ICT
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•35 views
Conductors allow electrons to flow freely between atoms, transferring electricity. Insulators tightly bind electrons and do not allow electron flow between atoms, blocking electricity. Examples of conductors include metals like steel, while plastics are insulators. Conductors have low resistance and freely transfer energy as electricity, while insulators have high resistance and do not easily transfer electrical energy or allow electricity to pass through. Differences in atomic structure determine whether a material conducts or insulates electricity.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
How does electricity works
Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight. It may consist of elements or a single element. An element cannot be split into simpler substances, such as copper, oxygen, carbon, and gold. Atoms are the smallest particles of an element and are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Electricity is a branch of science concerned with charges. It can be drawn from devices like dry cells, solar cells, acid batteries, and dynamos. Conductors allow electricity to pass through easily, while insulators do not. Common terms in electricity include static electricity, current electricity, electric current, electric circuit, amp
1 basic physical concepts
This document provides an overview of basic electrical concepts and circuit analysis. It covers:
1. Atom structure including protons, neutrons, electrons and energy levels. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are also defined based on electron mobility.
2. Resistor types, power supplies, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, diodes, transistors and capacitors.
3. The course will assess students through a midterm exam, quizzes, coursework, and a final exam. Topics include basic concepts, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's law, voltage and current dividers, delta-star transformations, and circuit analysis methods.
Study about Conductors & Insulators
This document discusses conductors and insulators used in electrical machines. It provides details on common conductors like copper, aluminum, and silver. It also describes different types of insulators used for power transmission, including pin insulators, post insulators, suspension insulators, strain insulators, and shackle insulators. Properties of various materials that make them suitable as conductors or insulators are explained. The document concludes with a summary of the key points covered.
The electricity
The document discusses different types of electric materials and their properties. It begins by explaining the structure of atoms and their subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It then discusses how electrons can move within atoms and become free electrons, allowing electric current to flow. Next, it describes different types of electric materials: conductors that allow electron flow, insulators that do not, semiconductors that can become conductors under certain conditions, and superconductors that have no resistance at very low temperatures. The document provides examples of materials for each category and their characteristic properties.
How electricity works
Electricity works through the movement of electrons in conductors like wires and cables. Atoms contain protons with a positive charge and electrons with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus. In conductors, some electrons are loosely bound and can flow freely. When a closed circuit is formed connecting a voltage source, such as a battery, the voltage pushes the electrons to flow in one direction. Electrical components like resistors can control or use this electron flow to perform tasks. Transformers can induce electron flow between two circuits to change voltage levels. Alternating current periodically changes direction while direct current flows one way.
Diodes
1) The document discusses different types of materials used in electronics including conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and their properties. Copper is highlighted as an excellent conductor while insulators have high resistivity.
2) Semiconductors have electrical properties between conductors and insulators. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure while extrinsic are doped with impurities making them either N-type or P-type.
3) A PN junction is formed where a P-type and N-type semiconductor meet, creating a potential barrier. A diode allows current to flow in one direction when forward biased but blocks it in reverse bias.
Module No. 22
Module #22 discusses conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. It explains that conductors contain free electrons that allow electricity to flow through them easily. Insulators have electrons tightly bound and do not conduct electricity well. Semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators, with fewer free electrons than conductors but more than insulators. Common semiconductors are silicon and germanium, which are used to make diodes and transistors.
Electricity
Electricity involves the movement of electrons. It can be static electricity from electrons moving between objects, or current electricity from electrons flowing in a conductor. There are two types of electric charge - positive and negative - which attract and repel each other. Electricity flows through circuits that can be either closed, allowing current to flow, or open with a break preventing current. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel.
Recommended
How does electricity works
Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight. It may consist of elements or a single element. An element cannot be split into simpler substances, such as copper, oxygen, carbon, and gold. Atoms are the smallest particles of an element and are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Electricity is a branch of science concerned with charges. It can be drawn from devices like dry cells, solar cells, acid batteries, and dynamos. Conductors allow electricity to pass through easily, while insulators do not. Common terms in electricity include static electricity, current electricity, electric current, electric circuit, amp
1 basic physical concepts
This document provides an overview of basic electrical concepts and circuit analysis. It covers:
1. Atom structure including protons, neutrons, electrons and energy levels. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are also defined based on electron mobility.
