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This document describes a modified Sierpinski fractal circular antenna designed for wireless automotive applications. The antenna structure is based on a complementary Sierpinski triangle surrounded by a circular patch. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna has good wideband characteristics and can effectively support WLAN applications at 2.4GHz. The antenna's performance at the 3rd and 5th iterations is analyzed and compared in terms of return loss, gain, directivity, radiation patterns and efficiency. The results indicate that increasing the number of iterations improves the antenna's return loss and gain while maintaining multiband capabilities.
This document describes the design and analysis of a hexagonal fractal antenna for ultra-wideband applications from 3-10.6 GHz. The antenna was designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. It was fed by a 50-ohm microstrip line. The antenna was simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results showed return loss below -10dB, VSWR below 2, and omnidirectional radiation patterns over the frequency band. Removing triangular patterns from the hexagonal patch increased the effective current path length and bandwidth of the antenna. The hexagonal fractal antenna design achieved good performance for UWB applications.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
This document discusses the design of a hybrid fractal microstrip patch antenna. It begins by defining what an antenna is and providing some background on their origin. It then discusses different types of antennas and describes the objectives of designing a hybrid multiband fractal patch antenna, which includes radiating over ultra wideband frequencies and increasing directivity while decreasing loss. The document outlines the advantages of microstrip patch antennas and why they are needed. It also examines the effects of substrates and slots on patch antennas. The designed antenna is able to resonate over multiple frequency bands and has applications in areas like guided missiles, navigation systems, and more.
This document describes a circularly polarized fractal antenna with an arc-slot geometry. It discusses how fractal antennas can provide multiband or wideband operation to meet modern wireless communication needs. The design procedure is outlined, beginning with a basic circular patch that is divided into quadrants and bisected at angles, with arc slots added using a generator at progressively smaller scales to create the fractal pattern over iterations. Experimental results showed the antenna achieved left-hand circular polarization with a 3dB axial ratio bandwidth of 7.9MHz and return loss bandwidth of 38MHz, matching simulated results. Potential applications include mobile communications, GPS, and military networks.
This document discusses a microstrip patch antenna project by Steve Jensen for his independent study at Northern Arizona University. The objectives are to understand antenna theory and microstrip patch antennas, design a patch antenna with calculations, simulate the design, and potentially build and test it. The report covers topics like Wi-Fi channels, antenna radiation, transmission lines, field regions, bandwidth, radiation patterns, microstrip antennas, antenna feeds, substrate properties, antenna designs for Rogers 3003 and FR-4 substrates, and simulations of the designs. The total time spent is planned to be 135-140 hours to complete the project by December 14, 2010.
This document summarizes research on different techniques for miniaturizing antennas for wireless applications. It discusses using slots in microstrip patch antennas, high permittivity dielectric substrates, and magneto-dielectric substrates. Simulation results show that magneto-dielectric substrates provide the best miniaturization while maintaining good bandwidth and radiation efficiency compared to other techniques. The document concludes that magneto-dielectric materials present opportunities for designing small, high-performance antennas.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
This document describes a modified Sierpinski fractal circular antenna designed for wireless automotive applications. The antenna structure is based on a complementary Sierpinski triangle surrounded by a circular patch. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna has good wideband characteristics and can effectively support WLAN applications at 2.4GHz. The antenna's performance at the 3rd and 5th iterations is analyzed and compared in terms of return loss, gain, directivity, radiation patterns and efficiency. The results indicate that increasing the number of iterations improves the antenna's return loss and gain while maintaining multiband capabilities.
This document describes the design and analysis of a hexagonal fractal antenna for ultra-wideband applications from 3-10.6 GHz. The antenna was designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6mm. It was fed by a 50-ohm microstrip line. The antenna was simulated using HFSS software. Simulation results showed return loss below -10dB, VSWR below 2, and omnidirectional radiation patterns over the frequency band. Removing triangular patterns from the hexagonal patch increased the effective current path length and bandwidth of the antenna. The hexagonal fractal antenna design achieved good performance for UWB applications.
