A Closer Look at 419 Scam Email Operations
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419 scam (also referred to as Nigerian scam) is a popular form of fraud in which the fraudster tricks the victim into paying a certain amount of money under the promise of a future, larger payoff. Using a public dataset we study how these forms of scam campaigns are organized and evolve over time
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Tejnath Samant is applying for a suitable position in the organization. He has over 40 years of experience in engineering, maintenance, project management, and business management in heavy industries like steel, aluminum, and grain handling. His experience includes quality assurance, project management, maintenance engineering, business process reengineering, and supply chain management. He is looking to contribute his skills and experience to help achieve the organization's objectives.
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Cybercrimes
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+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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Classification
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
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Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
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Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
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The document discusses cybercrime and its various aspects. It defines cybercrime and mentions some common types like identity theft, software piracy, and hacking. It describes how cybercriminals operate including reconnaissance, scanning systems for vulnerabilities, and launching attacks. Social engineering techniques are used to trick victims. Cybercafe safety tips are provided as public computers can enable cybercrime. Botnets are discussed as networks of infected devices controlled remotely. Attack vectors and cloud computing risks are also summarized.
Phishing & spamming
This document discusses phishing and spamming. It defines phishing as obtaining personal details like usernames, passwords, and credit card information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity through electronic communication. The document traces the history of phishing back to 1995 and discusses current common phishing targets like banks, retailers, and government websites. It also describes various phishing techniques used like email, websites, instant messages and malware. The document concludes by outlining approaches to anti-phishing like user education, technical measures in browsers, and legal responses.
Seminar
This document discusses phishing and spamming. Phishing involves obtaining personal details like usernames, passwords, and credit card information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity. The first phishing attacks date back to 1995 when hackers posed as AOL staff to steal passwords. Common current targets of phishing attacks include banks, retailers, and government websites. Techniques used in phishing include fraudulent emails and websites, malware, and keyloggers. Anti-phishing efforts involve educating users, technical measures in browsers, reporting fraudulent sites, and legal action against phishers.
Cyber Crime, Cyber Space and Effects .pptx
This document summarizes a presentation titled "CyberCrime,CyberSpaceandEffectsofCyberCrime..." The presentation contains sections on introduction, literature survey, problem statement, objectives and scope, system architecture, advantages and disadvantages, application, conclusion, and references.
The introduction defines cyber space as global domain of interconnected information systems and defines cybercrime as using computers for illegal acts like fraud and intellectual property theft. The literature survey section reviews previous work on the topic. The problem statement discusses issues with e-governance, social media, and online risks. The objectives aim to reduce cybercrime cases reported in media. The system architecture proposes best practices to avoid financial fraud and improve mobile and social media security.
Cyber Crime Cyber Space and Effects .pptx
This document summarizes a presentation titled "CyberCrime,CyberSpaceandEffectsofCyberCrime..." The presentation includes sections on introduction, literature survey, problem statement, objectives and scope, system architecture, advantages and disadvantages, application, conclusion, and references.
The introduction defines cyber space, cyber crime, and discusses some common effects of cyber crimes like identity theft, ransomware, and data breaches. The literature survey section reviews the evolution of cyber space and internet connectivity. The problem statement discusses issues with e-governance, social media, and online risks. The objectives aim to reduce cyber cases reported in media. The advantages section outlines best security practices for passwords, Facebook, Gmail, and
2.Cyber law and Crime.pptx
This document discusses cyber crimes and strategies to address them. It begins by defining cyber crimes as crimes that involve computers and networks, where the computer is either a target, tool, or incidental to the crime. Examples mentioned include hacking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and cyberbullying. Factors like anonymity, computer storage, and user unawareness enable these crimes. Common cyber crimes are then listed and described, such as denial of service attacks, viruses, software piracy, credit card fraud, and phishing. The document outlines steps schools can take to increase cyber safety awareness among students and teachers through workshops, hotlines, complaint procedures, and appointing cyber security officers.
Using Technology and People to Improve your Threat Resistance and Cyber Security
A presentation delivered at the 2014 meeting of the Municipal Information Systems Association of California. Includes suggestions for security awareness programs.
Identifying and Mitigating Cross-Platform Phone Number Abuse on Social Channels
Telephony has become a cost-effective medium for spammers to engage, and phone numbers are now being used to drive call traffic to spammer operated resources. The convergence of telephony and the Internet with technologies like Voice over IP (VoIP) is fueling the growth of Over-The-Top (OTT) messaging applications (like WhatsApp, Viber) that allow smartphone users to communicate with each other in myriad ways. These social channels (OSNs and OTT applications) and VoIP applications (like Skype, Google Hangouts) are used by millions of users around the globe. In fact, the volume of messages via OTT messaging applications has overtaken traditional SMS and e-mail. As a result, these social channels have become an attractive attack vector for spammers and malicious actors who are now abusing it for illicit activities like delivering spam and phishing messages. In this work, we aim to detect cybercriminals / spammers that use phone numbers to spread spam on OSNs. We divide this thesis into 4 parts – (1) Understanding the threat landscape of phone attacks on OTT messaging applications leveraging information from OSNs, (2) Uncovering the spam ecosystem on OSNs and identifying spammers which contribute is spreading spam, (3) Evaluating the trustworthiness of current caller ID services and machine learning model that identify spam calls / spammers, (4) Proposing a robust phone reputation score for identifying spam phone numbers on OSNs.
