MIdterm Review International Trade.pptx review

IATA
▶ The International Air Transport
Association (IATA) is a global
trade association representing the
airline industry. Founded in 1945,
IATA serves as a platform for
cooperation among airlines,
governments, regulators, and
other stakeholders in the aviation
sector. Its mission is to lead,
represent, and serve the airline
industry, with a focus on
promoting safety, efficiency, and
sustainability in air transport.
Overall, IATA plays a central role
in facilitating cooperation and
collaboration within the global
aviation community, driving
innovation and excellence in air
transport, and advocating for
policies and practices that
promote the safe, efficient, and
sustainable growth of the airline
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

ICAO
▶ The International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) is a
specialized agency of the United
Nations responsible for
coordinating and regulating
international air travel.
Established in 1944 through the
Chicago Convention, ICAO sets
standards and regulations for
aviation safety, security,
efficiency, and environmental
protection.
Overall, ICAO plays a central
role in promoting the safe,
secure, and sustainable
development of international
civil aviation, contributing to
global connectivity, economic
development, and social
progress.

IMO
▶ The International Maritime
Organization (IMO) is a
specialized agency of the United
Nations responsible for
regulating and coordinating
international shipping.
Established in 1948, the IMO's
primary mission is to promote
the safety, security, and
environmental sustainability of
maritime transportation
worldwide.
Overall, the IMO plays a crucial
role in regulating and
coordinating international
shipping, ensuring the safety,
security, and environmental
sustainability of maritime
transportation and contributing
to global trade, economic
development, and sustainable

WCO
▶ The World Customs
Organization (WCO) is an
intergovernmental organization
established in 1952 to enhance
customs cooperation and
facilitate international trade.
Overall, the WCO plays a vital
role in promoting customs
cooperation, facilitating
international trade, and
enhancing border security and
customs enforcement
worldwide. It serves as a
platform for dialogue,
collaboration, and capacity
building among customs
administrations, trade
organizations, and other
stakeholders, contributing to the
smooth functioning of the global
supply chain and the promotion
of economic development and

ICO
▶ The International Chamber of
Commerce (ICC) is the
largest business organization
in the world, representing
thousands of companies
across the globe. Overall, the
ICC plays a central role in
promoting international trade
and investment, advocating
for policies that support
business growth and
economic development, and
providing a forum for
dialogue and cooperation
among businesses,
governments, and other
stakeholders in the global
economy.

Advance Commercial
Information
(ACI)/eManifest Portal
▶ eManifest, is a transformational initiative
that will modernize and improve cross-
border commercial processes. It is about
getting the right information at the right
time to enhance the ability of the Canada
Border Services Agency (CBSA) to
identify potential threats to Canada, while
facilitating the movement of low-risk
shipments across the border.
The eManifest initiative is the third phase
of the Advance Commercial Information
(ACI) program. ACI phases 1 and 2
require air and marine carriers to submit
pre-arrival cargo and conveyance
information electronically, within advance
time frames.
When fully implemented, eManifest will
require carriers, freight forwarders and
importers in all modes of transportation
(air, marine, highway and rail) to
electronically transmit advance
commercial information to the CBSA
within prescribed mode-specific time

Export Development
Canada (EDC),
▶ Export Development Canada
(EDC), a Canadian
government agency that
provides financing and
insurance solutions to
support Canadian exporters
and investors in international
markets. Export
Development Canada (EDC)
plays a crucial role in
supporting Canadian
exporters and investors in
accessing global markets,
expanding their international
presence, and managing the
risks associated with
international trade and
investment.

Importer
▶ Importers play a crucial role
in sourcing and bringing
goods and services from
foreign markets to meet the
demands of domestic
consumers and industries.
importers play a vital role in
connecting domestic markets
with global supply chains,
facilitating the flow of goods
and services across borders,
and meeting the needs and
preferences of consumers
and industries in the
domestic market.