Design of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Inset Feed TechniqueIOSR Journals
Abstract : Today in the world of communication systems the most widely researched area is of wireless technology and a study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the operation of the antennas. In the recent years of development in communication systems a need for the development of lightweight, compact and cost-effective antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a Micro strip patch antenna. In this work, the simulation tool of IE3D is used to study the performance and gain of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The design and simulation of patch antennas is widely used in mobile cellular phones today, and our emphasis in this work is on optimization of a 2.4 GHz rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. The return loss and the various gain plots have been studied along with the radiation patterns. Keywords: Gain, Inset feed, Patch antenna, Radiation pattern, Return Loss.
This document discusses the design of a hybrid fractal microstrip patch antenna. It begins by defining what an antenna is and providing some background on their origin. It then discusses different types of antennas and describes the objectives of designing a hybrid multiband fractal patch antenna, which includes radiating over ultra wideband frequencies and increasing directivity while decreasing loss. The document outlines the advantages of microstrip patch antennas and why they are needed. It also examines the effects of substrates and slots on patch antennas. The designed antenna is able to resonate over multiple frequency bands and has applications in areas like guided missiles, navigation systems, and more.
This document describes a circularly polarized fractal antenna with an arc-slot geometry. It discusses how fractal antennas can provide multiband or wideband operation to meet modern wireless communication needs. The design procedure is outlined, beginning with a basic circular patch that is divided into quadrants and bisected at angles, with arc slots added using a generator at progressively smaller scales to create the fractal pattern over iterations. Experimental results showed the antenna achieved left-hand circular polarization with a 3dB axial ratio bandwidth of 7.9MHz and return loss bandwidth of 38MHz, matching simulated results. Potential applications include mobile communications, GPS, and military networks.
This document discusses a microstrip patch antenna project by Steve Jensen for his independent study at Northern Arizona University. The objectives are to understand antenna theory and microstrip patch antennas, design a patch antenna with calculations, simulate the design, and potentially build and test it. The report covers topics like Wi-Fi channels, antenna radiation, transmission lines, field regions, bandwidth, radiation patterns, microstrip antennas, antenna feeds, substrate properties, antenna designs for Rogers 3003 and FR-4 substrates, and simulations of the designs. The total time spent is planned to be 135-140 hours to complete the project by December 14, 2010.
This document summarizes research on different techniques for miniaturizing antennas for wireless applications. It discusses using slots in microstrip patch antennas, high permittivity dielectric substrates, and magneto-dielectric substrates. Simulation results show that magneto-dielectric substrates provide the best miniaturization while maintaining good bandwidth and radiation efficiency compared to other techniques. The document concludes that magneto-dielectric materials present opportunities for designing small, high-performance antennas.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna with Optimization for Wireles...ijsrd.com
In this paper, design of conventional Rectangular patch Microstrip antenna has been proposed and its performance is analyzed. The design parameters of antenna are selected to achieve compact dimensions as well as best possible characteristics such as high gain, increased bandwidth with minimum return loss. Hence improved design has been demonstrated over elementary one. These antennas have been designed at 2.4GHz which enables its usage in wireless communication domain such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The antenna design and performance are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas can be used for many wireless communication systems.
This document describes the design and analysis of a slot fractal antenna using the Koch curve. The antenna is designed using iterations of the Koch curve applied to the slot geometry of the antenna. The antenna is simulated using HFSS software. The results show that applying two iterations of the Koch curve to the slot antenna design produces good return loss across multiple bands from 2GHz to 10GHz, making it suitable for wireless applications. The antenna is printed on an FR4 substrate that is 1.6mm thick with a relative permittivity of 4.4. Simulated results for the base design and designs with one and two iterations indicate that two iterations provides the best return loss performance.
This document summarizes research on conformal antennas. Conformal antennas are designed to conform to non-planar surfaces for aerodynamic or stealth purposes. Examples of conformal antenna designs discussed include microstrip arrays on cylinders and spheres. Parameters like gain are calculated based on satellite communication system requirements. Various conformal antenna designs are presented, including phased arrays on aircraft and ships to provide electronic beam steering. References discuss additional conformal antenna research.
