This document discusses procedural and declarative knowledge in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Procedural knowledge refers to knowledge about algorithms, rules, and processes to solve problems, focusing on the steps to achieve an outcome. Declarative knowledge refers to knowledge about facts, relationships and constraints within a problem domain, focusing on representing knowledge in a logical structure. Both types of knowledge are important for developing effective AI and ML systems, with procedural knowledge concerned with how to perform tasks and declarative knowledge concerned with what is known about tasks.

1. PROCEDURAL AND
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE IN AI
& ML
ASHISH WAGHMARE
SY CSE
BT2143

2. Introduction
• AI and ML are revolutionizing various industries with their
ability to analyze data and make intelligent decisions.
• Two key types of knowledge in AI & ML are procedural and
declarative knowledge.
• This presentation explores the differences between procedural
and declarative knowledge and their significance in AI and
ML.

3. Procedural Knowledge
• Procedural knowledge is knowledge about how to do
something or how to perform a task.
• In AI and ML, procedural knowledge refers to the
knowledge about algorithms, rules, and processes to solve
specific problems.
• Procedural knowledge focuses on the steps and actions
required to achieve a desired outcome.

4. Examples of Procedural Knowledge
 Writing a sorting algorithm: Procedural knowledge
involves understanding the specific steps, such as bubble
sort or quicksort, to sort a list of elements.
 Training a neural network: Procedural knowledge
includes knowledge of the architecture, activation
functions, backpropagation, and optimization techniques
to train a neural network.

5. Declarative Knowledge
o Declarative knowledge is knowledge about facts, truths,
or information.
o In AI and ML, declarative knowledge refers to the
knowledge about the relationships and constraints within
a problem domain.
o Declarative knowledge focuses on representing
knowledge in a structured and logical manner.

6. Examples of Declarative Knowledge
 Medical diagnosis: Declarative knowledge includes a
knowledge base of symptoms, diseases, and their
relationships, enabling a system to provide accurate
diagnoses.
 Recommender systems: Declarative knowledge involves
knowledge about user preferences, item attributes, and
historical data to provide personalized recommendations.

7. Procedural vs. Declarative Knowledge
 Procedural knowledge is concerned with how to perform a
task, while declarative knowledge is concerned with what is
known about a task.
 Procedural knowledge is algorithmic and focuses on step-by-
step procedures, while declarative knowledge is based on
logical relationships and constraints.
 Procedural knowledge is often specific to a particular task,
while declarative knowledge can be more general and
applicable across different tasks.

8. Conclusion
 Procedural and declarative knowledge are two fundamental
types of knowledge in AI and ML.
 Procedural knowledge focuses on how to perform tasks, while
declarative knowledge focuses on what is known about tasks.
 Both types of knowledge play crucial roles in the development
and implementation of AI and ML systems, contributing to
their effectiveness and intelligence.

9. References
 Geeks for geeks
 Chat gpt