The document discusses fundamentals of hardware and network technology. It describes how a computer system consists of hardware and software, with hardware being the physical components. The main hardware components are the central processing unit (CPU), storage devices, input devices, and output devices. It then focuses on explaining the CPU in more detail and its components like the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, buses, and clock. It also discusses primary and secondary memory, as well as common input and output devices. Finally, it covers network technology and types of networks like LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN, and VPN.

1. Fundamentals of Hardware
and Network Technology

2. ● A computer system is made of a combination of hardware and
software.
● The software consists of a set of instructions that instruct the
computer to perform a task.
● It can be system software or application software

3. ● Hardware is the part of a computer that can be touched.
● In other words, computer hardware consists of the physical
components of a computer.
● The internal parts of a computer are called components and the
external hardware components are called peripherals.

4. ● Computer hardware consists of the following types of components:
● A central processing unit (CPU)/ processor
● Storage devices
● Input devices
● Output devices

5. ● The Central Processing Unit
● The CPU is the central part of the computer. It is the brain of a
computer.
● It handles all the functions such as data processing operations,
storing results, and executing instructions.
● CPU consists of five components: control unit (CU), arithmetic
logic unit (ALU), registers, buses, and clock.

6. ● Control unit
● The control unit of the CPU controls the data transfer and instructions processing
part.
● Arithmetic logic unit
● The ALU is a digital circuit that handles all the arithmetic and logic operations when
an instruction is passed into the computer system.
● Registers
● The arithmetic logic unit is made of registers. Registers are high-speed circuits that
store data, instructions, and memory addresses when the data is being processed in
the ALU.
● Buses
● In a register, the data is stored as a unit of eight bits. Every bit is transferred from
one register to another using a single wire. When eight such wires combine, a bus is
formed.

7. ● Clock
● Clock calculates and allots a fixed time slot to every micro-operation performed by
the CPU.
● The speed is measured in terms of megahertz.
● It is used for the synchronization of different components and instructions.

8. ● Memory
● Memory is the part of the computer, typically a storage area
where the computer stores the instructions before and after
processing them.
● Two types of memory
● Primary memory
● Secondary memory
● Primary memory
● The primary memory is the memory that is included within
the computer. That means it is a part of the computer.

9. ● Secondary Memory
● Apart from the internal memory, the computer also uses external storage devices
(secondary memory devices) to store data.
● Below are some of the commonly used secondary memory devices
● Floppy disks
● Hard disk
● Optical disk drives
● Compact disks
● Input devices
● Input devices are the physical components that send data, information, or
instructions to a computer.Below are examples of the commonly used input devices
● Keyboard
● Mouse
● Joystick
● Scanner

10. ● Output devices
● Output devices are the devices used to display or print information from the
computer system.
● They are connected externally or built-in the computer system.
● Some of the commonly used output devices include
● Monitor or visual display unit (VDU)
● Printer
● Speakers
● Plotter

11. ● Network Technology
● Network technology refers to a collection of technologies used for
data transmission across computer networks.
● Types of Network Technology
● The classification of network technology can be done based on
transmission and scale.
● Network Technology based on Transmission
● The network technology based on transmission can be done using
the two concepts like point-to-point and multipoint.
● Point to Point
● In point to point, when sender & receiver (nodes) are connected
directly, then the data transmission can be done with the help of a
guided medium, used for the wired network and unguided medium,
used for the wireless network

12. ● Multi-point
● In multi-point, several nodes are connected directly with the help of
a common medium in a linear manner.
● This kind of transmission mainly works on any of these two
connections like time-sharing otherwise spatially shared.
● Network Technology based on Scale
● The network technology based on the scale can be done using
concepts like LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN, and VPN
● LAN (Local Area Network)
● An alternate name of LAN is IEEE 802 network and this network
uses devices like computers, laptops, and mobiles that are
connected in a small range which ranges from 100m to 10km. The
properties of this network mainly depend on its users, speed, range,
as well as error rate.

13. ● MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
● A network where numerous LANs are united jointly through a
networking device is known as Bridge, and it forms a MAN
(metropolitan area network).
● WAN (Wide Area Network)
● A network where numerous WANs are united jointly through a
networking device is known as route, and it forms a WAN (wide area
network)
● PAN (Personal Area Network)
● A PAN (personal area network) is a computer network, and it allows
communication between computer devices close to a person. These
networks can be wired like USB otherwise FireWire and also they
are wireless like IR, ultra-wideband, and ZigBee.

14. ● VPN (Virtual Private Network)
● A VPN (a virtual private network) is started virtually on the public
network for communicating as well as transmitting data from sender
to receiver. This network creates a secure, encrypted link above a
less-secure network like the public internet
● Advantages
● It is extremely flexible
● It improves communication & accessibility of information.
● It allows for convenient resource sharing
● Disadvantages
● It lacks independence & robustness.
● It creates security difficulties
● It allows viruses & malware.

15. Thank you