Three states in southern Somalia are keen to become an autonomous region known as Jubbaland. IHS examines why the central Somali government opposes these plans, despite initially backing the idea.
This document discusses the challenges of nation-building in Nigeria under its federal system of government. It argues that while federalism is suitable for Nigeria's heterogeneous society, the country's "Nigeria Model" of federalism concentrates too much fiscal resources and responsibilities in the central government, which breeds confrontation between the central government and component states and hampers nation-building. The paper recommends revising the constitution to reduce central government power and granting more responsibilities and revenues to states from their own resources to enhance competition and nation-building. A survey of 1,500 government officials and citizens found a significant relationship between nation-building and three variables: the federal structure, citizens' perceptions of the political structure, and interactions between tiers of
This document discusses the challenges of federalism in Nigeria and proposes ways to achieve true federalism. It argues that Nigeria's federal system has become too centralized, concentrating power in the central government instead of having coordinate independent regional governments. It recommends restructuring through inclusive dialogue to establish a balanced federation with self-governing regions of equal size and control over their resources. Adopting the principles of fiscal federalism, power sharing, and self-determination could help transform Nigeria's federalism into a more democratic system that respects diversity and regional autonomy.
FATA Local Governance Reforms: Long Road to Nowhere? (report, October 2012, U...fatanews
Summary
Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) remain mired in an archaic century-old system of indirect governance that provides space in which militant movements have thrived.
President Asif Ali Zardari recently announced the FATA Local Governance Regulation 2012, establishing a system of local councils in the troubled tribal region.
Although the regulation is disappointingly vague, and retains the sweeping prerogatives of the central government, it appears to have been driven in part by the army’s interest in building civilian governance capacity in conflict-torn areas.
The governments of Pakistan and the United States, along with local and international stakeholders, should advocate for continuity of implementation, insist on party-based local council elections, encourage experimentation within the bounds of the regulation, link the new councils to existing development structures, press the government to articulate a longer-term political vision for the FATA, and be realistic about the necessity of the army’s active involvement in shaping governance policy in the tribal areas.
About this Brief
Joshua T. White was a 2011–12 Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the U.S. Institute of Peace. He holds a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University, and conducted a portion of this research in conjunction with a generous grant from the American Institute of Pakistan Studies. Shuja Ali Malik received his M.Sc. in International Relations from Quaid-e-Azam University, and works as a producer at an Urdu-language news service in Islamabad. The views expressed in this brief do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Institute of Peace, which does not take policy positions. Subscribe to our email newsletter at http://eepurl.com/qnf75
This document discusses the challenges and approaches for holding representative elections in Somalia in 2016. It proposes that a constitutional review process and inclusive national dialogue are needed to build consensus on contentious issues. Key priorities for the elections include reviewing the provisional constitution, establishing an independent electoral commission, regulating political parties, and conducting civic education. The article emphasizes that district-based elections should take place across Somalia to end the term of the federal government and reestablish national consistency and political cooperation. However, limited time remains for completing these critical tasks before the 2016 deadline.
The document discusses arguments made by Cambodian government officials for needing an NGO law and examines whether these arguments are justified. It finds the claims around addressing crime, terrorism, and transparency concerns are not valid given existing Cambodian laws. The document determines the true motivation is political control of NGOs, as the law would restrict their lawful activities and criticism of the government through restrictive registration and potential criminalization.
This document provides a comparative analysis of the government systems of India and Afghanistan. It discusses their different constitutional structures, the three branches of government (legislature, judiciary, executive) and key differences between the two systems. Some differences highlighted include India having a federal parliamentary democracy while Afghanistan has a unitary presidential system with a historically weak central government. The document also notes Afghanistan's ongoing political instability and conflicts compared to India's relatively stable governance structures and democratic traditions.
This document discusses the challenges of nation-building in Nigeria under its federal system of government. It argues that while federalism is suitable for Nigeria's heterogeneous society, the country's "Nigeria Model" of federalism concentrates too much fiscal resources and responsibilities in the central government, which breeds confrontation between the central government and component states and hampers nation-building. The paper recommends revising the constitution to reduce central government power and granting more responsibilities and revenues to states from their own resources to enhance competition and nation-building. A survey of 1,500 government officials and citizens found a significant relationship between nation-building and three variables: the federal structure, citizens' perceptions of the political structure, and interactions between tiers of
This document discusses the challenges of federalism in Nigeria and proposes ways to achieve true federalism. It argues that Nigeria's federal system has become too centralized, concentrating power in the central government instead of having coordinate independent regional governments. It recommends restructuring through inclusive dialogue to establish a balanced federation with self-governing regions of equal size and control over their resources. Adopting the principles of fiscal federalism, power sharing, and self-determination could help transform Nigeria's federalism into a more democratic system that respects diversity and regional autonomy.
FATA Local Governance Reforms: Long Road to Nowhere? (report, October 2012, U...fatanews
Summary
Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) remain mired in an archaic century-old system of indirect governance that provides space in which militant movements have thrived.
President Asif Ali Zardari recently announced the FATA Local Governance Regulation 2012, establishing a system of local councils in the troubled tribal region.
Although the regulation is disappointingly vague, and retains the sweeping prerogatives of the central government, it appears to have been driven in part by the army’s interest in building civilian governance capacity in conflict-torn areas.
The governments of Pakistan and the United States, along with local and international stakeholders, should advocate for continuity of implementation, insist on party-based local council elections, encourage experimentation within the bounds of the regulation, link the new councils to existing development structures, press the government to articulate a longer-term political vision for the FATA, and be realistic about the necessity of the army’s active involvement in shaping governance policy in the tribal areas.
About this Brief
Joshua T. White was a 2011–12 Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the U.S. Institute of Peace. He holds a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University, and conducted a portion of this research in conjunction with a generous grant from the American Institute of Pakistan Studies. Shuja Ali Malik received his M.Sc. in International Relations from Quaid-e-Azam University, and works as a producer at an Urdu-language news service in Islamabad. The views expressed in this brief do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Institute of Peace, which does not take policy positions. Subscribe to our email newsletter at http://eepurl.com/qnf75
This document discusses the challenges and approaches for holding representative elections in Somalia in 2016. It proposes that a constitutional review process and inclusive national dialogue are needed to build consensus on contentious issues. Key priorities for the elections include reviewing the provisional constitution, establishing an independent electoral commission, regulating political parties, and conducting civic education. The article emphasizes that district-based elections should take place across Somalia to end the term of the federal government and reestablish national consistency and political cooperation. However, limited time remains for completing these critical tasks before the 2016 deadline.