The document discusses microstrip patch antennas and defected ground structures (DGS). It provides an overview of microstrip antenna design including patch geometries and feeding techniques. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of microstrip antennas. Next, it introduces DGS, describing various DGS unit cell shapes and their applications in delay lines and antennas. The document concludes by presenting the design and performance analysis of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with a dumbbell-shaped DGS cell for size reduction and efficiency improvement.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document presents a novel dual open stub and U-slot loaded square microstrip antenna design for quad-band operation between 4.37-9.40 GHz. The antenna consists of a square patch with two open stubs placed diagonally and a U-slot embedded in the center. Experimental results show the antenna resonates at four bands with impedance bandwidths between 1.7-9.25% and achieves a peak gain of 2.76 dB, which is 3.45 times higher than a conventional square microstrip antenna. The proposed antenna design is compact, uses low-cost materials, and may be suitable for wireless applications such as WLAN and systems operating in the X-band frequency range.
Designing of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band ApplicationIJMER
Microstrip patch antenna becoming very popular day by day because of its ease of analysis, fabrication, low cast, light weight easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. In this paper we proposed the designed of rectangular microstrip patch antenna to operate at frequency range 5-6 GHz. The simulation is carried out using high frequency simulation structure (HFSS) program.
The antenna is based on the modified epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of approximate 4.4. After simulation rectangular microstrip antenna performs characteristics such as VSWR & return loss smith chart
FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR AEROSPACE NAVIGATIONrupleenkaur23
This document is a dissertation submitted by Rupleen Kaur for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev University. The dissertation is on the design of a fractal microstrip patch antenna for aerospace navigation. It discusses the design and simulation of different fractal microstrip patch antenna configurations using HFSS software to achieve multiband operation for aerospace navigation applications. The simulated results of return loss, radiation pattern, gain and VSWR of the different antenna designs are presented and validated.
Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were mostly studied and used for military purposes before, they
have become very popular recently for both civil uses, such as law enforcement and crop survey, and for
potential commercial uses such as grocery delivery and Internet extension. Researchers investigating new
networking protocols for UAV networks usually need the help of simulations to test their protocol designs,
particularly when networks of large scales are desired in their tests. One choice that researchers need to
make in the simulation of UAV networks is the radio propagation model for the air links. In this paper we
compare the three radio propagation models that are available in the ns2 network simulation package and
investigate if the choice of one particular model would have a significant impact on the simulation results
for UAV networks.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Enhancement Of Bandwidth and Gain Of Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques to enhance the bandwidth and gain of microstrip patch antennas. Microstrip patch antennas inherently have a narrow bandwidth, which is not sufficient for many wireless communication applications. The document describes several methods to widen the bandwidth, such as using modified patch shapes, planar multi-resonator configurations, multilayer configurations, and stacked multi-resonator designs. It also discusses design considerations like choosing the appropriate substrate material and matching the input impedance. The overall goal is to develop microstrip patch antenna designs with bandwidths over 5-25% to meet the needs of modern wireless systems.
Artificial intelligence in the design of microstrip antennaRaj Kumar Thenua
This work presents a Neural Network model for the design of Microstrip Antenna for a desired frequency between 3.5 GHz to 5.5 GHz. The results obtained from the proposed method are compared with the results of IE3D and are found to be in good agreement. The advantage of the proposed method lies with the fact that the various parameters required for the design of specific Microstrip antenna at a particular frequency of interest can be easily extracted without going into the rigorous time consuming, iterative design procedures using a costly software package. In this work, a general design procedure is suggested for the Microstrip antennas using artificial neural networks and this is demonstrated using the rectangular patch geometry.
This thesis examines the design of a multiband fractal antenna based on Minkowski geometry for radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. The document begins with an introduction to fractal structures and their self-similar properties that allow for miniaturization. It then discusses Minkowski fractals specifically and reviews previous research on using Minkowski fractals as antennas. The thesis aims to design a multiband Minkowski fractal patch antenna that maintains a small size and high gain/efficiency at RFID frequency bands of 2.45GHz and 5.8GHz. Simulation results are presented on different iterations of Minkowski fractals as both loop and patch antennas to achieve this multiband response.