2. Resistor types, power supplies, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, diodes, transistors and capacitors.
3. The course will assess students through a midterm exam, quizzes, coursework, and a final exam. Topics include basic concepts, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's law, voltage and current dividers, delta-star transformations, and circuit analysis methods.
Study about Conductors & Insulators
This document discusses conductors and insulators used in electrical machines. It provides details on common conductors like copper, aluminum, and silver. It also describes different types of insulators used for power transmission, including pin insulators, post insulators, suspension insulators, strain insulators, and shackle insulators. Properties of various materials that make them suitable as conductors or insulators are explained. The document concludes with a summary of the key points covered.
The electricity
The document discusses different types of electric materials and their properties. It begins by explaining the structure of atoms and their subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. It then discusses how electrons can move within atoms and become free electrons, allowing electric current to flow. Next, it describes different types of electric materials: conductors that allow electron flow, insulators that do not, semiconductors that can become conductors under certain conditions, and superconductors that have no resistance at very low temperatures. The document provides examples of materials for each category and their characteristic properties.
How electricity works
Electricity works through the movement of electrons in conductors like wires and cables. Atoms contain protons with a positive charge and electrons with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus. In conductors, some electrons are loosely bound and can flow freely. When a closed circuit is formed connecting a voltage source, such as a battery, the voltage pushes the electrons to flow in one direction. Electrical components like resistors can control or use this electron flow to perform tasks. Transformers can induce electron flow between two circuits to change voltage levels. Alternating current periodically changes direction while direct current flows one way.
Diodes
1) The document discusses different types of materials used in electronics including conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and their properties. Copper is highlighted as an excellent conductor while insulators have high resistivity.
2) Semiconductors have electrical properties between conductors and insulators. Intrinsic semiconductors are pure while extrinsic are doped with impurities making them either N-type or P-type.
3) A PN junction is formed where a P-type and N-type semiconductor meet, creating a potential barrier. A diode allows current to flow in one direction when forward biased but blocks it in reverse bias.
Module No. 22
Module #22 discusses conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. It explains that conductors contain free electrons that allow electricity to flow through them easily. Insulators have electrons tightly bound and do not conduct electricity well. Semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators, with fewer free electrons than conductors but more than insulators. Common semiconductors are silicon and germanium, which are used to make diodes and transistors.
Electricity
Electricity involves the movement of electrons. It can be static electricity from electrons moving between objects, or current electricity from electrons flowing in a conductor. There are two types of electric charge - positive and negative - which attract and repel each other. Electricity flows through circuits that can be either closed, allowing current to flow, or open with a break preventing current. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel.
Metallic conductor
The document discusses electrical conductivity and resistivity in metals. It introduces key concepts like conduction occurring via electron movement, and factors that affect resistivity like temperature, alloying, and defects. It also covers topics like superconductivity, energy bands, and the relationship between conductivity and resistivity for pure metals and alloys. The document provides an overview of fundamental electrical properties of metals from both theoretical and applied perspectives.
Electricity
This document provides an overview of basic electricity concepts including:
- Conductors and insulators allow or restrict the flow of electrons respectively.
- Current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Voltage is the force that causes current to flow. Resistance opposes current flow.
- Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit.
- Series circuits have one path for current to flow. The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances and the same current flows through each component.
SEMICONDUCTORS ppt.pptx
Semiconductor devices use crystalline solids like silicon as semiconductors. Semiconductors can be made to conduct electricity more or less depending on if they are doped with impurities. A PN junction diode is made by doping one side of silicon with a P-type impurity and the other side with an N-type impurity. When the two sides are joined, electrons and holes diffuse across the junction, leaving an electric field that blocks further diffusion. This allows current to flow easily in one direction but blocks it in the reverse direction, making the diode useful for rectification.
Unit1.2 Band Theory of Solids
1) Band theory explains how materials can be conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on their electron band structure.
2) Conductors have overlapping or partially filled valence and conduction bands, allowing electrons to move freely. Insulators have a large gap between bands, preventing electron movement.
3) Semiconductors have a small gap that thermal energy can overcome, exciting some electrons into the conduction band and allowing some current flow.
Conductors
1. Conductors are materials that allow the flow of electric charges through them. Most metals are good conductors due to their crystalline structure and delocalized electrons.
