The document provides information about the Ibaloi tribe of the Philippines. It discusses their origins, population, religion, agriculture-based subsistence, housing, clothing, social classes, healers, rituals, tattoos, courtship traditions, language, literature, famous mummies, and use of medicinal plants. The Ibaloi created unique fire-smoked mummies for important leaders as part of their burial practices.

1. By:
Myrnel D. Almoradie
Guinevere A. Casimpan
Theresa Camille S. Tobillo

3. GENERAL INFORMATION
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•Ibaloi = “from Baloy”
•first settled in a place in the town of
Kabayan known as Embosi

4. GENERAL INFORMATION
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
•one of the Igorot tribes from North
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
Luzon
•inhabit Central and Southern
Benguet and Western Nueva
Vizcaya
•in 1975, population is about 89,
000
•religion centered on ancestral
worship

5. GENERAL INFORMATION
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•mostly agricultural
people that
cultivate rice in
terraced fields

6. HOUSES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•generally scattered in the fields or on hillsides
•raised on posts for protection against animals
and pests and covered with a pyramidal thatched
roof
•some of the typical things inside their houses
are the shapolon (cooking place), shakiran
(three stones that serve as a stove), safatan
(rafter for tools) and so-olan (storage for
firewood)
•compact; easier to keep oneself warm in the
cold mountains of Benguet

7. HOUSES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•made out of
bamboo, stick,
wood and cogon
grass and tied
together using
bamboo and
rattan strips
•sturdy enough to
withstand the
gale-force wind
during typhoons

8. FOOD
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•subsistence is based on wet rice,
tubers, beans and maize
•occasionally, they also eat meat the
meat of pigs, dogs, chickens, carabaos,
horses and cattle

9. CLOTHES OF MEN
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•kubal or bahag (G-string)
•kubal is called tinuto, after a tree bark
and is of different types, depending on
the social status of the wearer
•a piece of bright-colored cloth twisted
and tied around the crown called a
kundiman is worn

10. KINDS OF KUBAL
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•padasan – black G-string used by the rich
•kolibao – white and black colors in
straight horizontal lines
•pinlak – plain white colors in straight
horizontal lines
•sinalibubo – combination of red, white
and black thread linings
•lunas – red or white G-strings used by
young people

11. CLOTHES OF WOMEN
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•from the age of 12, they wear a piece of
cloth called a libet or tapis and the kambal or
sadey or sadi
•during the cold season, they sometimes
wear a blanket called the shindi or dil-il and
tinwang for the common people, and the
sinakwit and al-laddang for the rich people
•a headwear of two varieties, the shinalibubo
and the binayyek, is worn

12. LIBET
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•full-waisted, long and wrapped around the
waist to serve as a skirt
• made of Ilocano, loom-woven material
with colored stripes of green, black, yellow
and white
•colors run horizontally in parallel lines
•when worn, it produces a plaid effect that
give the impression of stability, solidity and
serenity
•balkes – belt that holds the libet in place

13. KAMBAL
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•jacket worn to complete the dress
ensemble

14. ACCESSORIES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•necklaces of beads around the
head, gold earrings, armlets or
bracelets, and leglets

15. GIRLS
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
This is a vintage photo
taken in the early 1900 of
young Ibaloi girls in their
tapis and kambal, carrying
the kayabang or basket,
which is strapped on their
heads. Ibaloi children do
not have much playtime
because they worked in
the farm and helped with
daily household chores

16. MAN AND WOMAN
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
Ibaloi man and
woman

18. THE PEOPLE
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•shy and timid (“shiyay ak”)
•engaged in headhunting forages in
the past
•sacred rice wine and human brain
beverage
•known for their gallantry and valor
during wars like the Japanese
occupation

19. SOCIAL CLASSES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
There is a big differentiation
between the rich and the poor. The
rich class usually holds the power
and influence of the tribe.