The document discusses arguments made by Cambodian government officials for needing an NGO law and examines whether these arguments are justified. It finds the claims around addressing crime, terrorism, and transparency concerns are not valid given existing Cambodian laws. The document determines the true motivation is political control of NGOs, as the law would restrict their lawful activities and criticism of the government through restrictive registration and potential criminalization.
This document provides a comparative analysis of the government systems of India and Afghanistan. It discusses their different constitutional structures, the three branches of government (legislature, judiciary, executive) and key differences between the two systems. Some differences highlighted include India having a federal parliamentary democracy while Afghanistan has a unitary presidential system with a historically weak central government. The document also notes Afghanistan's ongoing political instability and conflicts compared to India's relatively stable governance structures and democratic traditions.
An alternate structure of governance a case of pakistanAlexander Decker
The document proposes an alternate structure of governance for Pakistan to address its longstanding political, economic, and social crises. It suggests establishing a federal republic called the United States of Pakistan with Islam as the official religion and English as the official language. Key aspects of the proposed structure include establishing six governor generals overseeing states, governors overseeing provinces divided into four directions each, and district coordinating officers. Strict qualifications are outlined for elected positions. Public funds would support education, health, defense, and Hajj only, with no salaries for government officials. A uniform education system and emphasis on accountability across all institutions are also proposed.
From the Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Roundtable Discussion Series of the Institute for Autonomy and Governance (IAG), presentation by Amina Rasul-Bernardo | 6 July 2015, Committee Room 1 Senate of the Philippines
Pakistan was founded in 1947 by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and emerged as an independent state on August 14th, 1947. It has a total area of 796,095 sq km and a population of over 167 million people. Pakistan is divided into 4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan. The country faces a governance crisis due to factors such as lack of competent leadership, political instability, corruption, weak institutions, fragile economy, terrorism, and nepotism. Key events that exacerbated the crisis include periods of martial law beginning in 1958 and the fall of Dhaka in 1971.
The document discusses Pakistan's National Finance Commission (NFC), which constitutionally reviews the formula for distributing funds between the federal and provincial governments every five years. It outlines the NFC's composition and functions, describes some of the funding formulas and allocations from previous NFC awards in 1970, 1979, 1991, and 1997, and discusses factors considered in the 2009 NFC award such as population, development levels, and security issues. The 2009 award aimed to more equitably resolve disputes around fund distribution that had persisted since Pakistan's independence.
The document summarizes key aspects of governments and economies in several African countries. It provides details on the type of government, year of independence, and rights of citizens for Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan. Kenya and South Africa have multi-party democracies, while Sudan is effectively a one-party military dictatorship. It also outlines some of the economic bases and challenges for Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt. Poverty, unemployment, corruption, and disease have held African nations back from further economic development despite some natural resources. Regional cooperation organizations have aimed to promote stability and growth.
Historic Injustice: Root cause of armed conflict in the BangsamoroArmi Beatriz Bayot
This is a presentation I gave in Tacloban City on February 5, 2016 in an event organized by the Philippine Information Agency and the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process. While I also had a presentation on the technical aspects of the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, I felt strongly about first providing context on the armed conflict in the Bangsamoro and the rationale for the peace process that seeks to address it.
The document summarizes key points from the Sarkaria Commission report on center-state relations in India. It discusses the evolving role of state governors and increasing politicization of the position over time. The commission had recommended decentralization and more state autonomy. It highlighted the governor's important constitutional role and importance of impartial appointment of suitable candidates with integrity and ability rather than political affiliations. The Arunachal Pradesh crisis underscores continuing relevance of the commission's observations on balancing center-state powers and governor's neutrality.
The National Finance Commission award determines the annual distribution of financial resources from the federal government to Pakistan's provinces. It pools certain taxes collected in each province and redistributes them to the provinces according to a formula that considers factors like population, poverty levels, revenue generation, and population density. There has been ongoing debate around which taxes should be included in the pool and the specific distribution formula. The 18th amendment to Pakistan's constitution aimed to increase provincial autonomy and shift power away from the federal presidency by deleting the concurrent legislative list and securing greater provincial shares of federal resources and services.
This document provides an overview of South Sudan, examining factors that have influenced its adoption of a decentralized legal order and calls for a federal constitution. It discusses South Sudan's social, economic, political and legal foundations, and how power is distributed through a nominally decentralized system that has centralized in practice. It also looks at normative dimensions around decentralization and conflict, calls for a federal constitution, and potential problems with a decentralized system based on literature from other African countries that adopted similar reforms.
This document summarizes key parts of a chapter about the US federal budget process. It outlines learning objectives on federal revenue and expenditures. It describes the major sources of federal revenue as individual and corporate income taxes and social insurance taxes. It explains that federal expenditures have grown due to the rise of defense and social programs spending. It also discusses how incremental increases and entitlement programs contribute to continued budget growth under democratic politics.
Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution (granting special status to the region of Jammu and Kashmir) represented a curse on Kashmir by limiting its growth and development and fostering unmitigated trouble for all the common people, apart from a small minority of Kashmiris who flourished. The Indian parliament abrogated these provisions on 5 August 2019 by a Presidential Ordinance, which was later ratified by both houses of parliament (the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha) with more than a two-thirds majority.
It was a bold initiative by a government which had decided to bring an end to the imbroglio in Kashmir, which had been simmering for more than seven decades, and it surprised most of those who had some connection with the situation in Kashmir.
Nobody had any inkling as to what was happening. It was a constitutional coup executed with
consummate skill
The lack of laws to control the civilian use of drones in India
could cause a major security hazard in the light of the
Pathankot attack...and much more
The document provides a historical overview of Jammu and Kashmir from ancient times up until August 2019. Some key points:
- Kashmir has a long Buddhist history dating back to emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. Buddhism flourished under king Kanishka in the 1st century AD.