This document discusses patch antennas. It describes the basic structure of a patch antenna, which consists of a radiating metallic patch on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane on the other side. Patch antennas radiate a linearly polarized wave and have a very low profile. Their primary limitation is narrow bandwidth, which is typically less than 5% for single-substrate designs. Common patch antenna geometries include rectangular and circular shapes to generate different beam patterns.
Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at 3.8 GHz for WiMax Applicationiosrjce
The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz
suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the
resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the
antenna’s current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna
array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip
antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate.
This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement
with simulated results.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
This document provides an overview of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and their design. It discusses:
1) Common DRA characteristics such as resonant frequencies defined by material properties and dimensions. Multiple modes can be excited and radiation patterns depend on the excited mode.
2) Common feeding methods for DRAs including coaxial probes, microstrip lines, coplanar waveguides, and apertures. These determine the excited mode and coupling.
3) A case study of a cylindrical DRA analyzing modes using analytical equations and simulations. For a dielectric constant of 30, the HE11δ mode resonates at 503.6 MHz and is excited using a coaxial probe.
151_HEXAGONAL FRACTAL ANTENNA ARRAY FOR UWB APPLICATIONNAMAN BHARGAVA
1) The document describes the design and simulation of a hexagonal fractal antenna array for ultra-wideband applications.
2) The antenna is designed up to the third iteration using a miniaturization process on an FR4 substrate.
3) Simulation results show improved performance at the third iteration with high return loss and good voltage standing wave ratio for impedance matching within the 3-10.6 GHz band.
REVIEW OF FRACTAL TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNING MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X BANDIJEEE
This paper on fractal techniques for designing microstrip antenna exhibits details of fractal geometries developed to get multiband behavior of patch resonator antenna. In this paper the review on various techniques of compactness by fractal geometry on microstrip patch antenna for X band used for satellite communication and radar application are presented.
This document describes the design and simulation of a fractal coplanar waveguide fed multiband antenna. Five iterations of a fractal antenna design are created using FR4 epoxy substrate. The antenna is simulated using HFSS software. The results show the antenna operates at multiple bands in the L, C, and X bands with suitable return loss and VSWR across the bands. The fractal design approach allows the antenna to achieve multiband operation while maintaining a small size.
This document describes the design and analysis of a slot fractal antenna using the Koch curve. The antenna is designed using iterations of the Koch curve applied to the slot geometry of the antenna. The antenna is simulated using HFSS software. The results show that applying two iterations of the Koch curve to the slot antenna design produces good return loss across multiple bands from 2GHz to 10GHz, making it suitable for wireless applications. The antenna is printed on an FR4 substrate that is 1.6mm thick with a relative permittivity of 4.4. Simulated results for the base design and designs with one and two iterations indicate that two iterations provides the best return loss performance.
This document summarizes research on conformal antennas. Conformal antennas are designed to conform to non-planar surfaces for aerodynamic or stealth purposes. Examples of conformal antenna designs discussed include microstrip arrays on cylinders and spheres. Parameters like gain are calculated based on satellite communication system requirements. Various conformal antenna designs are presented, including phased arrays on aircraft and ships to provide electronic beam steering. References discuss additional conformal antenna research.
The document discusses microstrip patch antennas and defected ground structures (DGS). It provides an overview of microstrip antenna design including patch geometries and feeding techniques. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of microstrip antennas. Next, it introduces DGS, describing various DGS unit cell shapes and their applications in delay lines and antennas. The document concludes by presenting the design and performance analysis of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with a dumbbell-shaped DGS cell for size reduction and efficiency improvement.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document presents a novel dual open stub and U-slot loaded square microstrip antenna design for quad-band operation between 4.37-9.40 GHz. The antenna consists of a square patch with two open stubs placed diagonally and a U-slot embedded in the center. Experimental results show the antenna resonates at four bands with impedance bandwidths between 1.7-9.25% and achieves a peak gain of 2.76 dB, which is 3.45 times higher than a conventional square microstrip antenna. The proposed antenna design is compact, uses low-cost materials, and may be suitable for wireless applications such as WLAN and systems operating in the X-band frequency range.