Importer
▶ The primary role of the
importer is to find goods and
services that are needed or
wanted by domestic
consumers and industry and
bring them to market in good
order. Importers play a
crucial role in sourcing and
bringing goods and services
from foreign markets to meet
the demands of domestic
consumers and industries.
importers play a vital role in
connecting domestic markets
with global supply chains,
facilitating the flow of goods
and services across borders,
and meeting the needs and
preferences of consumers
and industries in the

Freight Forwarders
▶ Freight forwarders are
primarily concerned with the
safe, efficient and timely
physical movement of goods
and the preparation of the
transport documents. Freight
forwarders play a crucial role
in the international logistics
chain, ensuring that goods
are transported smoothly and
efficiently from the point of
origin to the final destination.
Overall, freight forwarders
play a vital role in ensuring
the safe, efficient, and timely
movement of goods in the
global supply chain,
providing essential services
and expertise to businesses
engaged in international

Custom Brokers
▶ In Canada, a Customs broker require a
written authority from an importer to
represent them. In Canada, customs
brokers act as intermediaries between
importers and the Canada Border
Services Agency (CBSA) to facilitate
the customs clearance process for
imported goods. Importers often hire
customs brokers to handle customs
clearance on their behalf, as the
process can be complex and involves
compliance with various regulations
and documentation requirements.
To represent an importer, a customs
broker in Canada typically requires
written authorization from the importer.
This authorization, often referred to as
a "Power of Attorney" or "Customs
Brokerage Agreement," grants the
customs broker the legal authority to
act on behalf of the importer in matters
related to customs clearance, including
submitting customs declarations,
paying duties and taxes, and
communicating with the CBSA.

Custom Brokers
▶ The written authority from the
importer allows the customs broker
to access confidential information
about the importer's shipments and
customs transactions, as well as to
make decisions and take actions
on behalf of the importer. It is
essential for importers to carefully
review and understand the terms of
the authorization agreement before
granting authority to a customs
broker, as it establishes the scope
of the broker's responsibilities and
liabilities.
By hiring a customs broker and
providing written authorization,
importers can benefit from the
expertise and assistance of
professionals who specialize in
customs compliance and
clearance, ensuring that their
goods are imported legally and
smoothly through the Canadian

Trading Nation
▶ Canada is a trading nation,
with international trade playing
a significant role in its
economy. However, the
statement that "its
transportation industry is of no
significance" is not accurate.
The transportation industry,
including maritime, air, rail,
and trucking sectors, is
essential to facilitating
Canada's trade and
supporting its economic
growth.
In summary, while Canada is
indeed a trading nation, its
transportation industry is of
utmost significance in
supporting and facilitating
international trade, connecting

Canada Geography
▶ Canada is the second-largest
country in the world by total
area, spanning
approximately 9.98 million
square kilometers (3.85
million square miles). It's
surpassed only by Russia in
terms of land area. This vast
country encompasses
diverse landscapes,
including expansive forests,
prairies, mountains, and
tundra.

Canada Exports
▶ Canada’s exports are far less
than imports. Canada
typically runs a trade deficit,
meaning it imports more
goods and services than it
exports. This trade deficit is
influenced by several factors,
including Canada's reliance
on imports for certain goods,
such as machinery and
equipment, as well as its
exports of natural resources
like oil, gas, and minerals,
which can be subject to price
fluctuations. Additionally,
Canada's proximity to the
United States, its largest
trading partner, also affects
its trade balance.

INCOTERMS
▶ INCOTERMS, short for
International Commercial Terms,
are a set of standardized three-
letter trade terms developed by
the International Chamber of
Commerce (ICC). These terms
define the responsibilities and
obligations of buyers and sellers
in international trade transactions,
including the delivery of goods,
transfer of risk, and allocation of
costs.
These terms provide clarity and
certainty in international
transactions, ensuring that both
parties understand their
respective obligations and avoid
misunderstandings or disputes.
It's important for parties engaging
in international trade to carefully
specify the chosen INCOTERM in
their contracts to establish clear
guidelines for the transaction.

