- IT is advancing rapidly due to internet connectivity now available through various means such as fiber optics, 3G, 4G and WiMAX. - The internet is based on open TCP/IP protocols and the source code is openly available, enabling freedom of choice and open innovation. - Many governments and organizations have adopted open source software to reduce costs, increase access and share technology.

1. Advancement of IT :
Enabling Technology Through
Freedom of Choice, Open
Innovation and Collaborative
Computing
Professor Dr R Badlishah Ahmad
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

2. Introdution
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IT is advancing and changing at rapid pace because of
Internet (TCP/IP)
Access to Internet become necessity.. from fiber optic to 3G,
4G, WiMAX etc
Everybody is getting connected and make themselves
available and accessible anytime and anywhere
What are the software technology behind this? Use by giant
company such as Google and Facebook Co..

3. Internet
1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one
another using packet-switching technology
1968: Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the
Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins
ARPANET contract
1972: BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The
Internetworking Working Group (INWG) forms to address need for
establishing standard protocols
1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of
London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to
ARPANET. The term Internet is born.

4. Internet
1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (Fathers of the Internet) publish "A
Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design
of TCP
1982: TCP and IP, as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP,
emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. (IPv4 to IPv6)
1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco
ships its first router
1990: Tim Berners-Lee, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
1991: World Wide Web is introduced to the public
INTERNET is based on TCP/IP and the source code is
OPEN/Available

5. Transmission Medium
●
coaxial cable, the first
broadband transmission
medium, invented by AT&T
in 1929 for Ethernet:
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–
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at 400MHz, Cable Loss
5.5dB/100ft
at 20GHz, Loss ~
100dB/100ft
Data Rate of 10-100Mbs

6. Transmission Medium
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Twisted Pair cabling:
–
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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) &
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
UTP: most popular network cable in data
networks for short/medium length (up to
100 meters or 328 feet) BW ~ 1GHz
–
Data Rate of 40Gbs (50m) – 1 pair of
cable
–
100Gbs (15m) – 1 pair of cable
–
1 Gigabit Ethernet (GE) – 250Mb/s per
pair (there are 4 pairs)
–
10GE? Heavier, difficult to maintain →
Fibre is the best option

7. Transmission Medium
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Fiber Optic
–
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BW 1THz, Loss ~
0.93dB/1km
26 Terabit/s in 1 Wavelength
channel at 50km
Explosive of mass data! ->
Internet of Things

8. Internet Evolution to Human (Video)

9. Freedom of Choice and Open
Innovation:
Technology Availability

10. Education Gets IT & OPEN
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology is leading the way
MIT OCW shares free lecture notes, exams, and other resources
from more than 1,700 courses spanning MIT's entire curriculum
40 million visits from virtually every country on earth
10

11. Microsoft Commitment
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(Microsoft Malaysia presentation at Malaysian Open Source
Conference (MOSC) 2011)
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to achieve Openness and Interoperability with OSS
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designing products to support OSS
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collaboration with OSS vendors to ensure interoperability
between products
–
contributing to OSS projects
–
releasing some technologies under approved Open
Source licenses
11

12. Important of an Open Standard?
Standards, instructions or “blueprints” that are created and maintained in an
open
manner.
Using a democratic approach where no single individual or company controls
the standard.
Open standards provide choice and interoperability
between systems.
12

13. Open Source Software (OSS) or Free
Software (FS)?
●
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OSS == FS
A type of software defined by its collaborative development
model, accessibility of code and distribution models.
–
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Examples are GNU/Linux kernel, gcc, Open Office, Xpdf,
GIMP etc.
This is in contrast with proprietary software which is only
available in a binary or “closed” format and typically carries
a license fee.
–
Examples are Microsoft XP & Vista, Microsoft Visual
C/C++, Borland C, MS Office 2007, Adobe Photoshop
etc.
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14. Binary code:
14