Designing of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band ApplicationIJMER
Microstrip patch antenna becoming very popular day by day because of its ease of analysis, fabrication, low cast, light weight easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. In this paper we proposed the designed of rectangular microstrip patch antenna to operate at frequency range 5-6 GHz. The simulation is carried out using high frequency simulation structure (HFSS) program.
The antenna is based on the modified epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of approximate 4.4. After simulation rectangular microstrip antenna performs characteristics such as VSWR & return loss smith chart
FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR AEROSPACE NAVIGATIONrupleenkaur23
This document is a dissertation submitted by Rupleen Kaur for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Guru Nanak Dev University. The dissertation is on the design of a fractal microstrip patch antenna for aerospace navigation. It discusses the design and simulation of different fractal microstrip patch antenna configurations using HFSS software to achieve multiband operation for aerospace navigation applications. The simulated results of return loss, radiation pattern, gain and VSWR of the different antenna designs are presented and validated.
Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were mostly studied and used for military purposes before, they
have become very popular recently for both civil uses, such as law enforcement and crop survey, and for
potential commercial uses such as grocery delivery and Internet extension. Researchers investigating new
networking protocols for UAV networks usually need the help of simulations to test their protocol designs,
particularly when networks of large scales are desired in their tests. One choice that researchers need to
make in the simulation of UAV networks is the radio propagation model for the air links. In this paper we
compare the three radio propagation models that are available in the ns2 network simulation package and
investigate if the choice of one particular model would have a significant impact on the simulation results
for UAV networks.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Enhancement Of Bandwidth and Gain Of Microstrip Patch AntennaIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques to enhance the bandwidth and gain of microstrip patch antennas. Microstrip patch antennas inherently have a narrow bandwidth, which is not sufficient for many wireless communication applications. The document describes several methods to widen the bandwidth, such as using modified patch shapes, planar multi-resonator configurations, multilayer configurations, and stacked multi-resonator designs. It also discusses design considerations like choosing the appropriate substrate material and matching the input impedance. The overall goal is to develop microstrip patch antenna designs with bandwidths over 5-25% to meet the needs of modern wireless systems.
Artificial intelligence in the design of microstrip antennaRaj Kumar Thenua
This work presents a Neural Network model for the design of Microstrip Antenna for a desired frequency between 3.5 GHz to 5.5 GHz. The results obtained from the proposed method are compared with the results of IE3D and are found to be in good agreement. The advantage of the proposed method lies with the fact that the various parameters required for the design of specific Microstrip antenna at a particular frequency of interest can be easily extracted without going into the rigorous time consuming, iterative design procedures using a costly software package. In this work, a general design procedure is suggested for the Microstrip antennas using artificial neural networks and this is demonstrated using the rectangular patch geometry.
This thesis examines the design of a multiband fractal antenna based on Minkowski geometry for radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. The document begins with an introduction to fractal structures and their self-similar properties that allow for miniaturization. It then discusses Minkowski fractals specifically and reviews previous research on using Minkowski fractals as antennas. The thesis aims to design a multiband Minkowski fractal patch antenna that maintains a small size and high gain/efficiency at RFID frequency bands of 2.45GHz and 5.8GHz. Simulation results are presented on different iterations of Minkowski fractals as both loop and patch antennas to achieve this multiband response.
This document discusses patch antennas. It describes the basic structure of a patch antenna, which consists of a radiating metallic patch on a dielectric substrate with a ground plane on the other side. Patch antennas radiate a linearly polarized wave and have a very low profile. Their primary limitation is narrow bandwidth, which is typically less than 5% for single-substrate designs. Common patch antenna geometries include rectangular and circular shapes to generate different beam patterns.
Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at 3.8 GHz for WiMax Applicationiosrjce
The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz
suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the
resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the
antenna’s current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna
array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip
antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate.
This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement
with simulated results.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
This document provides an overview of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and their design. It discusses:
1) Common DRA characteristics such as resonant frequencies defined by material properties and dimensions. Multiple modes can be excited and radiation patterns depend on the excited mode.