Freight Forwarder
▶ The freight forwarder needs to be
aware of the import
documentation required in the
country of destination. When it
comes to international shipping,
freight forwarders play a crucial
role in ensuring that the
necessary import documentation
is in order for the country of
destination. This documentation
can vary significantly depending
on the destination country's
regulations and the nature of the
goods being shipped.
By staying informed about the
import documentation
requirements of the destination
country, freight forwarders can
help ensure smooth customs
clearance and delivery of goods to
their final destination, minimizing
delays and avoiding potential
issues or penalties.

Rail Transport
▶ Rail transport is ideal for
large shipments and is
widely used within Canada.
Rail transport is indeed well-
suited for large shipments
and is a crucial component of
Canada's transportation
infrastructure. Overall, rail
transport plays a vital role in
Canada's economy by
facilitating the movement of
goods across the country
efficiently and cost-
effectively, making it an ideal
choice for large shipments.

Rail Transport
▶ Rail transport offer definite
advantages to exporters of
bulk products. Overall, rail
transport is an attractive
option for exporters of bulk
products due to its cost-
effectiveness, efficiency,
accessibility, environmental
benefits, safety, and capacity
to handle large volumes of
cargo. It plays a crucial role
in facilitating international
trade and the movement of
goods to export markets.

Rail Transport
▶ In rail transportation, frequent
shunting and switching exposes
shipments to impacts that can
damage the products being
shipped. In rail transportation,
frequent shunting (moving rail
cars within a yard or terminal) and
switching (moving rail cars
between different tracks or trains)
can indeed expose shipments to
impacts that may potentially
damage the products being
shipped. These impacts can occur
during coupling and uncoupling of
rail cars, as well as during
maneuvers such as acceleration,
deceleration, and changes in
direction. By addressing these
factors and implementing
appropriate measures, railroads
and shippers can help mitigate the
risk of damage to shipments
during shunting and switching
operations in rail transportation.

Rail Transport
▶ Rail carriers hold the consignor responsible
for the loading and bracing, and they will
not indemnify the shipper/consignee for
damage due to improper packaging or poor
bracing. They expect shippers to ensure
that the cargo is adequately packaged and
braced to withstand the rigors of
transportation, including potential impacts
during shunting, switching, and transit.
Rail carriers often include clauses in their
contracts or terms and conditions of
carriage specifying that they will not
indemnify the shipper or consignee for
damage caused by improper packaging,
poor bracing, or inadequate securing of the
cargo. These clauses serve to allocate
responsibility and liability between the
parties involved in the transportation
process.
By taking these precautions, shippers can
help minimize the risk of damage to their
shipments during rail transportation and
reduce the likelihood of disputes or liabilities
arising from inadequate packaging or
securing of the cargo. It's essential for
shippers to communicate effectively with rail
carriers and ensure mutual understanding
of their respective responsibilities and

Trucking Transport
▶ Trucking is vital to the
Canadian economy. Nearly
all goods that move, either
internationally or
domestically, are “touched”
by some form of truck
movement. Trucking is
indeed vital to the Canadian
economy, playing a
fundamental role in the
transportation of goods both
domestically and
internationally. Trucking
plays a central role in the
Canadian economy, serving
as a critical link in the
transportation and logistics
chain and contributing to the
country's economic
prosperity and

Trucking Transport
▶ The legislative climate for trucking in
Canada is regulated at the provincial
level. While the federal government
does play a significant role in certain
aspects of regulating the trucking
industry in Canada, such as
interprovincial and international
commerce, the legislative climate for
trucking is primarily regulated at the
provincial level.
While provincial governments
primarily regulate trucking within
their respective jurisdictions, the
federal government collaborates
with provinces and territories on
issues that transcend provincial
boundaries, such as national safety
standards, environmental
regulations, and international trade
agreements affecting the trucking
industry. Overall, the combination of
federal and provincial regulation
helps ensure the safe and efficient
operation of the trucking sector in

Highway Regulation
▶ The responsibility for highways
and their regulation is typically
divided between the federal and
provincial/territorial governments
in Canada. It is not while the
federal government does not
typically own or operate highways
in Canada, it collaborates with
provinces and territories on
matters related to transportation
infrastructure, funding, and policy
development. Federal regulations
may also influence provincial
regulations, particularly in areas of
interprovincial and international
trade.
Overall, the regulation of trucks
traveling on highways in Canada
involves a combination of federal,
provincial, and territorial
jurisdictions, each with its own
responsibilities and areas of
authority.

