-Correcting
Codes, Error-Detecting Codes.
 Elementary data link protocol, A Utopian Simplex Protocol,
 A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol for an Error-Free Channel, A Simplex Stop-and-
Wait Protocol for a Noisy Channel,
 Sliding Window Protocols, A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol,
 A Protocol Using Go-Back-N, A Protocol Using Selective Repeat.

4. Introduction
Data Link Layer:
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uses the services of the physical layer
It has a number of functions, including:
1. Providing a well-defined service interface to the network layer.
2. Dealing with transmission errors.
3. Regulating the flow of data so that slow receivers are not swamped by
fast senders.

5. Frame management forms the heart of what the data link layer does.

6. Provide services to the network layer
The principal service is transferring data from the network layer. At the network
layer, these data frames are basically addressed and routed.
Services Provided to the Network Layer

7. 1. Unacknowledged Connectionless Service
2. Acknowledged Connectionless Service
3. Acknowledged Connection-Oriented Service
1. Unacknowledged Connectionless Service:
 The data link layer of the sending machine sends independent frames to the
data link layer of the receiving machine.
 The receiving machine does not acknowledge receiving the frame.
 No logical connection is set up between the host machines..
 Error and data loss is not handled
 applicable in Ethernet services and voice communications
Types of Services

8. 2. Acknowledged Connectionless Service:
 The data link layer of the sending machine sends independent frames to the
data link layer of the receiving machine
 No logical connection is set between host machines, but each frame sent by the
source machine is acknowledged by the destination machine on receiving
 If the source does not receive the acknowledgment within a stipulated time, then
it resends the frame.
 This is used in Wifi (IEEE 802.11) services.
Types of Services

9. 3. Acknowledged Connection oriented Service:
 Best service offered
 A logical connection is set between host machines, and the data is transmitted along
this logical path.
 The frames are numbered, that keeps track of loss of frames and also ensures that
frames are received in correct order.
 The service has three distinct phases −
• Set up of connection
• Sending frames
• Release connection
 It is appropriate for satellite communications and long-distance telephone circuits
Types of Services

10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYdW0B1olLE
Data Link Layer Working
In the physical layer, data transmission involves
synchronised transmission of bits from the source
to the destination. The DLL packs these bits into
frames.
DLL takes the packets from the Network Layer
and encapsulates them into frames. If the frame
size becomes too large, then the packet may be
divided into small sized frames. Smaller sized
frames makes flow control and error control
more efficient.
Then, it sends each frame bit-by-bit on the
hardware.
At receiver’s end, DLL picks up signals from
hardware and assembles them into frames.

11. Frame:
o the digital data transmission unit
o Is a straight-forward network packet in the packet-switched systems
o is a repeating structure that supports time-division multiplexing in other types of
o telecommunication systems.
o A frame has been defined as a protocol data unit on the data link layer in the
computer networking OSI model.
A frame moves bit-by-bit serially and consists of a trailer field and header field that
frames the information. These frames are understandable only by the data link layer.
What is framing in data link layer?
Framing is a point-to-point connection between two devices that consists of a wire in
which data is transmitted as a stream of bits.
Framing

12. Finding the Beginning of the frame: All stations should be able to find the frame
when it is transmitted. Station finds many frames by seeing out for a unique series of
bits that points to the starting of the frame such as SFD (Starting Frame Delimeter).
How station finds a frame: All stations listen to connected for SFD style by a
sequential circuit. These sequential circuits inform the station when SFD is found.
Station inspects destination address to reject or accept a frame.
Finding End of the Frame: When to finish reading a frame.
Framing Problems

13. Parts of a Frame
A frame has the following parts −
Frame Header − It contains the source and the destination addresses of the frame.
Payload field − It contains the message to be delivered.
Trailer − It contains the error detection and error correction bits.
Flag − It marks the beginning and end of the frame.

14. Types of Frame
Fixed-sized Framing: Here the size of the frame is fixed and so the
frame length acts as delimiter of the frame. Consequently, it does
not require additional boundary bits to identify the start and end
of the frame. Example − ATM cells.
Variable – Sized Framing: Here, the size of each frame to be
transmitted may be different. So additional mechanisms are kept
to mark the end of one frame and the beginning of the next frame.
It is used in local area networks.
Two ways to define frame delimiters in variable sized framing are
Length Field − Here, a length field is used that determines the size
of the frame. It is used in Ethernet (IEEE 802.3).
End Delimiter − Here, a pattern is used as a delimiter to determine
the size of frame. It is used in Token Rings. The problem with this
is that ED can occur in the data.
If the pattern occurs in the message, then two approaches are used to avoid the situation −
Byte – Stuffing − A byte is stuffed in the message to differentiate from the delimiter. This is also called
character-oriented framing.
Bit – Stuffing − A pattern of bits of arbitrary length is stuffed in the message to differentiate from the
delimiter. This is also called bit – oriented framing.

15. Types of Frame
If the pattern occurs in the message, then two approaches are used to avoid the situation −
Byte – Stuffing − A byte is stuffed in the message to differentiate from the delimiter. This is also called
character-oriented framing.
Bit – Stuffing − A pattern of bits of arbitrary length is stuffed in the message to differentiate from the
delimiter. This is also called bit – oriented framing.
Character/Byte Stuffing: Bit Stuffing

16. Advantages of Framing in Data Link Layer
 Frames are used continuously in the process of time-division multiplexing.
 It facilitates a form to the sender for transmitting a group of valid bits to a receiver.
 Frames also contain headers that include information such as error-checking codes.
A Frame relay, token ring, ethernet, and other types of data link layer methods have
their frame structures.
Frames allow the data to be divided into multiple recoverable parts that can be
inspected further for corruption.
 It provides a flow control mechanism that manages the frame flow such that the
data congestion does not occur on slow receivers due to fast senders.
 It provides reliable data transfer services between the layers of the peer network.
Advantages of Framing in DLL

17. Error Control:
The error control function of the data link layer detects the errors in transmitted
frames and re-transmits all the erroneous frames.
Purpose of Error Control :
The function of error control function of the data link layer helps in dealing with data
frames that are damaged in transit, data frames lost in transit and acknowledged
frames that are lost in transmission. The method used for error control is called
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) which is used for the noisy channel.
Example – Stop & Wait ARQ and Sliding Window ARQ
Error Control and Flow Control

18. Flow Control: It is an important function of the Data Link Layer. It refers to a set of
procedures that tells the sender how much data it can transmit before waiting for
acknowledgment from the receiver.
Purpose of Flow Control :
Any receiving device has a limited speed at which it can process incoming data and
also a limited amount of memory to store incoming data. If the source is sending the
data at a faster rate than the capacity of the receiver, there is a possibility of the
receiver being swamped. The receiver will keep losing some of the frames simply
because they are arriving too quickly and the buffer is also getting filled up.
This will generate waste frames on the network. Therefore, the receiving device must
have some mechanism to inform the sender to send fewer frames or stop
transmission temporarily. In this way, flow control will control the rate of frame
transmission to a value that can be handled by the receiver.
Example – Stop & Wait Protocol
Error Control and Flow Control

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Web References
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-the-data-link-layer-services-provided-to-the-network-layer
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBAuzvVzOQU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1apF49Ih28
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhpzBldHOYo (Framing 1)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckcRxFxeOs4 (Framing 2)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sV_fOzJoqI (Framing 3)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMrY-8m8D1E (Error Detection and Correction)
• https://www.codingninjas.com/codestudio/library/framing-in-computer-networking
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/framing-in-data-link-layer
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/framing-in-data-link-layer/

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Thank You
5/24/2023 © Copyright | Sushama Deshmukh