2) Common feeding methods for DRAs including coaxial probes, microstrip lines, coplanar waveguides, and apertures. These determine the excited mode and coupling.
3) A case study of a cylindrical DRA analyzing modes using analytical equations and simulations. For a dielectric constant of 30, the HE11δ mode resonates at 503.6 MHz and is excited using a coaxial probe.
151_HEXAGONAL FRACTAL ANTENNA ARRAY FOR UWB APPLICATIONNAMAN BHARGAVA
1) The document describes the design and simulation of a hexagonal fractal antenna array for ultra-wideband applications.
2) The antenna is designed up to the third iteration using a miniaturization process on an FR4 substrate.
3) Simulation results show improved performance at the third iteration with high return loss and good voltage standing wave ratio for impedance matching within the 3-10.6 GHz band.
REVIEW OF FRACTAL TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNING MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR X BANDIJEEE
This paper on fractal techniques for designing microstrip antenna exhibits details of fractal geometries developed to get multiband behavior of patch resonator antenna. In this paper the review on various techniques of compactness by fractal geometry on microstrip patch antenna for X band used for satellite communication and radar application are presented.
This document describes the design and simulation of a fractal coplanar waveguide fed multiband antenna. Five iterations of a fractal antenna design are created using FR4 epoxy substrate. The antenna is simulated using HFSS software. The results show the antenna operates at multiple bands in the L, C, and X bands with suitable return loss and VSWR across the bands. The fractal design approach allows the antenna to achieve multiband operation while maintaining a small size.
This document presents a new printed slot antenna design based on the first iteration of the Sierpinski gasket fractal geometry for dual band wireless communication applications. The antenna is fed by a microstrip transmission line and exhibits resonant behavior at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz, making it suitable for dual band WLAN systems. Simulation results show the lower resonant band is determined by the slot size, while the feed length and position of a vertical stub affect the upper band matching and frequency. Parametric studies optimize the antenna for good impedance matching across both bands.
Circular Shape , Dual Band proximity feed UWB AntennaAmitesh Raikwar
Abstract:- This paper presents novel proximity feed, microstrip antenna with dual band operative frequency and having ultra wide bandwidth with center frequency at 3GHz. This Circular shaped microstrip antenna offers a dual band. This paper suggests an alternative approach in enhancing the band width of microstrip antenna for the wireless application operating at a frequency of 3 GHz. A bandwidth enhancement of more than 21% was achieved. The measured results have been compared with the simulated results using software IE3D version-14.0.
MINIATURISATION OF PATCH ANTENNA USING NOVEL FRACTAL GEOMETRYIAEME Publication
In the Field of low profile antennamicro strip patch antennas have attracted many researchers due to small sizeand low cost of fabrication. One of trending member of new designs is Fractalantenna. Fractal shapes are recursive/repetitive self-similar geometries, dueto this self-similarity they can provide high gain, multiband, widebandsolutions and design miniature antenna. Fractal shapes are widely used incomputing, analysis and design; recent trends suggest positive outcomes ofusing fractal shapes in electromagnetics and communication system. In thispaper Jerusalem cube fractal shape is introduced in probe fed conventionalpatch antenna for L1 band. A dual band antenna resonating at 1.41 GHz (L) and3.37 (S) GHz, band is constructed using said fractal shape.
This document presents the design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna for triple band applications in digital communication systems. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.5 GHz bands. It consists of a rectangular patch fed by a microstrip line with two additional arms of different lengths acting as resonators. Simulation results show the antenna achieves impedance matching across bandwidths of 700 MHz, 800 MHz, and 1 GHz at the three frequencies. It has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and gain between 5-6 dBi. The compact triple band design reduces the antenna size by 67% compared to a conventional patch antenna.
This document describes the design of a patch antenna that can operate at multiple frequency bands using metamaterials. A rectangular patch antenna is designed to operate at 3 GHz. Then, a unit cell of complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is designed to also operate at 3 GHz. An array of this CSRR unit cell is placed on the patch to act as a metamaterial and enable multiband operation. Specifically, the antenna is designed to resonate in the Bluetooth, WiMax and Wi-Fi bands. Simulation results using HFSS software show that the proposed antenna provides good performance in terms of voltage standing wave ratio, return loss and impedance matching for multiband operation.