Highway Regulation
▶ In Canada each province and territory’s
Ministry of Transport requires that all
trucks be licenced. Each province and
territory in Canada requires that all
trucks operating within their respective
jurisdictions be licensed. This licensing
process is typically overseen by the
Ministry of Transportation or a similar
agency responsible for regulating
transportation within the province or
territory.
Truck licensing ensures that commercial
vehicles meet certain safety and
regulatory standards and are authorized
to operate on public roads. The
requirements for truck licensing may
vary slightly between provinces and
territories
By licensing trucks and ensuring
compliance with regulatory
requirements, provincial and territorial
governments aim to promote road
safety, protect infrastructure, and
regulate commercial transportation
within their jurisdictions. Truck licensing

Highway Regulation
▶ In Canada, the weight limits can also vary according
to the zone within each province. In Canada, weight
limits for trucks can vary not only between provinces
and territories but also within each province or
territory, depending on the specific zone or region.
These variations in weight limits are often influenced
by factors such as road conditions, infrastructure
capacity, environmental considerations, and local
transportation needs. As a result, provincial and
territorial governments may establish different weight
limits for trucks operating in urban areas, rural areas,
highways, residential zones, and other designated
zones.
For example, certain urban areas or residential
neighborhoods may have lower weight limits to protect
road surfaces, reduce noise and vibration, and ensure
the safety of pedestrians and cyclists. On the other
hand, highways and major transportation corridors
may have higher weight limits to accommodate the
movement of goods and facilitate commerce.
Trucking companies and drivers operating in Canada
need to be aware of these variations in weight limits
and comply with the specific regulations applicable to
the zones or regions they are traveling through. This
may involve obtaining permits for oversized or
overweight loads, adhering to posted signage and
restrictions, and planning routes that minimize the
impact on roads and infrastructure.
By adjusting weight limits according to the
characteristics of different zones, provincial and
territorial governments aim to balance the needs of
commercial transportation with the preservation of

Highway Regulation
▶ Axle weights are also important where
weight limitations are concerned,
because the weight must be
distributed over the tractor and trailer
axles according to different formulae in
the various provinces. In addition to
overall vehicle weight limits, axle
weights are crucial considerations in
trucking regulations in Canada. Axle
weight limits are designed to ensure
that the weight of the vehicle and its
cargo is distributed safely and evenly
across the axles, minimizing the risk of
damage to roads and bridges and
maintaining road safety.
Trucking companies and drivers
operating in Canada must be familiar
with the axle weight limits and
regulations specific to each province or
territory they travel through. This
includes understanding how to
properly distribute the weight of their
loads over the various axles of the
tractor-trailer combination to ensure
compliance with regulatory

Highway Regulation
▶ Each provincial Ministry of
Transportation enforces its
regulations seriously. “Weigh scales”
or “truck inspection stations” are
everywhere along the highways to
enforce the dimensional and weight
regulations, and also of driving times,
trip reports and the mechanical
condition of the vehicle. Weigh scales
or truck inspection stations are
indeed common sights along
highways and major transportation
routes in Canada, and they play a
crucial role in enforcing dimensional,
weight, and safety regulations for
commercial vehicles.
Overall, weigh scales, truck
inspection stations, and electronic
monitoring systems are essential
tools used by provincial Ministries of
Transportation to enforce trucking
regulations, ensure compliance with
safety standards, and promote the
safe and efficient operation of

Highway Regulation
▶ Many transportation departments
have mobile inspectors who are
equipped with portable scales and
have the authority to seize a vehicle.
These inspectors are trained to
enforce trucking regulations and
ensure compliance with safety
standards, even in locations where
permanent weigh stations or
inspection facilities may not be
available.
Overall, mobile inspectors play a
crucial role in enforcing trucking
regulations and promoting road
safety by conducting roadside
inspections, weighing vehicles, and
taking enforcement actions when
necessary. Their presence helps
ensure that commercial vehicles
operating on Canadian highways
comply with regulatory standards
and contribute to the safe and
efficient movement of goods.