2. In metallic solids, the atomic orbitals overlap to form energy bands. In conductors, the valence band is partially filled or overlaps with the empty conduction band, allowing electrons to move freely through the material.
3. Common good conductors include copper, silver, and gold. Conductivity decreases with increasing temperature as atomic vibrations interfere with electron flow.
4. Some materials become superconductors below a critical temperature, allowing infinite conductivity and perfect diamagnetism due to the Meissner effect. This occurs due to
Lecture 1: Introduction to Seiconductor.pdf
This document provides an introduction to solid state devices and semiconductors. It begins with an overview of Bohr's atomic model and classification of solids as insulators, conductors or semiconductors. It then discusses key concepts such as energy bands, forbidden energy gaps and the properties of semiconductors. Common semiconductors like silicon and germanium are also introduced. The document aims to give students foundational knowledge on the topic.
Chemical effects of electric current.pptx
for class 8 it is made with ots of hardwork and effort 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH THANKU
PLS LIKE
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Materials
Properties of a material which determine its response to an electric field.
Materials are classified based on their electrical properties as conductors, semiconductors and insulators and newly super conductors.
Electrical Conductor
An electrical conductor is a material that allows the flow of electric current. Most metals are good electrical conductors as their atomic structure allows electrons to move freely between atoms when a potential difference is applied. Conductors are classified into different types including plasma, semiconductors, and resistors, with plasma being the best conductor and resistors making electric current flow most difficult. Conductors are contrasted with insulators, which do not allow the passage of electricity. Common good electrical conductors include silver, copper, and aluminum, while materials like rubber, glass, and dry paper are typical electrical insulators.
09 elec 03
Insulators are substances where electrons cannot move freely, causing charges to build up and remain until grounded. Conductors allow free electron movement, usually being metals or aqueous solutions. We receive more static shocks in winter as dry air is a better insulator, preventing body charges from dissipating until the next touch of a conductor like a doorknob causes electrons to pass through.
Conductor-Insulator-ppt.pptx
Conductors allow the flow of electrical current through the movement of electrons or other charged particles. Common conductors include metals like copper, silver, and gold, which are highly conductive. Insulators do not allow electric charges to flow freely through them and have high resistivity, so little current will flow. Common insulators include materials like wood, plastic, rubber, glass, and paper.
Bonding in metals
- Metals make up about 91 of the 118 known elements. Non-metals include gases, liquids, and solids like carbon and phosphorus. Metalloids have properties between metals and non-metals.
- Metals are characterized by properties like lustre, high melting points, conductivity of heat and electricity, malleability, and ductility. They form metallic bonds and crystalline structures.
- Theories like free electron theory and molecular orbital theory explain metallic bonding and properties. Free electron theory describes delocalized electrons within metallic bonds. Molecular orbital theory describes overlapping atomic orbitals that form energy bands in metals.
Topic energy band gap material science ppt
Energy bands consisting of a large number of closely spaced energy levels exist in crystalline materials. The bands can be thought of as the collection of the individual energy levels of electrons surrounding each atom. The wavefunctions of the individual electrons, however, overlap with those of electrons confined to neighboring atoms. The Pauli exclusion principle does not allow the electron energy levels to be the same so that one obtains a set of closely spaced energy levels, forming an energy band. The energy band model is crucial to any detailed treatment of semiconductor devices. It provides the framework needed to understand the concept of an energy bandgap and that of conduction in an almost filled band as described by the empty states.
5
The document discusses the atomic structure and properties of metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Metals conduct electricity well due to their free electrons, are shiny as electrons scatter light, and are stiff yet ductile from electron bonding. Insulators like ceramics and polymers do not conduct as their electrons are locked in ionic or covalent bonds, making them stiff or brittle. Semiconductors have properties between metals and insulators with fewer free electrons. Their conductivity increases with temperature unlike metals but can also be controlled through doping with other atoms to donate or accept free electrons.
Semiconductor devices specialization
THIS IS BASED ON PURELY ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
This course introduces basic concepts of quantum theory of solids and presents the theory describing the carrier behaviors in semiconductors. The course balances fundamental physics with application to semiconductors and other electronic devices.
At the end of this course learners will be able to:
1. Understand the energy band structures and their significance in electric properties of solids
2. Analyse the carrier statistics in semiconductors
3. Analyse the carrier dynamics and the resulting conduction properties of semiconductors
.