HFSS ANTENNA FOR KU BAND WITH DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURESAKSHAT GANGWAR
A wide band Microstrip antenna is proposed for Ku band applications with defected groundd structure. A circular shape defect is integrated in the ground plane. A novel equivalent circuit model is proposed for Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure. Accurate design equations are presented for the wideband Microstrip antenna and theoretical analysis is done for the proposed structure. The proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 56.67% ranging from 9.8 GHz to 17.55 GHz, which covers Ku-band and partially X-band. The antenna shows good radiation characteristics within the entire band, and has a gain ranging from 5 dBi to 12.08 dBi. Minimum isolation between co-polar and cross-polarization level of 20 dB and 15 dB is achieved in H-plane and E-plane respectively. The simulation of the proposed antenna is done on HFSS v.13, and measured results of fabricated antenna are in good agreement with the theoretical and simulated results
The document describes the design and testing of a circular microstrip patch array antenna for C-band altimeter systems. It discusses using an array of four circular microstrip elements with equal size and spacing to achieve a gain of 12 dB. The antenna was simulated using HFSS and Microwave Office software. Comparison of simulated and measured results showed good agreement, achieving the design goals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Efficient Design of Sierpinski Fractal Antenna for High Frequency ApplicationsIJERA Editor
A wideband published slot antenna appropriate for wireless code division multiple access (WCDMA) and
sustaining the international interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications is planned here. The
antenna is fractal line fed and its construction is based on fractal geometry where the resonance frequency of
antenna is dropped by applying iteration methods. Fractal antennas are the most suited for aerospace and UWB
applications because of their low profile, light weight and low power handling capacity. They can be designed in
a variety of shapes in order to obtain enhanced gain and bandwidth, dual band and circular polarization to even
ultra-wideband operation. For the simulation process ANSOFT HFSS (high frequency structure simulator) has
been used. The effect of antenna dimensions and substrate parameters on the performance of antenna have been
discussed. The antenna has been designed using the Arlon substrate with relative permittivity of 1.3 and a
substrate of Sierpinski Carpet shaped placed on it. Feed used is the fractal line feed. The designed antenna is a
low profile, small size and multiband antenna since it can be operated at different frequencies within the
frequency range of 4.3GHz to 11GHz. It includes the frequencies used for wireless WCDMA application and
used to receive and transmit a high-frequency signal.
T- Shape Antenna Design for Microwave Band Applications IJEEE
The document summarizes the design and simulation of a T-shaped fractal microstrip patch antenna for microwave band applications. The antenna was designed using a fractal technique with a scaling factor of 1/3 at each iteration to achieve multiband operation. Simulation results showed resonances at 2.4 GHz, 6.8 GHz, 8 GHz, 10.8 GHz, 12.2 GHz and 15.4 GHz with bandwidths ranging from 230 MHz to 2 GHz. The antenna exhibited VSWR less than 2 and gain higher than other resonant frequencies at 2.4 GHz, 8 GHz and 15.4 GHz. The fractal antenna design achieved size reduction and multiband performance making it suitable for applications such as wireless communications.
Extended-Bandwidth Microstrip Circular Patch Antenna for Dual Band Applications IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new wideband microstrip circular patch antenna (MCPA) fed by proximity-coupled line with double-stub matching to achieve dual-band operation. Bandwidth extension is achieved by exciting higherorder modes in the circular radiating patch, and using two stubs to achieve adequate matching across the obtained two bands. The characteristics of the antenna such as reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are investigated and optimized through parametric studies using the CST Microwave Studio Suite. The antenna achieved a large relative bandwidth of 45.16% at the upper band, while the lower one has 10.3% relative bandwidth. The maximum achieved gain of the dual-band antenna in the 5.8GHz band is 4.62dBi while it is 4.85dBi in the upper band. The antenna has an overall size of 30×30×3.2mm3 corresponding to 0.58λ × 0.58 λ × 0.062 λ at the lower band of 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna should be useful for WLAN and X-band communication systems.