Highway Regulation
▶ The main commodities
transported by truck in Canada
are manufactured and
miscellaneous goods, machinery
and electrical equipment,
automobiles and other related
materials, agricultural and food
products, plastics and chemical
products, and base metals and
articles of base metal. Trucks in
Canada transport a wide range of
commodities, reflecting the
diverse economy and the
extensive network of roads and
highways that connect various
regions of the country.
Trucks play a vital role in the
transportation of goods, serving
as a flexible and efficient mode of
freight transportation that
connects producers,
manufacturers, retailers, and

The Canadian
Trucking Association
(CTA)
▶ The Canadian Trucking
Association (CTA) is the
national trade association
representing the trucking
industry in Canada. The
Canadian Trucking
Association plays a critical
role in representing,
advocating for, and
supporting the interests of
the trucking industry in
Canada. By working
collaboratively with its
members and stakeholders,
the CTA seeks to advance
the competitiveness,
sustainability, and safety of

ATA: American
Trucking Association
▶ The American Trucking
Associations (ATA) is the
largest national trade
association for the trucking
industry in the United States.
Overall, the American
Trucking Associations plays
a critical role in representing,
advocating for, and
supporting the interests of
the trucking industry in the
United States. By working
collaboratively with its
members and stakeholders,
the ATA seeks to advance
the competitiveness,
sustainability, and safety of
the trucking sector and
contribute to the economic

Bill of Lading
▶ The bill of lading is the most
important transportation
document in the shipping
process. The bill of lading
plays a central role in
facilitating the movement of
goods in the shipping
process, providing essential
documentation, instructions,
and assurances to all parties
involved in the transportation
transaction. Its accuracy and
completeness are crucial for
ensuring smooth and
efficient cargo transport and
delivery.

Bill of Lading
▶ Every bit of information on
the bill of lading is important.
It dictates the actions of the
transport company all along
the route and who is
responsible for what. It is
essential for ensuring the
smooth and efficient
transportation of goods,
clarifying responsibilities and
obligations, and mitigating
risks and disputes
throughout the shipping
process. It serves as a
comprehensive and legally
binding document that
guides the actions of the
transport company and other
parties involved in the
transportation transaction.

IATA
▶ IATA provides mechanisms to
find joint solutions on problems
that are beyond the resources of
a single company. It serves as a
platform for collaboration among
airlines and other stakeholders
in the aviation industry to
address challenges that may
exceed the capabilities of
individual companies. IATA
plays a crucial role in fostering
collaboration, innovation, and
collective action among airlines
and industry stakeholders to
address common challenges
and achieve shared objectives
in the global aviation sector.
Through its collaborative efforts,
IATA helps ensure the continued
success and sustainability of the
air transport industry.

IATA
▶ The basic source of authority in IATA
is its annual general meeting, in
which all member airlines have an
equal vote. Year-round policy
direction is provided by an elected
Executive Committee. The
governance structure of the
International Air Transport Association
(IATA) includes the annual general
meeting (AGM) and an elected
Executive Committee, which
collectively provide authority and
direction to the organization.
Overall, the governance structure of
IATA ensures democratic decision-
making, representation of member
interests, and effective leadership
and management of the organization
to advance the interests of the global
air transport industry. Through
collaboration and consensus-building
among member airlines and
stakeholders, IATA works to address
common challenges, promote
industry growth, and drive innovation