Physics ohm’s law
Current is the flow of electric charge, typically carried by moving electrons. It flows from negative to positive and is measured in amps. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points and is measured in volts. Ohm's Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors
These are e-notes to part-1 of the syllabus to be covered in Unit 1 of the course EC101 (Basic Electronics).
PHY SR SC M01 INTRO.pptx
1. Devices in which a controlled flow of electrons can be obtained are the basic building blocks of all electronic circuits.
2. In solids, the energy levels of isolated atoms split and form energy bands as atoms are brought together. Materials are classified based on whether their valence and conduction bands do or do not overlap.
3. Semiconductors have a small forbidden energy gap between their valence and conduction bands, allowing some electrons to cross between the bands when heated or exposed to light. This gives them electrical properties between conductors and insulators.
Conductor-Insulator-ppt.pptx
Conductors allow the flow of electrical current and are typically made of metals like copper, silver, and gold. Common conductors also include electrolytes, superconductors, semiconductors, and some non-metals such as graphite and conductive polymers. Insulators do not allow electric charges to flow through easily and have high resistivity. Common insulators include materials like wood, plastic, rubber, wool, paper, wax, and glass.
Conductors and insulators
Conductors allow electricity to flow through them easily because their outer electrons are loosely bound and can move freely. Metals like copper and aluminum are good conductors. Insulators restrict electron movement and do not conduct electricity well, like plastics and wood. Semi-conductors behave between conductors and insulators. Superconductors have zero resistance and conduct perfectly, but only at very low temperatures below -200°C.
Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security, Phoenix Sum...
Adli Wahid, Senior Internet Security Specialist at APNIC, delivered a presentation titled 'Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
Network Security and Cyber Laws (Complete Notes) for B.Tech/BCA/BSc. IT
Network Security and Cyber Laws
Detailed Course Content
Unit 1: Introduction to Network Security
- Introduction to Network Security
- Goals of Network Security
- ISO Security Architecture
- Attacks and Categories of Attacks
- Network Security Services & Mechanisms
- Authentication Applications: Kerberos, X.509 Directory Authentication Service
Unit 2: Application Layer Security
- Security Threats and Countermeasures
- SET Protocol
- Electronic Mail Security
- Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
- S/MIME
- Transport Layer Security: Secure Socket Layer & Transport Layer Security
- Wireless Transport Layer Security
Unit 3: IP Security and System Security
- Authentication Header
- Encapsulating Security Payloads
- System Security: Intruders, Intrusion Detection System, Viruses
- Firewall Design Principles
- Trusted Systems
- OS Security
- Program Security
Unit 4: Introduction to Cyber Law
- Cyber Crime, Cyber Criminals, Cyber Law
- Object and Scope of the IT Act: Genesis, Object, Scope of the Act
- E-Governance and IT Act 2000
- Legal Recognition of Electronic Records
- Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures
- Use of Electronic Records and Digital Signatures in Government and its Agencies
- IT Act in Detail
- Basics of Network Security: IP Addresses, Port Numbers, and Sockets
- Hiding and Tracing IP Addresses
- Scanning: Traceroute, Ping Sweeping, Port Scanning, ICMP Scanning
- Fingerprinting: Active and Passive Email
Unit 5: Advanced Attacks
- Different Kinds of Buffer Overflow Attacks: Stack Overflows, String Overflows, Heap and Integer Overflows
- Internal Attacks: Emails, Mobile Phones, Instant Messengers, FTP Uploads, Dumpster Diving, Shoulder Surfing
- DOS Attacks: Ping of Death, Teardrop, SYN Flooding, Land Attacks, Smurf Attacks, UDP Flooding
- Hybrid DOS Attacks
- Application-Specific Distributed DOS Attacks
More Related Content
Similar to ICT
Metallic conductor
The document discusses electrical conductivity and resistivity in metals. It introduces key concepts like conduction occurring via electron movement, and factors that affect resistivity like temperature, alloying, and defects. It also covers topics like superconductivity, energy bands, and the relationship between conductivity and resistivity for pure metals and alloys. The document provides an overview of fundamental electrical properties of metals from both theoretical and applied perspectives.