15. Source code:
#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
printf("hello, world!n");
return 0;
}
15

16. Technology Availability
“Free Software/Open Source Software
(FOSS)”
16

17. 17

18. Unix family tree
1970
1980
2000
1990
FreeBSD
BSD family
OpenBSD
BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
NetBSD
Bill Joy
Bill Joy
SunOS (Stanford University Network)
NextStep
Bell Labs (AT&T)
GNU
Richard Stallman
MacOS X
GNU / Linux
Linus Torvalds
Ken Thompson
Dennis Ritchie (C language
created to implement a portable OS)
IRIX (SGI)
SRV5
Ritchie, Thompson
Time
System V family
HP­UX
Sun Solaris
AIX (IBM)

19. GNU Project
GNU = GNU is Not Unix (a recursive acronym!)
Project to implement a completely free
Unix-like operating system
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Started by Richard Stallman in 1984, an MIT
researcher, in a time when Unix sources were
researcher
no longer free.
Initial components: C compiler (gcc), make
(GNU make), Emacs, C library (glibc), coreutils
(ls, cp ...)
However, in 1991, the GNU project was still
missing a kernel and was running only on
proprietary unice, until the invention of Linux
kernel!!
Richard Stallman
19

20. Linux Kernel (part of an OS)
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Linus Torvald
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Free Unix-like kernel created in 1991 by
Linus Torvalds
The whole system uses GNU tools:
C library, gcc, binutils, fileutils, make,
emacs...
So the whole system is called “GNU/Linux”
Shared very early as free software (GPL
license), which attracted more and more
contributors and users
Since 1991, growing faster than any other
operating system (not only Unix)
20

21. Linux Kernel Evolution
21

22. GNU/Linux DISTRIBUTIONS (Distros)
22

23. Distros... All in 1 Disc!!
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LibreOffice.org: word processing,
spreadsheet & presentation
Thunderbird+Lightning: email &
calendaring
Firefox, Chrome: Web browsing → try
the add-ons!
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Pidgin: instant messaging
●
Gimp: image manipulation, animations
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Blender: 3D imaging, rendering and
animations
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Exaile: music manager and player
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VLC: video & music player
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Much more...

24. More Sample of FOSS

25. The GIMP
The GNU Image Manipulation Program
http://gimp.org
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License: GPL
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Main developers: community
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Extremely powerful image processor
Similar to Photoshop
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Platforms: Unix/Linux/MacOS , Windows
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Extensible and scriptable through plugins.

26. OpenOffice.org
Full featured and popular free office suite
http://openoffice.org/
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License: LGPL (since version 2.0)
Main developer: Sun Microsystems, with support from a big
community. Business model: selling desktop solutions without
Microsoft software.
Supported platforms: Unix, Windows, MacOSX

27. LibreOffice
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Main developer: The Document Foundation
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A fork of OpenOffice.org.
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Support Open Document Format (ODF) to provide freedom
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LibreOffice has been downloaded approximately 7.5 million
times since its first stable launch in January 2011.
Default office suite in many different Linux distributions,
such as Fedora, Linux Mint, openSUSE and Ubuntu.
●
Google also supports the LibreOffice project
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LibreOffice is licensed under the terms of the LGPLv3
http://www.libreoffice.org/

28. Inkscape
A vector graphics editor
http://inkscape.org
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License: GNU GPL
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Developers: community
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Supported platforms:
Linux/Unix, Windows and
MacOS X
Competing with Corel Draw
and Adobe Illustrator

29. Mozilla Firefox
Today's most advanced and friendly web
browser & No 1 browser
http://mozilla.org/projects/firefox
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License: MPL (copyleft type)
Main developers: Mozilla Foundation,
community
Supported platforms: Unix / Linux,
Windows, MacOS X
A very serious competitor to Internet
Explorer,
which development was stopped for
years!
Market share (March 2007): 24 % in
Europe.
It even reaches 44% in Slovenia, 41% in
Finland and 36% in Germany! More
statistics on http://www.xitimonitor.com.