20. TRIBAL PRIESTS/HEALERS
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
1. mansip-ok/mansib-ok
2. mambunong
3. mankotom

21. MANSIP-OK/MANSIB-OK
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•given the power to determine the cause
of a person’s illness, death or misfortune
•prescribes the appropriate ritual to
counteract these misfortunes, like killing
a number of carabao, cows, pigs or
chicken

22. MAMBUNONG
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•performs the bunong or ritual prayer and
administers the appropriate ritual
prescribed by the mansib-ok
•acts as the medium between the spirits
and the afflicted
•asks Kabunyan to heal the person's
illness
•gives assurance to the afflicted that the
ritual was performed well according to the
requirement of the spirit

23. MANKOTOM
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•group of elders oriented to the ways
and practices of the people in the
community
•keepers and guardians of customs and
tradition with high regards for the strict
observance of rituals
•capable of performing both the jobs of
the mansip-ok and mambunong

24. TEN TYPES OF FOLK HEALERS
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•menguenap (diviner) •mengekas ni mata
•mambunong (eye doctor)
(priest/priestess) •mengkal ni sangi
•manpa’nak (midwife) (dentist)
•menga’vet (midwife •mambegngao (cures
who can extract the using bengao)
placenta after child •menupsop (heals by
delivery with her bare sucking)
hands) •mengekas (general
•mengidut (masseur) practitioner)

25. HEALING WITH RITUALS
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•they believe that their Mengos-
Osdong, the highest and powerful of
all the spirits, is the omnipotent
authority who can treat diseases

26. DAWDAWAK/ANAWANG
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•ritual involving an appeal to the
Kabunyan to extend his healing
power to the mother for a quick
recovery

27. PAKDE
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•performed by the mambunong to
drive away death and disease-
causing spirits

28. KIAD
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•performed to appease the departed
ancestor who is causing sickness to
the family

29. POCPOCLEY
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•ritual performed to treat a man who
loses sexual vitality

31. TATTOO
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•putting on tattoos is now rare but
Ibaloi mummies show that they
used to practice full body suits of
tattooing

32. MALES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•symbol of male valor, strength, rank
and prestige
•tattoos on the body are records of their
headhunting and battle exploits
•the more body tattoos, the more they
are desirable as husbands

33. FEMALES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•usually get tattoos at a young age to
make them more beautiful and
attractive, as well as to get the respect
of their tribe
•placed on their arms and legs

34. BURIK
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•features
designs such as
lizards, snakes,
scorpions and
human
representations
•lizards are
believed to bring
prosperity

35. COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•Kalon and Kaising
•Both were practiced since the early
50’s until the early 80’s
•These traditions are not that practiced
anymore because the modern youth
believe that they should marry the
person that they love

36. KALON
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•the man chooses a woman he wants for a
wife and expresses his love through an
intermediary with a good reputation in the
community and through parental
agreement
•the intermediary talks about the man’s
good qualities
•the woman agrees to drink the tapey (rice
wine) offered by the intermediary if she
agrees to marry the man

37. KASING
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•the marriage of a man and a woman is pre-
arranged by their parents even before they were
born (tongtong)
•usually done by rich clans to keep their wealth
within their class
•in cases where one party retracts, that party will
have to butcher a pig, cow or carabao and pay
for all the expenses incurred during the tongtong
•during the preparation for the marriage, the
woman and the man are locked in a room for
them to get to know each other

38. NABALOI/INIBALOY
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•dialect of the Ibalois
•part of the Hesperonesian Group of the
Austronesian language family
•among the Ilocanos, the term means
“language of strangers”
•some Ilocano and Pangasinan words
have infiltrated the dialect

39. BREAKING NEWS
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•a group of Ibalois called the Makniba is
planning to put up an Ibaloi academy to
preserve their dialect and culture
•a Makniba member, Sandy Calado,
said that in 10 – 20 years, the dialect
may vanish
•present Ibalois seldom speak their
native tongue, unlike the other Igorot
tribes