Air Cargo
▶ The air cargo agent’s responsibility
goes beyond turning the goods over
to the air carrier at point of origin.
The agent bears full responsibility to
fulfil its contractual obligations until
the shipment is finally cleared
through Customs and delivered to
the consignee or to the consignee’s
Customs broker. Air cargo agents
play a crucial role in managing the
transportation process and ensuring
that shipments are delivered to the
consignee or their designated
Customs broker in a timely and
compliant manner.
Air cargo agents play a critical role
in managing the logistics,
documentation, and compliance
aspects of air cargo transportation,
ensuring that shipments are handled
and delivered efficiently, securely,
and in compliance with regulatory
requirements. Their expertise and
support are essential for facilitating

E-Freight
▶ E-freight is an IATA initiative
involving carriers, freight
forwarders, ground handlers,
shippers, Customs brokers and
Customs authorities aiming to
build an end-to-end paperless
transportation process for air
cargo through a regulatory
framework, electronic messages
and high data quality.
E-freight is a transformative
initiative that promises to
revolutionize the air cargo industry
by digitizing processes, improving
efficiency, enhancing security, and
enabling seamless collaboration
among stakeholders. Through the
adoption of electronic
documentation and data
exchange standards, e-freight
aims to create a more agile,
resilient, and sustainable air cargo

CASS
▶ IATA developed the CASS
(CARGO ACCOUNTS
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM)
with the aim of simplifying
reporting of cargo sales and
settling of accounts between
airlines and freight
forwarders. CASS serves as
a critical tool for improving
efficiency, accuracy, and
transparency in cargo sales
reporting and accounts
settlement within the air
transport industry. By
providing a centralized
platform for transaction
processing and financial
management, CASS
contributes to smoother
operations and enhanced

Cargo
▶ Cargo stowage is done
through the process of
calculating the maximum
cargo that can be loaded into
a container, determining the
optimum size of container and
cargo load configuration to
avoid unused space. The
process involves optimizing
the loading of cargo into
containers or transport units to
maximize space utilization and
efficiency. Cargo stowage is a
critical aspect of logistics
planning and operations,
requiring careful calculation,
organization, and coordination
to optimize space utilization,
ensure cargo safety, and
facilitate efficient
transportation and delivery of

Cargo
▶ The amount of cargo that
can be loaded onto an
aircraft is limited by both
weight and volume. To
optimize cargo loading and
ensure compliance with
weight and volume
limitations, airlines use
various techniques. By
carefully managing both
weight and volume
considerations, airlines can
optimize cargo loading
efficiency, maximize payload
capacity, and ensure safe
and reliable transportation of
goods by air. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Cargo
▶ Cargo is booked with an
airline after a client has
accepted the quote and
confirmed the shipment with
the freight forwarder. The
process of booking cargo
with an airline typically
follows after a client has
accepted a quote and
confirmed the shipment with
a freight forwarder. Cargo
can be successfully booked
with an airline for transport,
ensuring efficient and reliable
delivery of goods to the
intended destination.
Collaboration between the
client, freight forwarder, and
airline is key to ensuring a
smooth and seamless

Ocean Shipment
▶ Ocean shipment rate
structure is determined by
carrier’s cost structure,
commodity, freight volume,
origin and destination,
ancillary services, type of
service. The ocean freight
rate structure is dynamic and
multifaceted, reflecting a
combination of factors that
impact the cost of
transportation. Shippers and
freight forwarders must
consider these factors
carefully when negotiating
rates, selecting carriers, and
planning ocean shipments to
optimize cost-effectiveness
and efficiency in international
trade.

Ocean Shipment
▶ For Ocean shipments, Liner
rates are based on service
contracts between shippers and
carriers, which include a basic
rate, mandatory surcharges, and
costs for extra services. These
contracts outline various
components that contribute to
the overall freight rate. By
establishing service contracts
with carriers, shippers can
secure preferential rates, ensure
access to capacity, and obtain a
higher level of service reliability
and consistency for their ocean
shipments. These contracts
provide a framework for
collaboration between shippers
and carriers, enabling mutually
beneficial arrangements that
support efficient and cost-
effective international trade.