30. Eclipse
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Integrated development environment
(IDE) comprising a base workspace
and an extensible plug-in system for
customizing the environment
written mostly in Java and able to
compile JAVA
other programming languages
including Ada, C, C++, COBOL,
Fortran, Haskell, JavaScript, Lasso,
Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby (including
Ruby on Rails framework), Scala,
Clojure, Groovy, Scheme, and Erlang

31. Scilab
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Open Source
Scilab is open source
software distributed under
CeCILL license
cross-platform numerical
computational package
high-level, numerically
oriented programming
language
MATLAB!

32. KiCAD
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software suite for electronic design
automation (EDA)
integrated environment for all of the
stages of the design process:
–
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PCB layout
–
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Schematic Capture
Gerber file generation/visualization
and library editing
cross-platform program, written with
wxWidgets to run on
–
FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows
and Mac OS X

33. Android
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A Software platform and operating
system for mobile devices
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Based on the Linux kernel.
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Found way back in 2003.
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Developed in Palo Alto, California.
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Developed by the Andy Rubin, Rich
Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White.
Purchased by the GOOGLE in
AUGUST, 2005 for $50million

34. Market Share

35. Android - Open Handset Alliance (OHA)
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It’s consortium of several
companies.
This group of companies are
allowed to use source code
of Android and develop
applications.
Nokia/Blackberry - not part
of OHA.

36. GNU/Linux alternatives to Proprietary
tools
Internet Explorer
IIS
Money
MS Office
MS Outlook
MS Project
Nero
Photoshop
WinAmp
W. Media Player
Mozilla
Firefox
Apache
GNU Cash
OpenOffice
Evolution
Mr Project
(Planner)
k3b
The GIMP
xmms
xine
mplayer
Alternatives to Windows programs:
http://linux.ie/newusers/alternatives.php

37. Why FOSS?
Is it because of Cost?

38. Free Software (Open Source Software)
Free Software grants the below 4 freedoms to the user:
The freedom to run the program, for any purpose
● The freedom to study how the program works,
and adapt it to one's needs
● The freedom to redistribute copies to help others
● The freedom to improve the program, and release one's
improvements to the public
●
See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
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39. Proprietary Software
Microsoft & EULA (End User License Agreement)
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You give up all rights
You accept all obligations placed on you for
limited benefit
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You may not share the software
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You may not change the software
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You do not own the software
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You may only install the software to one device
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We reserve the right to change the license for any
reason or purpose at any time
You may only run the software as specifically
spelled out in the EULA
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40. Government Adoption Trends
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Worldwide, 265 government policy initiatives ranging from pilot
projects to preferences (and even mandates) for the use of OSS
(Center for Strategic and International Studies – April 2006)
Most OSS policy initiatives are in Europe (47%), Asia (27%), LATAM
(15%) followed by N. America (9%)
Local/state level more likely to be approved by council/legislative
action
***Data taken from CSIS Study on Government Open Source
Policies
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41. It is because of
Freedom!
41

42. Why US Governments move to open
source
Public sector organizations must cut costs in an
environment of software upgrades, security issues
and piracy
● The level of acceptance of open source has been
raised
● The need to provide increased access for
business and people
● To promote a local software industry
● The software can be shared
●
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43. U.S. Federal Government OSS users
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U.S. Air Force
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DHS
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DISA
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NOA
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Army
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Census Bureau
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Navy
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DOJ
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Marine Corp
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GSA
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Coast Guard
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Energy
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NASA
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PTO
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FAA
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U.S. Courts
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44. Sampling of 5,000+ users in the U.S.
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City of New York DoITT
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Connecticut DoIT
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City of Chicago
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Indiana University
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Penn State University
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Florida EPA
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University of Michigan
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NC DPI
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City of Houston
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Minnesota DOT
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Louisiana Health & Human Services
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Pennsylvania OIT
City of Philadelphia
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DeKalb County, GA
Los Angeles County
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NC University System
State of North Carolina ITS
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Henrico County, VA
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Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
City of Seattle
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Purdue University
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Arizona State University
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University of Phoenix
MIT
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CUNY & SUNY
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Miami-Dade County, FL
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University of Texas
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University of Chicago
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Florida Department of Health
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Massachusetts ITD
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Carnegie Mellon University
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Wisconsin DET
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Baltimore County, MD
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Georgia University System
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Emory University
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NY State Insurance Dept.
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City of Los Angeles
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MD Anderson
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California DOJ
Johns Hopkins University
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45. Focus on Brazil's government
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Many ministries have switched to Linux and other OSS
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“The number one reason for this change is economic” - Sergio
Amadeu, National Institute for Information Technology (BBC, 2005)
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Plan open source when digitizing the Federal court system
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State of Parana
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“The world of technology is opening up; there are hundreds of
thousands of people working to improve free software. The old, closed
model must adapt in order to survive.”
–
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adopting eGroupWare, MySQL solution for its 10,000 users
Cerqueira Cesar, Head of IT, Banco do Brasil
Many ministries have switched to Linux and other OSS
All Schools will be using Linux PC (825,000 installation – 2008), 2009
another 150,000 – LXF Magazine July 2008.
45