- In the 14th century, Shah Mir established the first Muslim dynasty in Kashmir, though many Hindu rulers preceded him. The Mughals ruled Kashmir from the 16th century onwards.
- In August 2019, the Indian government revoked Article 370 of the constitution, eliminating the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir and dividing it into two union territories. This was a major political and constitutional
This document summarizes the growing regionalism in India since independence. It identifies several key causes for the rise in regional sentiments, including uneven development leading to feelings of neglect, self-interested political leaders exploiting regional divisions, and the failure of national parties. It discusses how regionalism has manifested in demands for new states and growing chauvinism. While regionalism can increase local representation, it also threatens national unity if left unchecked. The document analyzes the emergence of regional parties advocating for separate identities in states like Tamil Nadu and the challenges they pose to India's sovereignty and integrity.
The document discusses India's system of public administration and governance. It makes three key points:
1) India's system of public administration evolved over millennia as a system of imperial authority and revenue extraction. The modern system established by the British further centralized control.
2) Today, India spends a large portion of its budget (over 10%) on salaries for central government employees. However, many departments are understaffed due to the high costs of wages slowing hiring.
3) There are concerns that India's system favors centralized control and revenue extraction over good governance. High employee costs and understaffing of key departments like health and revenue collection undermine the government's ability to effectively serve the public.
The NFC Award determines the annual distribution of financial resources from the federal government to Pakistan's provinces. Taxes are pooled and then redistributed according to the NFC formula, which is debated. The 1997 award specified a 63% federal/37% provincial split but included custom duties previously claimed entirely by the federal government. A new award has not been reached due to disagreement over whether to base distribution solely on population or consider other factors like revenue generation and poverty levels.
The characteristics needed by the Japanese Diet to help curb corruptionJohn David Garrett
The document discusses characteristics needed in the Japanese Diet to help curb corruption, specifically transparency, civic participation, dynamic oversight, and enforcement/prosecution. It argues that an independent anti-corruption commission could help address issues like a lack of transparency in government documents, weak oversight powers of parliamentary committees, and the ability of high-level officials to avoid prosecution. Establishing such a commission would require cultivating civic involvement, international pressure, and political will within the Diet to reform existing weaknesses that enable corruption.
Saw David Taw
Karenni State
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Khu Hteh Bupeh
Saw Harn Yawnghwe
Saw Htoo Htoo Lay
Daw Shirley Seng
Saw Hlaing Bwar
CEC member
Member
Member
Women’s Representative
Youth Representative
Mon State
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nai Mehm Thein Gha
Saw Htoo Htoo Lay
Saw David Taw
Daw Moe Moe Aye
Saw Hlaing Bwar
CEC member
Bangladesh is one of the 49 countries in the list of Asian continent, which got independence in the year 1971 after having a bloody war of nine months. Since independence, a series of felony has been experienced by the populace of Bangladesh over times either by the internal rulers or by the external forces and thence continues to be wracked by human rights violations. Even though, Bangladesh became the member of United Nations in 1974 and have ratified a number of international human rights instruments such as: The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (United Nations Convention against Torture) 1984 and The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICCPED) 2006, which are indispensable to prevent torture within the border, and forbids state to transport people to any country where there is reason to believe that they will be tortured, there remain perceived cases of serious abuse, including extra-judicial killings, custodial deaths, arbitrary arrest and detention, and harassment of populace over the recent past five years. Moreover, the failure to investigate fully extra-judicial killings by security forces (such as: police, RAB and BDR) including the deaths under custody, remained a matter of serious concern. Some members of the security forces acted with impunity and committed acts of physical and psychological torture. Violence against women and children remained a serious problem, as did trafficking in persons. This paper will pose a critical analysis on how provisions of such international conventions (for the protection of human rights) are being violating in Bangladesh and suggest some guidelines for implementing such human rights instruments contingenting upon the present impasse.
Indonesia is home to the world's smallest fish and the rare Komodo dragon. It is also a major producer of cloves, nutmeg, and plywood, and the largest global supplier of liquid natural gas, producing 20% of the world's supply. The capital and largest city of Indonesia is Jakarta, and the official language is Indonesian. The dominant religions are Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. The government is a unitary presidential constitutional republic led by President Joko Widodo.
Somalia gained independence in 1960 after British and Italian rule. Siad Barre took power in 1969 and established a socialist dictatorship, seeking to end tribalism and promote nationalism. However, his oppressive rule led to a civil war in the late 1980s. Since the overthrow of Barre in 1991, Somalia has experienced statelessness and conflict, though some peace has prevailed more recently in certain areas. Islam has provided a unifying force for Somali identity and nationalism in the absence of a strong central government.
Una red inalámbrica AD-HOC, también llamada red de equipo a equipo, permite conectar dos o más ordenadores sin necesidad de routers u otros dispositivos, usando solo las tarjetas inalámbricas integradas. El documento explica cómo configurar este tipo de red en Windows: seleccionar la tarjeta inalámbrica, darle un nombre, establecer la conexión como AD-HOC, asignar direcciones IP privadas únicas a cada equipo, y finalmente conectar otros equipos seleccionando la red disponible.
An alternate structure of governance a case of pakistanAlexander Decker
The document proposes an alternate structure of governance for Pakistan to address its longstanding political, economic, and social crises. It suggests establishing a federal republic called the United States of Pakistan with Islam as the official religion and English as the official language. Key aspects of the proposed structure include establishing six governor generals overseeing states, governors overseeing provinces divided into four directions each, and district coordinating officers. Strict qualifications are outlined for elected positions. Public funds would support education, health, defense, and Hajj only, with no salaries for government officials. A uniform education system and emphasis on accountability across all institutions are also proposed.