Ocean Shipment
▶ Ocean shipment Charter rates are
individually negotiated based on
type of charter (voyage or time)
and services required. These
rates are tailored to the specific
requirements of the charterer and
may vary based on factors such
as the type of charter (voyage or
time), the type of vessel, the
duration of the charter, and the
services required.
Ocean shipment charter rates are
subject to negotiation and can
vary widely based on the specific
terms, conditions, and
requirements of the charter
agreement. By working closely
with shipowners, charterers can
tailor charter agreements to meet
their unique needs and optimize
the cost-effectiveness and
efficiency of their ocean

Air Shipment
▶ In Air shipments, Special containers to
fit fuselages are called unit load
devices. ULDs come in various shapes
and sizes to accommodate different
types of cargo and aircraft
configurations. They are standardized
containers or pallets that can be loaded
and unloaded from an aircraft using
specialized equipment, such as cargo
loaders or conveyor belts.
For cargo that needs to be loaded into
the fuselage of an aircraft, specialized
containers or pallets may be used, but
they are not typically referred to as
ULDs. Instead, they may be called
cargo containers, igloos, or LD3
containers, depending on their design
and purpose.
In the case of transporting fuselages or
other oversized aircraft components,
specialized transportation arrangements
are typically made, such as using flat
racks or custom-built transport frames.
These components are usually
transported on cargo aircraft or

Export License
▶ Export license authorizes
exportation of specific goods in
specific quantities to specific
destinations. Export licenses are
typically required for the export of
certain goods that are subject to
export controls, regulations, or
restrictions imposed by the
exporting country.
Export licenses play a critical role
in regulating the export of
sensitive goods and
technologies, protecting national
security interests, and ensuring
compliance with international
trade regulations and obligations.
Exporters must understand and
adhere to the requirements and
restrictions imposed by export
licenses to avoid legal and
regulatory risks associated with
unauthorized exports.

Certificate of Origin
▶ Certificate of Origin completed by
exporter and certified by
independent organization in country
of export to attest to the origin of the
specified goods. Certificate of Origin
(COO) is a document completed by
the exporter to certify the origin of
specified goods. This document
serves as a declaration by the
exporter, attesting that the goods
being exported originate from a
particular country or region.
Overall, a Certificate of Origin plays
a crucial role in international trade
by providing documentary evidence
of the origin of goods and supporting
compliance with trade regulations
and requirements. The certification
process by an independent
organization adds reliability and
trustworthiness to the origin
declaration made by the exporter,
enhancing the credibility of the
document and facilitating trade

Certificate of
Inspection
▶ A Certificate of Inspection is a
document completed by an
independent inspector to confirm the
authenticity of goods and verify the
accuracy of the commercial invoice
provided by the exporter. This
certificate provides assurance to the
importer, customs authorities, and
other stakeholders that the goods
being shipped comply with the
specifications, quality standards,
and contractual requirements
specified in the commercial
agreement. Overall, a Certificate of
Inspection plays a vital role in
international trade by providing
independent verification of the
authenticity, quality, and accuracy of
goods, thereby enhancing
transparency, trust, and confidence
in trade relationships.

Importer Security Filing
▶ Importer Security Filing is required by
U.S. Customs and Border Protection for
cargo arriving by vessel to ensure cargo
safety and security, and to identify high
risk shipments The Importer Security
Filing (ISF), also known as the "10+2"
rule, is a requirement implemented by
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) for cargo arriving by vessel to
enhance cargo safety and security, as
well as to identify high-risk shipments.
The ISF rule requires importers or their
agents to submit certain information
about their shipments to CBP in
advance of the vessel's arrival at a U.S.
port.
Overall, the Importer Security Filing is
an important component of CBP's
layered approach to cargo security,
providing advance information about
inbound shipments to facilitate risk-
based screening and ensure the safety
and security of the U.S. supply chain.
Importers and their agents must
understand and comply with ISF
requirements to facilitate smooth and