46. Focus on India's government
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State Government of Kerala
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Announced in 2006 it will be a completely FLOSS zone
Deploying linux in 12,500 schools
Goa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal using Linux to save costs on
e-governance
Sam Pitroda, National Knowledge Commission: “... we must
actively encourage wherever possible open source software
implementations and open standards.”
Several national and local government projects to distribute
OSS freely in local languages
46

47. Focus on Malaysia's government
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Approved by the Government IT and Internet Committee on 19 th
February 2004
Announcement of OSS Master Plan 16th July 2004
Formulated through consultative process involving government
agencies, institutions of higher learning, nonprofit organizations
Institute of Microelectronic Systems established OS R&D group;
maintain Asian Open Source Centre
Administration Modernization and Management Planning Unit
created Open Source Competency Centre (OSCC) and wrote a
government-approved OSS plan
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Migration roadmap for e-mail, browsers first, then databases
47

48. List of Linux adopters in Education - 1/2
Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education
include the following:
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The OLPC XO-1 (previously called the MIT $100 laptop and
The Children's Machine), is an inexpensive laptop running
Linux, which will be distributed to millions of children as part
of the One Laptop Per Child project, especially in
developing countries.
Republic of Macedonia deployed 5,000 Linux desktops
running Ubuntu across all 468 public schools and 182
computer labs (December 2005). Later in 2007, another
180,000 Ubuntu thin client computers were deployed.
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49. List of Linux adopters in Education - 2/2
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Schools in Bolzano, Italy, with a student population of 16,000,
switched to a custom distribution of Linux, (FUSS Soledad
GNU/Linux), in September 2005.
Brazil has around 20,000 Linux desktops running in
elementary and secondary public schools.
Government officials of Kerala, India announced they will use
only free software, running on the Linux platform, for computer
education, starting with the 2,650 government and
government-aided high schools.
22,000 students in the US state of Indiana had access to Linux
Workstations at their high schools in 2006.
49

50. Linux Foundation Report 2010
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Linux is poised for growth in the coming years (2011):
–
77% of companies are planning to add more GNU/Linux
servers in the next twelve months
–
only 41% of respondents are planning to add Windows
servers in the next year
–
while 44% say that they will decreasing or maintaining
the number of Windows servers in their organizations over
the same time period
–
over the next five years, 80% of respondents plan on
adding more GNU/Linux, relative to other operating
systems, compared to only 21% planning on adding more
Microsoft servers in the same period.

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53. Summary
FOSS is about Freedom and not Cost!!
Internet based on TCP/IP is FOSS..
53

54. THE END...
“The free software movement is one of the
most successful social movements to emerge in
the past 25 years, driven by a worldwide
community of ethical programmers dedicated to
the cause of freedom and sharing. But the
ultimate success of the free software movement
depends upon teaching our friends, neighbors
and work colleagues about the danger of not
having software freedom, about the danger of a
society losing control over its computing”
www.fsf.org
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