Electricity
This document provides an overview of basic electricity concepts including:
- Conductors and insulators allow or restrict the flow of electrons respectively.
- Current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Voltage is the force that causes current to flow. Resistance opposes current flow.
- Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit.
- Series circuits have one path for current to flow. The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances and the same current flows through each component.
SEMICONDUCTORS ppt.pptx
Semiconductor devices use crystalline solids like silicon as semiconductors. Semiconductors can be made to conduct electricity more or less depending on if they are doped with impurities. A PN junction diode is made by doping one side of silicon with a P-type impurity and the other side with an N-type impurity. When the two sides are joined, electrons and holes diffuse across the junction, leaving an electric field that blocks further diffusion. This allows current to flow easily in one direction but blocks it in the reverse direction, making the diode useful for rectification.
Unit1.2 Band Theory of Solids
1) Band theory explains how materials can be conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on their electron band structure.
2) Conductors have overlapping or partially filled valence and conduction bands, allowing electrons to move freely. Insulators have a large gap between bands, preventing electron movement.
3) Semiconductors have a small gap that thermal energy can overcome, exciting some electrons into the conduction band and allowing some current flow.
Conductors
1. Conductors are materials that allow the flow of electric charges through them. Most metals are good conductors due to their crystalline structure and delocalized electrons.
2. In metallic solids, the atomic orbitals overlap to form energy bands. In conductors, the valence band is partially filled or overlaps with the empty conduction band, allowing electrons to move freely through the material.
3. Common good conductors include copper, silver, and gold. Conductivity decreases with increasing temperature as atomic vibrations interfere with electron flow.
4. Some materials become superconductors below a critical temperature, allowing infinite conductivity and perfect diamagnetism due to the Meissner effect. This occurs due to
Lecture 1: Introduction to Seiconductor.pdf
This document provides an introduction to solid state devices and semiconductors. It begins with an overview of Bohr's atomic model and classification of solids as insulators, conductors or semiconductors. It then discusses key concepts such as energy bands, forbidden energy gaps and the properties of semiconductors. Common semiconductors like silicon and germanium are also introduced. The document aims to give students foundational knowledge on the topic.
Chemical effects of electric current.pptx
for class 8 it is made with ots of hardwork and effort 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH THANKU
PLS LIKE
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Materials
Properties of a material which determine its response to an electric field.
Materials are classified based on their electrical properties as conductors, semiconductors and insulators and newly super conductors.
Electrical Conductor
An electrical conductor is a material that allows the flow of electric current. Most metals are good electrical conductors as their atomic structure allows electrons to move freely between atoms when a potential difference is applied. Conductors are classified into different types including plasma, semiconductors, and resistors, with plasma being the best conductor and resistors making electric current flow most difficult. Conductors are contrasted with insulators, which do not allow the passage of electricity. Common good electrical conductors include silver, copper, and aluminum, while materials like rubber, glass, and dry paper are typical electrical insulators.
09 elec 03
Insulators are substances where electrons cannot move freely, causing charges to build up and remain until grounded. Conductors allow free electron movement, usually being metals or aqueous solutions. We receive more static shocks in winter as dry air is a better insulator, preventing body charges from dissipating until the next touch of a conductor like a doorknob causes electrons to pass through.
Conductor-Insulator-ppt.pptx
Conductors allow the flow of electrical current through the movement of electrons or other charged particles. Common conductors include metals like copper, silver, and gold, which are highly conductive. Insulators do not allow electric charges to flow freely through them and have high resistivity, so little current will flow. Common insulators include materials like wood, plastic, rubber, glass, and paper.
Bonding in metals
- Metals make up about 91 of the 118 known elements. Non-metals include gases, liquids, and solids like carbon and phosphorus. Metalloids have properties between metals and non-metals.
- Metals are characterized by properties like lustre, high melting points, conductivity of heat and electricity, malleability, and ductility. They form metallic bonds and crystalline structures.
- Theories like free electron theory and molecular orbital theory explain metallic bonding and properties. Free electron theory describes delocalized electrons within metallic bonds. Molecular orbital theory describes overlapping atomic orbitals that form energy bands in metals.