40. LITERATURE
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•oral literature of riddles and fables that
reflect their societal problems
•legends usually pertain to their mythical
world and reflect their beliefs and
practices
•poetry consists of songs, ballads,
elegies and prayers
•famous epics: Kabuniyan and Bindian

41. UL-ULIT
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•stories handed down from generation
to generation
•Ilocano word referring to the things that
are repeated time after time
•used by the Ibaloi, it means “twice told
tales retold manyfold”

43. KABAYAN/FIRE MUMMIES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•group of mummies found in caves
around Kabayan, a town in Benguet
•there are around 200 man-made burial
caves, 15 of which contain mummies
•the Ibaloi tribe is the only tribal group
that creates mummies in the Philippines
•only tribal leaders were mummified
•most mummies are heavily tattooed

44. KABAYAN/FIRE MUMMIES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•many were stolen, including the
“smiling mummy”
•caves are designated as one of the 100
Most Endangered Sites in the World by
Monument Watch and is in the list of
UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites
•under Presidential Decree 374, the
mummies were proclaimed “Philippine
National Cultural Treasures”

45. WHEN THEY WERE MADE
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•scientists believe they were
created between 1200 and 1500
A.D.
•when the Spaniards came, they
discouraged the making of
mummies, thus the practice died out

46. HOW THEY WERE MADE
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
1. Person swallows a very salty drink.
2. After death, the body is washed and seated in a
chair over a glowing fire.
3. The body is brought out to the sun to hasten
drying and the outer skin is peeled off by elders.
3. Tobacco smoke is blown into the person’s mouth
to dry the internal organ.
4. Herbs are rubbed on the body.
5. After a number of months or even years, the
mummy is placed inside a pinewood coffin and
buried in a cave.

47. MUMMIES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS

48. MUMMIES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS

49. •a
APO ANNU
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•a tribal leader who died 500 years ago
•body was stolen between 1918 to 1920
in a cave near Natubling
•in 1984, it was donated back to the
National Museum
•“heavily tattooed and is covered with
dried flesh, brownish in color; in a sitting
position with arms held up to his face”

50. APO ANNU
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•residents of the area
believe that the
region was cursed
with droughts,
earthquakes and
famines since the
mummy was stolen

52. MEDICINAL PLANTS
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•the Ibalois have 75 plants that have the
capability to cure 44 ailments
•only the mengidot, manpa’nak,
menga’vet and mengekas prescribe
medical plants
•they use all the parts of the plants, but
the leaves are the most commonly used

53. MEDICINAL PLANTS
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•boiling and pounding/mashing are the
most commonly used procedure of
preparing the plants
•drinking the decoction as tea and
applying the preparation directly on the
affected areas as poultice are the usual
modes of administration

54. SOURCES
THE THE THE
THE TRIBE THE DEAD
PEOPLE CULTURE PLANTS
•Barnett, Milton L. (1967). "Subsistence and Transition of Agricultural
Development among the Ibaloi." In Studies in Philippine Anthropology,
edited by Mario D. Zamora, 299323. Quezon City: Alemar-Phoenix.
•http://carian.wikispaces.com/Medical+Practices-+Ibaloi-+Benguet
•http://ofwlayf.com/kabayan-mummies-in-benguet-philippines/98/
•http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090427-
201614/Respect-mummies-Pulag-trekkers-told
•http://www.mummytombs.com/mummylocator/group/kabayan.htm
•http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/net/2008/06/11/ibaloi.group.seeks.herit
age.revival.html
•http://demouser.i.ph/blogs/bluephoenix/2007/04/02/ibaloi-cultures/
•http://www.flixya.com/photo/276204/Philippines,_Ibaloi_tribe
•http://www.vanishingtattoo.com/tattoos_in_Philippines.htm
•http://www.baguio.gov.ph/index.php?q=content/ibaloi-dress
•http://www.everyculture.com/East-Southeast-
Asia/Ibaloi.html#ixzz0yYpnbOLS