Importer Security Filing
▶ Contract rates are governed
by contracts negotiated
between the shipper and
carrier, providing customized
pricing and terms based on
mutual agreements.
Published tariffs, on the other
hand, are publicly available
rate schedules published by
carriers that apply to all
customers unless specific
contract rates have been
negotiated. Both pricing
structures serve different
purposes and cater to
different needs within the
shipping industry. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Rates
▶ A reduced rate is possible in
exchange for a guarantee of a
certain minimum tonnage to be
shipped over a specified period.
This type of arrangement is
commonly known as a volume
commitment or volume discount.
In exchange for a guarantee of a
certain minimum tonnage or
volume of cargo to be shipped
over a specified period, the
carrier may offer the shipper a
reduced rate or discounted
pricing.
Overall, volume commitments
with discounted rates provide a
win-win solution for shippers
and carriers, offering cost
savings for shippers and
revenue stability for carriers
while fostering a mutually

Rates
▶ Various types of special rates
exist that allow carriers and
shippers the flexibility to tailor
rate structures to meet market
needs. There are various types
of special rates in the shipping
industry that offer carriers and
shippers flexibility to tailor rate
structures to meet specific
market needs. These special
rates are designed to
accommodate different shipping
requirements, circumstances,
and market conditions. Special
rates provide carriers and
shippers with the flexibility to
adapt to changing market
conditions, meet specific
shipping requirements, and
optimize pricing and service
levels to maximize value and
competitiveness in the shipping

WTO
▶ The WTO tasks include the
development of trade between
countries through the establishment
of fair and equitable conditions of
competition, lowering tariffs and
reduce other barriers in trade with
the help of a reached basic
agreement. The tasks of the World
Trade Organization (WTO) include
fostering the development of trade
between countries by establishing
fair and equitable conditions of
competition and reducing barriers to
trade. the WTO plays a crucial role
in promoting trade development and
liberalization by establishing fair and
equitable conditions of competition
and reducing barriers to trade
among its member countries.
Through multilateral negotiations
and the enforcement of binding
agreements, the WTO contributes to
the creation of a more open,
transparent, and rules-based
international trading system that

Export Import
Requirement
▶ Any product that is moved from
one country to another must
meet the requirements of both
the exporting and importing
countries irrespective of the
mode of transport. Ensuring
compliance with the regulatory
requirements of both the
exporting and importing
countries is essential for the
smooth and lawful movement of
goods across international
borders, irrespective of the
mode of transport used. By
adhering to these requirements,
exporters and importers can
minimize risks, facilitate trade,
and maintain the integrity and
efficiency of global supply
chains.

Transportation
▶ Transportation provides the
critical links between
organizations in a supply
chain network, permitting
goods to flow between their
facilities. Transportation
serves as the backbone of
supply chain management,
enabling goods to flow
smoothly and efficiently
between different stages of
the production and
distribution process. By
effectively managing
transportation logistics,
companies can enhance
supply chain performance,
improve customer service,
and gain a competitive edge
in the marketplace.

Trade Development
▶ CREEEPSS contribute
significantly to the
development of trade
between countries. A
combination of favorable
trade policies, infrastructure
development, market access
initiatives, trade facilitation
measures, investment in
innovation, institutional
support, and skills
development is essential for
promoting trade between
countries and fostering
economic growth and
development on a global
scale. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Trade Development
▶ The volume of trade between the
United States and Canada is high
because of NAFTA/CUSMA. The
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), now known
as the Canada-United States-
Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in
Canada, has significantly
contributed to the high volume of
trade between the United States
and Canada.
Overall, NAFTA/CUSMA has
played a crucial role in fostering
trade and economic integration
between the United States and
Canada. By reducing trade
barriers, improving market access,
promoting supply chain integration,
facilitating investment flows, and
providing a framework for trade
promotion, the agreement has
contributed to the high volume of
trade between the two countries

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