From the Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Roundtable Discussion Series of the Institute for Autonomy and Governance (IAG), presentation by Amina Rasul-Bernardo | 6 July 2015, Committee Room 1 Senate of the Philippines
Pakistan was founded in 1947 by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and emerged as an independent state on August 14th, 1947. It has a total area of 796,095 sq km and a population of over 167 million people. Pakistan is divided into 4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan. The country faces a governance crisis due to factors such as lack of competent leadership, political instability, corruption, weak institutions, fragile economy, terrorism, and nepotism. Key events that exacerbated the crisis include periods of martial law beginning in 1958 and the fall of Dhaka in 1971.
The document discusses Pakistan's National Finance Commission (NFC), which constitutionally reviews the formula for distributing funds between the federal and provincial governments every five years. It outlines the NFC's composition and functions, describes some of the funding formulas and allocations from previous NFC awards in 1970, 1979, 1991, and 1997, and discusses factors considered in the 2009 NFC award such as population, development levels, and security issues. The 2009 award aimed to more equitably resolve disputes around fund distribution that had persisted since Pakistan's independence.
The document summarizes key aspects of governments and economies in several African countries. It provides details on the type of government, year of independence, and rights of citizens for Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan. Kenya and South Africa have multi-party democracies, while Sudan is effectively a one-party military dictatorship. It also outlines some of the economic bases and challenges for Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt. Poverty, unemployment, corruption, and disease have held African nations back from further economic development despite some natural resources. Regional cooperation organizations have aimed to promote stability and growth.
Historic Injustice: Root cause of armed conflict in the BangsamoroArmi Beatriz Bayot
This is a presentation I gave in Tacloban City on February 5, 2016 in an event organized by the Philippine Information Agency and the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process. While I also had a presentation on the technical aspects of the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro, I felt strongly about first providing context on the armed conflict in the Bangsamoro and the rationale for the peace process that seeks to address it.
The document summarizes key points from the Sarkaria Commission report on center-state relations in India. It discusses the evolving role of state governors and increasing politicization of the position over time. The commission had recommended decentralization and more state autonomy. It highlighted the governor's important constitutional role and importance of impartial appointment of suitable candidates with integrity and ability rather than political affiliations. The Arunachal Pradesh crisis underscores continuing relevance of the commission's observations on balancing center-state powers and governor's neutrality.
The National Finance Commission award determines the annual distribution of financial resources from the federal government to Pakistan's provinces. It pools certain taxes collected in each province and redistributes them to the provinces according to a formula that considers factors like population, poverty levels, revenue generation, and population density. There has been ongoing debate around which taxes should be included in the pool and the specific distribution formula. The 18th amendment to Pakistan's constitution aimed to increase provincial autonomy and shift power away from the federal presidency by deleting the concurrent legislative list and securing greater provincial shares of federal resources and services.
This document provides an overview of South Sudan, examining factors that have influenced its adoption of a decentralized legal order and calls for a federal constitution. It discusses South Sudan's social, economic, political and legal foundations, and how power is distributed through a nominally decentralized system that has centralized in practice. It also looks at normative dimensions around decentralization and conflict, calls for a federal constitution, and potential problems with a decentralized system based on literature from other African countries that adopted similar reforms.
This document summarizes key parts of a chapter about the US federal budget process. It outlines learning objectives on federal revenue and expenditures. It describes the major sources of federal revenue as individual and corporate income taxes and social insurance taxes. It explains that federal expenditures have grown due to the rise of defense and social programs spending. It also discusses how incremental increases and entitlement programs contribute to continued budget growth under democratic politics.
Articles 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution (granting special status to the region of Jammu and Kashmir) represented a curse on Kashmir by limiting its growth and development and fostering unmitigated trouble for all the common people, apart from a small minority of Kashmiris who flourished. The Indian parliament abrogated these provisions on 5 August 2019 by a Presidential Ordinance, which was later ratified by both houses of parliament (the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha) with more than a two-thirds majority.
It was a bold initiative by a government which had decided to bring an end to the imbroglio in Kashmir, which had been simmering for more than seven decades, and it surprised most of those who had some connection with the situation in Kashmir.
Nobody had any inkling as to what was happening. It was a constitutional coup executed with
consummate skill
The lack of laws to control the civilian use of drones in India
could cause a major security hazard in the light of the
Pathankot attack...and much more
The document provides a historical overview of Jammu and Kashmir from ancient times up until August 2019. Some key points:
- Kashmir has a long Buddhist history dating back to emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. Buddhism flourished under king Kanishka in the 1st century AD.
- In the 14th century, Shah Mir established the first Muslim dynasty in Kashmir, though many Hindu rulers preceded him. The Mughals ruled Kashmir from the 16th century onwards.
- In August 2019, the Indian government revoked Article 370 of the constitution, eliminating the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir and dividing it into two union territories. This was a major political and constitutional
This document summarizes the growing regionalism in India since independence. It identifies several key causes for the rise in regional sentiments, including uneven development leading to feelings of neglect, self-interested political leaders exploiting regional divisions, and the failure of national parties. It discusses how regionalism has manifested in demands for new states and growing chauvinism. While regionalism can increase local representation, it also threatens national unity if left unchecked. The document analyzes the emergence of regional parties advocating for separate identities in states like Tamil Nadu and the challenges they pose to India's sovereignty and integrity.
The document discusses India's system of public administration and governance. It makes three key points:
1) India's system of public administration evolved over millennia as a system of imperial authority and revenue extraction. The modern system established by the British further centralized control.
2) Today, India spends a large portion of its budget (over 10%) on salaries for central government employees. However, many departments are understaffed due to the high costs of wages slowing hiring.
3) There are concerns that India's system favors centralized control and revenue extraction over good governance. High employee costs and understaffing of key departments like health and revenue collection undermine the government's ability to effectively serve the public.
The NFC Award determines the annual distribution of financial resources from the federal government to Pakistan's provinces. Taxes are pooled and then redistributed according to the NFC formula, which is debated. The 1997 award specified a 63% federal/37% provincial split but included custom duties previously claimed entirely by the federal government. A new award has not been reached due to disagreement over whether to base distribution solely on population or consider other factors like revenue generation and poverty levels.