Topic energy band gap material science ppt
Energy bands consisting of a large number of closely spaced energy levels exist in crystalline materials. The bands can be thought of as the collection of the individual energy levels of electrons surrounding each atom. The wavefunctions of the individual electrons, however, overlap with those of electrons confined to neighboring atoms. The Pauli exclusion principle does not allow the electron energy levels to be the same so that one obtains a set of closely spaced energy levels, forming an energy band. The energy band model is crucial to any detailed treatment of semiconductor devices. It provides the framework needed to understand the concept of an energy bandgap and that of conduction in an almost filled band as described by the empty states.
5
The document discusses the atomic structure and properties of metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Metals conduct electricity well due to their free electrons, are shiny as electrons scatter light, and are stiff yet ductile from electron bonding. Insulators like ceramics and polymers do not conduct as their electrons are locked in ionic or covalent bonds, making them stiff or brittle. Semiconductors have properties between metals and insulators with fewer free electrons. Their conductivity increases with temperature unlike metals but can also be controlled through doping with other atoms to donate or accept free electrons.
Semiconductor devices specialization
THIS IS BASED ON PURELY ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
This course introduces basic concepts of quantum theory of solids and presents the theory describing the carrier behaviors in semiconductors. The course balances fundamental physics with application to semiconductors and other electronic devices.
At the end of this course learners will be able to:
1. Understand the energy band structures and their significance in electric properties of solids
2. Analyse the carrier statistics in semiconductors
3. Analyse the carrier dynamics and the resulting conduction properties of semiconductors
.
Physics ohm’s law
Current is the flow of electric charge, typically carried by moving electrons. It flows from negative to positive and is measured in amps. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points and is measured in volts. Ohm's Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Unit 1 Mechanism of Conduction in Semiconductors
These are e-notes to part-1 of the syllabus to be covered in Unit 1 of the course EC101 (Basic Electronics).
PHY SR SC M01 INTRO.pptx
1. Devices in which a controlled flow of electrons can be obtained are the basic building blocks of all electronic circuits.
2. In solids, the energy levels of isolated atoms split and form energy bands as atoms are brought together. Materials are classified based on whether their valence and conduction bands do or do not overlap.
3. Semiconductors have a small forbidden energy gap between their valence and conduction bands, allowing some electrons to cross between the bands when heated or exposed to light. This gives them electrical properties between conductors and insulators.
Conductor-Insulator-ppt.pptx
Conductors allow the flow of electrical current and are typically made of metals like copper, silver, and gold. Common conductors also include electrolytes, superconductors, semiconductors, and some non-metals such as graphite and conductive polymers. Insulators do not allow electric charges to flow through easily and have high resistivity. Common insulators include materials like wood, plastic, rubber, wool, paper, wax, and glass.
Conductors and insulators
Conductors allow electricity to flow through them easily because their outer electrons are loosely bound and can move freely. Metals like copper and aluminum are good conductors. Insulators restrict electron movement and do not conduct electricity well, like plastics and wood. Semi-conductors behave between conductors and insulators. Superconductors have zero resistance and conduct perfectly, but only at very low temperatures below -200°C.
Similar to ICT (20)
Recently uploaded
Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security, Phoenix Sum...
Adli Wahid, Senior Internet Security Specialist at APNIC, delivered a presentation titled 'Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
Network Security and Cyber Laws (Complete Notes) for B.Tech/BCA/BSc. IT
Network Security and Cyber Laws
Detailed Course Content
Unit 1: Introduction to Network Security
- Introduction to Network Security
- Goals of Network Security
- ISO Security Architecture
- Attacks and Categories of Attacks
- Network Security Services & Mechanisms
- Authentication Applications: Kerberos, X.509 Directory Authentication Service
Unit 2: Application Layer Security
- Security Threats and Countermeasures
- SET Protocol
- Electronic Mail Security
- Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