Similar to A Closer Look at 419 Scam Email Operations (12)
SplunkLive! Utrecht 2018 - Customer presentation: POST Luxembourg
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Why Your Finance Firm Must Monitor For Stolen Accounts
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Using Technology and People to Improve your Threat Resistance and Cyber Security
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Identifying and Mitigating Cross-Platform Phone Number Abuse on Social Channels
Identifying and Mitigating Cross-Platform Phone Number Abuse on Social Channels
Recently uploaded
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
A Closer Look at 419 Scam Email Operations
- 1. Inside the SCAM Jungle: A Closer Look at 419 Scam Email Operations Jelena Isacenkova Olivier Thonard Andrei Costin Aurelien Francillon Davide Balzarotti
- 4. 4 Spam vs. 419 Scam 419 SCAM ― Low-volume ― Hide behind webmail accounts ― Manual sending ― Trap with social engineering techniques ― Contact with victims via emails and/or phone numbers SPAM ― High-volume ― Highly dynamic infrastructure ― Automated sending ― Trap victims through engineering effort ― Contact with victims over URLs
- 5. 5 Why we study campaigns ― The goal: – identify and characterize 419 scam campaigns – find predictive scam email features ― Our assumptions: – Scam is likely sent in campaigns, like Spam – Emails and phone numbers are personal scammer assets (Costin et al., PST'13) => linking features
- 6. 6 Outline ― Dataset ― Methodology ― Experimental results ― Conclusions
- 7. 7 Dataset
- 8. 8 Dataset ― Public data from 419scam.org ― From January 2009 till August 2012 ― 36,761 scam messages ― 12 countries (Europe, Africa and Asia) ― 34,723 unique email addresses ― 11,738 unique phone numbers
- 9. 9 Scam origins by phone numbers
- 10. 10 Scam origins by phone numbers Nigeria – 30% Benin – 14% South Africa – 5%
- 11. 11 Scam origins by phone numbers UK Personal Numbering Services (PNS) Nigeria – 30% Benin – 14% South Africa – 5%
- 12. 12 Scam origins by phone numbers UK Personal Numbering Services (PNS) Nigeria – 30% Benin – 14% South Africa – 5% Spain – 4% Netherlands – 3%
- 14. 14 Methodology
- 15. 15 TRIAGE ― Security data mining framework (Thonnard et al. at RAID'10, CEAS'11, RAID'12) ― Multi-dimentional clustering ― Links common elements together forming clusters/campaigns
- 18. 18 Campaigns ― 1,040 campaigns identified, with at least 5 messages each ― Top 250 campaigns on average: – Long and scarce: last for one year and have only 28 active days – Small (38 emails): keep low-volume, could be unorganized – Use 2 phone numbers – Use 6 Reply-To email addresses – Use 14 From email addresses
- 19. 19 Re-use of emails and phones
- 20. 20 Re-use of emails and phones Being re-used on average 6 months Being re-used on average 2,5 months
- 21. 21 Examples
- 22. 22
- 23. 23 Main traits: Single phone number Two campaign topics Long lived 83 emails
- 25. “Eskom generates approximately 95% of the electricity used in South Africa and approximately 45% of the electricity used in Africa.”, - Escom
- 26. Different topics over time Main traits: Topics change Monthly package of emails Single phone number 58 emails
- 27. Different topics over time Main traits: Topics change Monthly package of emails Single phone number 58 emails November December January February March
- 28. iPhone campaign Main traits: One topic Two phone numbers Big re-used email package 190 emails
- 29. 29 Macro-clusters ― Link strongly connected clusters into loosely connected ― Linked through emails and/or phone numbers ― 62 macro-clusters, 195 inter-connected clusters
- 30. 30 Top macro-clusters ― Some are organized groups operating on international scale ― Fake lottery scam is primarily run by scammers located in Europe that are connected with African scammer groups
- 31. 31 Clusters by countries ― Majority of unclustered data present isolated African actors => unorganized ― Macro-clusters cover African and many European actors => bigger organized groups covering Western markets
- 32. 32 Clusters by countries Unclustered: stealthy or isolated scammers ― Majority of unclustered data present isolated African actors => unorganized ― Macro-clusters cover African and many European actors => bigger organized groups covering Western markets
- 33. 33 Clusters by countries Unclustered: stealthy or isolated scammers ― Majority of unclustered data present isolated African actors => unorganized ― Macro-clusters cover African and many European actors => bigger organized groups covering Western markets Organized
- 35. 35 Conclusions Emails and phone numbers play a crucial role in Nigerian email scam – Campaigns are long and scarce – Scammers hide behind webmail and forwarded phones – Scam campaigns differ in their infrastructure, orchestration and modus operandi – Different scammers probably compete for trendy topics, thus changing topics over time
- 36. 36