The characteristics needed by the Japanese Diet to help curb corruptionJohn David Garrett
The document discusses characteristics needed in the Japanese Diet to help curb corruption, specifically transparency, civic participation, dynamic oversight, and enforcement/prosecution. It argues that an independent anti-corruption commission could help address issues like a lack of transparency in government documents, weak oversight powers of parliamentary committees, and the ability of high-level officials to avoid prosecution. Establishing such a commission would require cultivating civic involvement, international pressure, and political will within the Diet to reform existing weaknesses that enable corruption.
Saw David Taw
Karenni State
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Khu Hteh Bupeh
Saw Harn Yawnghwe
Saw Htoo Htoo Lay
Daw Shirley Seng
Saw Hlaing Bwar
CEC member
Member
Member
Women’s Representative
Youth Representative
Mon State
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nai Mehm Thein Gha
Saw Htoo Htoo Lay
Saw David Taw
Daw Moe Moe Aye
Saw Hlaing Bwar
CEC member
Bangladesh is one of the 49 countries in the list of Asian continent, which got independence in the year 1971 after having a bloody war of nine months. Since independence, a series of felony has been experienced by the populace of Bangladesh over times either by the internal rulers or by the external forces and thence continues to be wracked by human rights violations. Even though, Bangladesh became the member of United Nations in 1974 and have ratified a number of international human rights instruments such as: The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (United Nations Convention against Torture) 1984 and The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICCPED) 2006, which are indispensable to prevent torture within the border, and forbids state to transport people to any country where there is reason to believe that they will be tortured, there remain perceived cases of serious abuse, including extra-judicial killings, custodial deaths, arbitrary arrest and detention, and harassment of populace over the recent past five years. Moreover, the failure to investigate fully extra-judicial killings by security forces (such as: police, RAB and BDR) including the deaths under custody, remained a matter of serious concern. Some members of the security forces acted with impunity and committed acts of physical and psychological torture. Violence against women and children remained a serious problem, as did trafficking in persons. This paper will pose a critical analysis on how provisions of such international conventions (for the protection of human rights) are being violating in Bangladesh and suggest some guidelines for implementing such human rights instruments contingenting upon the present impasse.
Indonesia is home to the world's smallest fish and the rare Komodo dragon. It is also a major producer of cloves, nutmeg, and plywood, and the largest global supplier of liquid natural gas, producing 20% of the world's supply. The capital and largest city of Indonesia is Jakarta, and the official language is Indonesian. The dominant religions are Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. The government is a unitary presidential constitutional republic led by President Joko Widodo.
Somalia gained independence in 1960 after British and Italian rule. Siad Barre took power in 1969 and established a socialist dictatorship, seeking to end tribalism and promote nationalism. However, his oppressive rule led to a civil war in the late 1980s. Since the overthrow of Barre in 1991, Somalia has experienced statelessness and conflict, though some peace has prevailed more recently in certain areas. Islam has provided a unifying force for Somali identity and nationalism in the absence of a strong central government.
Una red inalámbrica AD-HOC, también llamada red de equipo a equipo, permite conectar dos o más ordenadores sin necesidad de routers u otros dispositivos, usando solo las tarjetas inalámbricas integradas. El documento explica cómo configurar este tipo de red en Windows: seleccionar la tarjeta inalámbrica, darle un nombre, establecer la conexión como AD-HOC, asignar direcciones IP privadas únicas a cada equipo, y finalmente conectar otros equipos seleccionando la red disponible.
Collaborating for Sustainable Water Management in the Oil and Gas IndustryIHS
The document discusses water management strategies for the oil and gas industry. It finds that regulation can significantly reduce water consumption if it provides strong financial incentives for water treatment. A case study of a hypothetical operator in the Barnett Shale shows that treating incentives to cut costs could reduce that operator's water use by almost half. The document also examines how different well types affect optimal water management strategies and the costs associated with various strategies.
The webinar provided updates on the global and European semiconductor markets and the SEMICON Europa 2010 conference and exhibition. In the market update, it was reported that 2010 will be a record year for semiconductor sales and shipments. The European market is also investing heavily in advanced technologies, with over $5 billion to be spent annually on semiconductor equipment and materials in 2010 and 2011. Regarding SEMICON Europa 2010, over 6000 professional attendees are expected to learn about new technologies and applications in semiconductor manufacturing, MEMS, and plastic electronics. The event will feature 41 programs, technical conferences, and opportunities for exhibitors to engage with customers.
The document provides information about Somali culture, history, and immigration to the United States. It discusses key aspects of Somali culture like the importance of Islam, oral tradition, hospitality, and respect. It also summarizes the waves of Somali immigration, challenges of resettlement, and differences between generations in cultural expectations. Guidelines are provided on appropriate greetings, interactions between genders, and topics of discussion.
OEMs’ and Tier-I suppliers responded to this need with ’In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI)’ system. However, soon it has come to their realization that now the rules of Consumer Electronics/Smart-phone experience also apply to the In-Car experience.
OEMs’ and Tier-I suppliers responded to this need with ’In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI)’ system. However, soon it has come to their realization that now the rules of Consumer Electronics/Smart-phone experience also apply to the In-Car experience.
OEMs’ and Tier-I suppliers responded to this need with ’In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI)’ system. However, soon it has come to their realization that now the rules of Consumer Electronics/Smart-phone experience also apply to the In-Car experience.
https://www.embitel.com/product-engineering-2/automotive/infotainment
IHS Life Sciences Risk Sharing Workshop presentation shortIHS
Presentation given by Milena Izmirlieva , Senior Manager, Research Life Sciences, IHS at the 2015 CBI Reimbursement and Contracting conference in Philadelphia
Semicon Greater China Presentation Complete Eng (2)MarcVanWonterghem
The semiconductor industry experienced record growth in 2010 and forecasts predict continued growth in 2011 and 2012. Global semiconductor revenue grew by 31% in 2010 to $319 billion after declines in 2008 and 2009. Forecasts estimate growth rates between 4.5-11% in 2011. Worldwide fab capacity is also expanding after declines in 2009, led by 300mm fab investments in South Korea, Taiwan, Japan and China.