- S/MIME
- Transport Layer Security: Secure Socket Layer & Transport Layer Security
- Wireless Transport Layer Security
Unit 3: IP Security and System Security
- Authentication Header
- Encapsulating Security Payloads
- System Security: Intruders, Intrusion Detection System, Viruses
- Firewall Design Principles
- Trusted Systems
- OS Security
- Program Security
Unit 4: Introduction to Cyber Law
- Cyber Crime, Cyber Criminals, Cyber Law
- Object and Scope of the IT Act: Genesis, Object, Scope of the Act
- E-Governance and IT Act 2000
- Legal Recognition of Electronic Records
- Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures
- Use of Electronic Records and Digital Signatures in Government and its Agencies
- IT Act in Detail
- Basics of Network Security: IP Addresses, Port Numbers, and Sockets
- Hiding and Tracing IP Addresses
- Scanning: Traceroute, Ping Sweeping, Port Scanning, ICMP Scanning
- Fingerprinting: Active and Passive Email
Unit 5: Advanced Attacks
- Different Kinds of Buffer Overflow Attacks: Stack Overflows, String Overflows, Heap and Integer Overflows
- Internal Attacks: Emails, Mobile Phones, Instant Messengers, FTP Uploads, Dumpster Diving, Shoulder Surfing
- DOS Attacks: Ping of Death, Teardrop, SYN Flooding, Land Attacks, Smurf Attacks, UDP Flooding
- Hybrid DOS Attacks
- Application-Specific Distributed DOS Attacks
KubeCon & CloudNative Con 2024 Artificial Intelligent
Cloud Native Compute Foundation and KubeCon 2024 - Paris
Cloud Native Artifical Intelligenet (CNAI)
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CiCi AI BY: FEBLESS HERNANE
Cici AI simplifies tasks like writing and research with its user-friendly platform. Users sign up, input queries, customize responses, and edit content as needed. It offers efficient saving and exporting options, making it ideal for enhancing productivity through AI assistance.
10 Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO) Techniques to Boost Your Website’s Perf...
What is CRO?
Conversion Rate Optimization, or CRO, is the process of enhancing your website to increase the percentage of visitors who take a desired action. This could be anything from purchasing a product to signing up for a newsletter. Essentially, CRO is about making your website more effective in turning visitors into customers.
Why is CRO Important?
CRO is crucial because it directly impacts your bottom line. A higher conversion rate means more customers and revenue without needing to increase your website traffic. Plus, a well-optimized site improves user experience, which can lead to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Decentralized Justice in Gaming and Esports
Discover how Kleros is transforming the landscape of dispute resolution in the gaming and eSports industry through the power of decentralized justice.
This presentation, delivered by Federico Ast, CEO of Kleros, explores the innovative application of blockchain technology, crowdsourcing, and incentivized mechanisms to create fair and efficient arbitration processes.
Key Highlights:
- Introduction to Decentralized Justice: Learn about the foundational principles of Kleros and how it combines blockchain with crowdsourcing to develop a novel justice system.
- Challenges in Traditional Arbitration: Understand the limitations of conventional arbitration methods, such as high costs and long resolution times, particularly for small claims in the gaming sector.
- How Kleros Works: A step-by-step guide on the functioning of Kleros, from the initiation of a smart contract to the final decision by a jury of peers.
- Case Studies in eSports: Explore real-world scenarios where Kleros has been applied to resolve disputes in eSports, including issues like cheating, governance, player behavior, and contractual disagreements.
- Practical Implementation: Detailed walkthroughs of how disputes are handled in eSports tournaments, emphasizing speed, cost-efficiency, and fairness.
- Enhanced Transparency: The role of blockchain in providing an immutable and transparent record of proceedings, ensuring trust in the resolution process.
- Future Prospects: The potential expansion of decentralized justice mechanisms across various sectors within the gaming industry.
For more information, visit kleros.io or follow Federico Ast and Kleros on social media:
• Twitter: @federicoast
• Twitter: @kleros_io
Unlimited Short Call Girls Navi Mumbai ✅ 9967824496 FULL CASH PAYMENT
Unlimited Short Call Girls Navi Mumbai ✅ 9967824496 FULL CASH PAYMENT
Bangalore Call Girls 9079923931 With -Cuties' Hot Call Girls
Bangalore Call Girls 9079923931 With -Cuties' Hot Call Girls
Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders...
Md. Zobair Khan,
Network Analyst and Technical Trainer at APNIC, presented 'Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders' at the Phoenix Summit held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 23 to 24 May 2024.