Safran Colibrys VS1000 Series - teardown reverse costing report published by ...Yole Developpement
Safran Colibrys is the leading European supplier of high-performance silicon-based MEMS providing long-term bias stability under harsh environments. In a global market worth around $100M in 2016, high-performance silicon-based MEMS accelerometers address a wide range of applications, from commercial aerospace applications to the defense market. Amongst these, the industrial market remains attractive and the most dynamic. Thanks to performance improvements and reduced size and cost, more opportunities are appearing.
The VS1000 series consists of vibration sensors based on Colibrys’ MEMS accelerometer. They offer the best match for low- to medium-frequency sensing, as well as the best performance stability, with shock resistance and the lowest non-linearity and noise available on the market. The VS1000 is available in various acceleration ranges, from ±2g to ±200g.
The VS1000 features an innovative low-noise application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed by HMT microelectronic AG and manufactured in a European foundry with a bipolar CMOS-DMOS process using Deep Trench Isolation (DTI). The ASIC is highly integrated in order to use only one die compared to four dies in the previous versions.
The MEMS die uses a capacitive detection principle and is manufactured by Colibrys using its mature 3-stack bulk micromachining process, providing a very stable MEMS device. The ASIC and MEMS dies are hermetically sealed in a ceramic package to ensure robustness and durability.
More information on: http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
The 1st generation 1200V SiC MOSFET device from STMicroelectronics has good current density at a very competitive cost
The STC30N120 is the first generation 1200V SiC MOSFET device from STMicroelectronics. The device has a planar structure and a design that allows good electrical performance, such as high current density. Moreover, the supply chain and manufacturing choices lead to a very competitive cost.
The device is suitable for high power applications like motor drives, inverters, DC-DC converters and power supplies.
The STC30N120 integrates first generation high-voltage SiC power MOSFET dies in a dedicated discrete package.
The device is assumed to operate at very high temperature, up to 200°C, and to have an on-resistance of 90mΩ, with generally standard SiC manufacturing technology.
The report goes into depth in its analysis of the packaging and the components, with images of the complex planar SiC structure.
It also includes production cost analysis and detailed comparison with Rohm and Wolfspeed’s SiC MOSFETs and with 1200V silicon IGBTs. The comparison highlights differences in the electrical parameters, supply chain and production cost.
For more information, please visit our website: http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
The document discusses display devices and touch screen technology. It describes the key components and working principles of different display devices like CRT, LED, and LCD displays. It also explains the components of a touch screen like the touch sensor, controller, and software driver. Finally, it summarizes the working principles and characteristics of different touch screen technologies such as resistive, capacitive, SAW, and infrared touchscreens.
From almost zero to a multi-billion dollar market in three years!
Apple introduced the iPhone 5s in 2013, after acquiring Authentec a year earlier. Since then, fingerprint sensors have been massively adopted, and the volumes of sensors shipped into the consumer market have grown incredibly. At first, the sensors were a convenience and protection feature for unlocking phones. However, they are now shifting into a security feature for online identification and mobile payment in an increasing number of smartphones.
From 23 million units in 2013, 689 million fingerprint sensors for smartphones were sold in 2016. This is an incredible 210% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) between 2013 and 2016! The 2016-2022 timeframe will see a more reasonable, but still impressive, 19% CAGR.
Fingerprint sensing is becoming a mandatory feature on every smartphone, adding a lot of value. However such an increase in volume is always followed by strong cost pressure, and this is what has happened over the last three years. The average cost of a fingerprint sensor has decreased from around $5 in 2013 to $3 in 2016, and even less for low-end technologies. And the pressure hasn’t gone away. Current technologies have now reached maturity, and are threatened by new technologies, which need lower cost to gain momentum. This is the case for ultrasonic detection, for instance.
For more information please visit our website: http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
In a conflict-prone region, Somaliland is a rare success story. Although the international community has not recognised the independence of this self-declared republic, the territory functions with complete autonomy. Over the last 24 years, it has built a functioning democracy and relatively strong institutions of government; a particularly impressive achievement in comparison to the repeated failures of Mogadishu-based administrations. This progress, however, remains fragile. Somaliland’s continued stability is by no means guaranteed. It faces several challenges, both internal and external, which it must overcome if it is to continue its promising development – and if it is to have any chance of receiving the international recognition that is its holy grail. With presidential elections coming up, this report examines what those challenges are.
The document analyzes the roots of conflict in Sudan, tracing exclusion and unequal development back to the colonial period. It discusses how colonial policies exacerbated divisions between north and south, privileged some groups over others, and failed to establish inclusive institutions at independence. Post-independence governments continued exclusionary policies along ethnic, religious, and regional lines. This entrenched marginalization and fueled conflict throughout Sudan. To sustain peace, the document argues Sudan needs genuinely inclusive democratic governance and development focused on historically deprived areas.
The Jordanian state is believed to be on the brink of failure. Many structural tensions has been escalating over the years; thus, weakening the state, making it more vulnerable, and pushing it closer towards the breakout of a crisis. The purpose of this essay is to examine early warning conflict signs present in Jordan. The paper alerts that the escalation of tensions in Jordan leaves it standing on its final threshold before the outbreak of a conflict. This paper aims to encourage policy makers in Jordan to try finding solutions and policies to contain these tensions and prevent the expected eruption of a crisis.
The document discusses the challenges facing South Sudan, the world's youngest nation, in consolidating peace and developing its state institutions after decades of civil war. It outlines South Sudan's poor health indicators, humanitarian needs following the 2005 peace agreement, and ongoing ethnic violence and displacement of citizens. It also notes South Sudan's heavy economic reliance on oil revenues shared with Sudan, population census issues, and human rights abuses reportedly committed by both government and rebel forces.
The document provides an overview of the conflict and governance dynamics in Mogadishu, Somalia as of August 2012. It finds that while security has improved due to al-Shabaab fighters withdrawing from the city, security remains inadequate with significant unpoliced areas. Criminal violence and private militias filling the security gap are ongoing challenges. Land disputes and the dominance of the president's clan in the capital are sources of potential unrest. External actors are seen as disproportionately influencing the political transition, and concerns are growing about foreign commercial dealings concentrating on a narrow group of elites.
South Sudan independence and the corrutpion challenges to overcomeCosty Costantinos
South Sudan faces many challenges as the world's newest nation following its independence from Sudan in 2011. Corruption poses a major threat, with many former fighters now becoming wealthy overnight through misuse of public funds, while much of the population remains in poverty. The country receives $2 billion annually from oil revenues but there is little development to show for it. President Kiir has pledged to fight corruption but taken little concrete action. Lessons from other post-conflict nations like East Timor and Kosovo show the difficulties of nation-building and gaining full international recognition. Strong anti-corruption reforms will be needed for South Sudan to achieve stability and prosperity.
This document provides an overview of South Sudan, examining factors that have influenced its adoption of a decentralized legal order and calls for a federal constitution. It discusses South Sudan's social, economic, political and legal foundations, how power is distributed, and normative dimensions that have emerged such as conflicts and calls for further decentralization or federalism. The overview diagnoses challenges South Sudan faces in balancing power sharing, resource distribution, and conflict management as it continues developing inclusive governance as the world's newest country emerging from civil war.
The document discusses the history and struggle of the Bangsamoro people for self-determination in their ancestral homeland in Mindanao, Philippines. It outlines how they had their own independent nation prior to colonization but were oppressed and had their land taken. It describes peace agreements like the 1996 Final Peace Agreement and 2008 Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain that were meant to resolve the conflict but were not fully implemented or were overturned. The Bangsamoro continue to fight for self-governance and control over their territory and resources.
Will Article 2 of the Iraqi Constitution Establishing Islamic Law be an Imped...Keith Adams
The document discusses whether Article 2 of the Iraqi Constitution establishing Islamic law will impede Iraq's economic development. It provides background on Iraq's culture, history of law, and the influence of Islamic law. It examines concepts in Islamic finance like riba (interest) and analyzes their application in Iraq based on legal codes and the influence of Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. It concludes that Iraq will likely maintain practices allowing interest due to provisions in current law and al-Sistani's legal code, and the use of alternative financial instruments if interest is banned.
Zambia's economy experienced periods of prosperity and decline following independence in 1964. In the early post-independence years, high copper prices supported economic growth. However, the nationalization of copper mines in the 1970s and rising oil prices hurt the economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s promoted privatization and entrepreneurship, boosting growth. While recent governments have invested in infrastructure, debt and the COVID-19 pandemic have posed challenges in recent years.
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud's government over the past 4 years has failed to provide effective leadership for Somalia. It has not achieved key goals like securing the country from Al-Shabaab, unifying clans, building the Somali army, or organizing elections. Corruption has been rampant, with government officials misusing funds for personal gain instead of public services. The president has frequently changed prime ministers and not established stable governance. Overall, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud's leadership has disappointed Somali citizens and failed to improve living conditions, security, or the economy after years in power.
SADC is a regional bloc of 15 countries in Southern Africa with over 230 million people. The document outlines SADC's evolving capacity for mediating political conflicts through its involvement in 3 mediation missions in Zimbabwe, Madagascar, and Lesotho. It discusses the common causes of political conflicts in the region like transitions from colonial rule causing dominant ruling parties. SADC has a mandate to manage domestic and interstate conflicts peacefully and its political culture favors approaches like mediation over military solutions. The successes and challenges of SADC's past mediation missions show its potential but also the difficulties mediating between closely-aligned parties in conflicts.
This document provides an overview of Somaliland, including its geography, demographics, politics, economy and current issues. It is located in the Horn of Africa and occupies the same area as former British Somaliland. While it has all the traits of an independent state, it remains unrecognized internationally. The economy relies heavily on livestock exports and remittances from the Somali diaspora. Politically, Somaliland has a multi-party democratic system with separation of powers between the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Ongoing border disputes with neighboring regions and Somalia's opposition to recognition pose challenges to Somaliland's sovereignty claims.
1) Sudan is located in a strategic but conflict-ridden region along the Nile River and Red Sea. South Sudan seceded from Sudan in 2011 after decades of violence and human rights abuses.
2) South Sudan now controls most of Sudan's oil resources and natural wealth, but economic relations are tense as oil pipelines run through Sudan. A 2012 oil shutdown plunged both countries into crisis.
3) South Sudan faces instability from militias, arms proliferation, and infrastructure deficiencies without oil revenues to fund development. U.S. policy options include humanitarian aid, investment, and diplomatic efforts to support South Sudan's stability.
Running head POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH .docxglendar3
Running head: POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2
Political Instability in Bangladesh
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
History of Bangladesh
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, modern Bangladesh attained its independence from Pakistan. The history of Bangladesh is carefully entwined with the history of India subsequent and that of Bengal. The country's early documented history featured the succession of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, and around the 6th to 7th century AD, Islam arrived. Later, the Muslim religious leaders started preaching, and after that construction of mosques. Bengal Sultanate took the leadership of the Bangladesh community since the 14th century. Ahamed, (2013) points out that Bangladesh economic prosperity tremendously increased and, by the same time, declared the wealthiest country to trade with by the Europeans. Subsequently, under the Mughal Empire, it was the most prosperous province where Bengal Subah generated almost half of the empire and about 12% of the world's GDP more significant than the entire GDP of Western Europe.
By the 1700s, the Mughal empire was declined, and Bengal becomes a semi-independent state, which Siraj ud-Daulah lastly led it. Bengal Presidency was established after that as a result of Bengal's contribution to the Industrial Revolution. In August 1947, the border of modern Bangladesh 1991was created with the separation of India and Bengal.
Demography of Bangladesh showing the population of religion
Economic Development
The country of Bangladesh is an agricultural ambitious economy. An overall of about 54% of all residents in Bangladesh country are all directly and indirectly involved in farming. The government has good soil fertility and enough supply of water due to so many rivers within the area, making the nation to harvest about three crops every year. There have been so many reported cases of floods damaging crops around every year, but it has never made it harder for the residents since the production of food crops within the nation has been enough. Labor- intensive is the second sector in the manufacturing industry that is the Ready-made garments industry to be specific, involved both genders in generating the foreign revenue as well as contributing to the GDP of the country. The export of the workforce is the third sector that has signed to the Bangladeshi an economy. A good number of the people of Bangladesh have been able to acquire job opportunities in the market in the nearby countries of the Middle- East, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. The nation strictly observed cultural and religious beliefs that allowed women to stay at their homes, and they were supposed to remain around the compounds to take care of all the activities around them. Men, on the o.