一比一原版新西兰林肯大学毕业证(Lincoln毕业证书)学历如何办理
原版办【微信号:95270640】【新西兰林肯大学毕业证(Lincoln毕业证书)】【微信号:95270640】《成绩单、外壳、雅思、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Unlimited Short Call Girls Mumbai ✅ 9833363713 FULL CASH PAYMENT
Unlimited Short Call Girls Mumbai ✅ 9833363713 FULL CASH PAYMENT
一比一原版(uc毕业证书)加拿大卡尔加里大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uc毕业证书)加拿大卡尔加里大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uc毕业证书)加拿大卡尔加里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uc毕业证书)加拿大卡尔加里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uc毕业证书)加拿大卡尔加里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uc毕业证书)加拿大卡尔加里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Bengaluru Dreamin' 24 - Personal Branding
Session on Personal Branding presented at Bengaluru Dreamin
Recently uploaded (15)
Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security, Phoenix Sum...
Honeypots Unveiled: Proactive Defense Tactics for Cyber Security, Phoenix Sum...
Network Security and Cyber Laws (Complete Notes) for B.Tech/BCA/BSc. IT
Network Security and Cyber Laws (Complete Notes) for B.Tech/BCA/BSc. IT
KubeCon & CloudNative Con 2024 Artificial Intelligent
KubeCon & CloudNative Con 2024 Artificial Intelligent
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CiCi AI BY: FEBLESS HERNANE
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CiCi AI BY: FEBLESS HERNANE
10 Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO) Techniques to Boost Your Website’s Perf...
10 Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO) Techniques to Boost Your Website’s Perf...
Unlimited Short Call Girls Navi Mumbai ✅ 9967824496 FULL CASH PAYMENT
Unlimited Short Call Girls Navi Mumbai ✅ 9967824496 FULL CASH PAYMENT
Bangalore Call Girls 9079923931 With -Cuties' Hot Call Girls
Bangalore Call Girls 9079923931 With -Cuties' Hot Call Girls
DocSplit Subsequent Implementation Activation.pptx
DocSplit Subsequent Implementation Activation.pptx
Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders...
Securing BGP: Operational Strategies and Best Practices for Network Defenders...
Unlimited Short Call Girls Mumbai ✅ 9833363713 FULL CASH PAYMENT
Unlimited Short Call Girls Mumbai ✅ 9833363713 FULL CASH PAYMENT
ICT
- 1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
- 2. CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS Conductors are substances that allow free electrons to flow through them easily, thereby transferring energy in the form of electricity as electrons move freely from atom to atom. Insulators, on the other hand, are substances that have exactly the opposite effect on the flow of electrons.
- 3. Examples Conductors: Paper clip/ metals- can help electrical current flows through some materials. These are called conductors. Steel is a conductors. Insulators: Plastic toys- electrical current doesn’t flow through other materials. These materials are insulators. Plastic is an insulator.
- 4. Difference between Conductors and Insulators 1.Conductors anticipate free flow of electric current because electrons roam freely from one atom to another with ease. Insulators, on the other hand, oppose electric current because they won’t permit free flow of electrons from one particle to another. 2.Conductors can easily transfer energy in the form of electricity or heat, for that matter. However, insulators cannot transfer electrical energy so easily so they resist electricity. 3.Conductors can easily pass electricity through them because of the free electrons present in their atomic structure, but insulators, on the other hand, cannot pass electricity through them.
- 5. 4.Conductors are substances whose atoms do not have tightly bound electrons thus they are free to roam around in one or many directions. However, electrons are tightly bound within atoms in case of insulators thereby restricting any movement of electrons within the nominal range of applied voltage. 5.Conductors usually have a low resistance, but not zero resistance unless they are super conductors. Insulators have a high resistance to electricity. 6.Conductors conduct electricity while insulators insulate electricity. For example, the metallic wire in an electric cord is a conductor, while the sheath or the protective cover is the insulator.
- 6. DIFFERENCES CONDUCTORS INSULATORS • A conductor allows current to flow easily through it. • The resistance of conductor is very low. • Electric charge exists on the surface of conductors. • Insulators don’t allow current to flow through it. • The resistance of insulator is very high. • Electric charge are absent in insulator.
- 7. Similarities In terms of structure, hardness and softness, density and doping can change a conductor to an insulator and vice-versa.
- 8. GROUP4 by: ANNICKAVERGILOUAMPODIA MA JERLAINE CHLOELABRADOR JANEAHMAE LEYSO MYLYNNICOLE LUNASPI PRINCESSJOSEPHINEPARI-AN JULIAGRACEPASTOLERO ELLAH MAE PATRIARCA GEMMELAH GRACETABUJARA ANGELSOLANIA