Running head POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH .docxtodd581
Running head: POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2
POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN BANGLADESH 2
Political Instability in Bangladesh
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
History of Bangladesh
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, modern Bangladesh attained its independence from Pakistan. The history of Bangladesh is carefully entwined with the history of India subsequent and that of Bengal. The country's early documented history featured the succession of Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms, and around the 6th to 7th century AD, Islam arrived. Later, the Muslim religious leaders started preaching, and after that construction of mosques. Bengal Sultanate took the leadership of the Bangladesh community since the 14th century. Ahamed, (2013) points out that Bangladesh economic prosperity tremendously increased and, by the same time, declared the wealthiest country to trade with by the Europeans. Subsequently, under the Mughal Empire, it was the most prosperous province where Bengal Subah generated almost half of the empire and about 12% of the world's GDP more significant than the entire GDP of Western Europe.
By the 1700s, the Mughal empire was declined, and Bengal becomes a semi-independent state, which Siraj ud-Daulah lastly led it. Bengal Presidency was established after that as a result of Bengal's contribution to the Industrial Revolution. In August 1947, the border of modern Bangladesh 1991was created with the separation of India and Bengal.
Demography of Bangladesh showing the population of religion
Economic Development
The country of Bangladesh is an agricultural ambitious economy. An overall of about 54% of all residents in Bangladesh country are all directly and indirectly involved in farming. The government has good soil fertility and enough supply of water due to so many rivers within the area, making the nation to harvest about three crops every year. There have been so many reported cases of floods damaging crops around every year, but it has never made it harder for the residents since the production of food crops within the nation has been enough. Labor- intensive is the second sector in the manufacturing industry that is the Ready-made garments industry to be specific, involved both genders in generating the foreign revenue as well as contributing to the GDP of the country. The export of the workforce is the third sector that has signed to the Bangladeshi an economy. A good number of the people of Bangladesh have been able to acquire job opportunities in the market in the nearby countries of the Middle- East, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. The nation strictly observed cultural and religious beliefs that allowed women to stay at their homes, and they were supposed to remain around the compounds to take care of all the activities around them. Men, on the o.
1) Southern Sudan is set to vote overwhelmingly for independence which will leave both Sudans struggling, as Khartoum loses its richest region and Juba must build a new country from scratch.
2) Juba has made surprising progress since 2005 but now faces immense challenges of building institutions, developing infrastructure, and meeting the expectations of its youthful population with little experience in government.
3) Both Sudans face internal threats that their leaders must address without repression, and their negotiations over debt and oil wealth threaten to delay Southern Sudan's development plans for months during a critical period.
I talk about the government system of Iraq from executive to legislative and how elections work in the country. I also highlight the difficulties caused by armed rival factions and terrorist groups due to ongoing insurgency and destablization along the border with Syria due to the Syrian Civil War.
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The document discusses the increasing likelihood of US-led intervention in Iraq against the Islamic State. It outlines that President Obama has announced a coalition of 10 countries prepared to fight ISIS, but will not involve ground troops. The success of military action will depend on overcoming ISIS's appeal and intimidation of local civilians, as well as having effective ground troops, which the weakened Iraqi army cannot provide. As a result, Western involvement in Iraq and Syria against ISIS is becoming more probable.
IHS Goldfire is software that helps engineers, scientists and researchers to develop, maintain and produce breakthrough products.
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On 9 July, as many as 37 people were wounded in a vehicle-borne improvised explosive attack in Bir al-Abed, a Hizbullah stronghold in the south of Lebanon’s capital Beirut. The attack followed a series of threats in recent days by Syria-based militant Islamist groups to target Hizbullah areas in Lebanon.
Naval participation in counter-piracy operations around the Horn of Africa has been a success, but does this mean a long-term commitment from governments, or will a change in priorities mean that they leave before the situation is solved? IHS Jane's Defence Weekly Naval Editor Dr Lee Willett examines the issues.
With the Obama Administration’s pivot to the Asia-Pacific region, IHS attended the Pacific Operational S&T Conference and Exhibition on 5-8 March in Honolulu, Hawaii, for an update on US Pacific Command’s (PACOM) priorities and challenges.
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The document summarizes the top ten key industry drivers for the global healthcare and pharma sector in 2013 according to experts at IHS. These include economic recovery in the US and emerging markets but continued constraints in Europe. Other drivers include the impact of the Affordable Care Act in the US, political changes in Germany and Italy, the stabilizing but still significant patent cliff, growth in large emerging markets like China and Brazil, challenges in India, increased harmonization in Latin America, new technologies, and the emergence of biosimilars. The presentation was given by Gustav Ando of IHS to provide an outlook on major trends in the industry.
North Korea has successfully launched its Unha-3 SLV and put a satellite into orbit, US officials have confirmed. Seoul and Washington condemned the launch, which is widely seen as a part of North Korea’s ICBM programme, while China expressed ‘regret’. IHS examines the impact and regional implications.
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Global risk-sharing agreements between pharmaceutical companies and healthcare payers saw a leveling off between 2011-2012 according to a study by IHS Global Insight. The study found 32 new risk-sharing agreements were established during this period, consistent with prior years. However, fewer new drugs entered such agreements and most expanded existing pacts. The majority of recent deals were financial-based and focused on oncology. The UK remained the most active country for risk-sharing deals, though other European nations also participated as governments seek more cost-effective drug reimbursement.
This document summarizes recent developments in several countries' policies around capping the prices of generic drugs relative to the prices of their brand-name equivalents. It finds that many European countries as well as Canada, Japan, and others have lowered their price caps for generics in recent years, with caps now ranging from 25-70% of the originator price. While price caps remain a popular cost containment tool, internal reference pricing is also typically used. The tighter generic price caps aim to reduce pharmaceutical spending while raising out-of-pocket costs for patients.
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El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
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04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
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An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.