Modified T&U Shape Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Communication.IJSRD
Modern communication system requires high gain, large bandwidth and less size antennas which shows excellent performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. Proposed system uses FR4 as a dielectric substrate(€r=4.4).Proposed Triangular Miscrostrip Patch antenna is designed with additional T & U shape ,simulated by using high frequency simulation software HFSS & finally tested with the help of vector network analyzer (VNA -N9923A) . Various antenna parameters like Return Loss, Gain and VSWR etc. are calculated using HFSS. The antenna has been designed to operate on the range of 5.5GHz. This paper report the simulation result using equilateral triangular patch antenna with Microstrip line feed.
The document reviews fractal geometries for wireless applications. It discusses fractal antennas using Sierpinski gasket, Sierpinski carpet, Koch curve, and Hilbert curve shapes. These fractal antennas have multiband behavior, compact size and support multiple frequencies. The document provides examples of fractal antennas for applications such as UWB devices, aeronautical navigation and wireless power transmission systems. It concludes fractal antennas are well suited for wireless communication due to their ability to operate at multiple frequencies while maintaining a small size.
Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Parameter Study with HFSSOmkar Rane
This document describes the design and parametric study of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MSA) using HFSS software. Key points:
- MSA design involves calculating the patch width and length based on the operating frequency, substrate properties. An MSA with dimensions of 16.597mm x 12.438mm was designed to operate at 5.5GHz.
- A parametric study was conducted by varying the patch dimensions and substrate properties to analyze their effect on performance. This included increasing/decreasing patch size, changing substrate height and material.
- MSAs have applications in mobile/satellite communications, GPS, RFID, WiMax, radar, and telemedicine due to their low profile,
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates slots of different sizes and a defected ground structure to achieve the dual-band functionality. Simulation results using IE3D software show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz. The fabricated antenna prototype shows good agreement with the simulated results, with a measured return loss of -12.71 dB. The proposed antenna design achieves the goal of operating at two frequency bands for applications requiring body-centric wireless communication.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Study On The Improvement Of Bandwidth Of A Rectangular Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Microstrip antennas or patch antennas are popular for their attractive features such as low profile,
low weight, low cost, ease of fabrication and integration with RF devices. Micro strip antennas have been found
favorable because they are inexpensive to manufacture and compatible with monolithic microwave integrated
circuit designs (MMIC). They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the
antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonance frequency. A Microstrip or patch antenna is a
narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which
forms a ground plane. The most commonly employed microstrip antenna is a rectangular patch.
The major disadvantages of Microstrip antennas are lower gain and very narrow bandwidth. Microstrip patch
antennas have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth (3-6%) of the central frequency. Millimeter
wave technology being an emerging area is still much undeveloped. As micro strip antennas have found wide
variety of application areas, a number of techniques are evolved to improve its limited bandwidth. A good
approach to improve the bandwidth is increasing the thickness of substrate supporting the micro strip patch.
However problems exist on the ability to effectively feed the patch on a thick substrate and the radiation
efficiency can degrade with increasing substrate thickness. A substantial research needs to be done in this area
as its applications are numerous. The radiation patterns and S11 performance are used for the analysis of the
different configurations. In the present endeavor a rectangular patch antenna is designed on thick substrate and simulated using MATLAB software and configuration on different dielectric susbstrates was used .
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Implementation of a plus shaped fractal antennas for multi-band applications
1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Vol, 04 || Issue, 12 || December – 2014 ||
International Journal of Computational
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 54
Implementation of a plus shaped fractal antennas for multi-band
applications
Maisarla.Chinnayya1
Valluri.Dhana Raj2
Dr.A.Mallikarjuna
Prasad3
Dr.M.Satyanarayana4
Dr.G.M.V.Prasad5
1, 2,3,4,5 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
1,2 B.V.C.E.C,3 JNTUK,4 MVGR,5 BVCITS
I. INTRODUCTION
In the modern era, man is the alter ego of luxury. A device supporting WLAN, GPS, GPRS, NFC and
many more is the demand for the day. If the antenna is applied for each lineament, the size of the desired device
wanted be a perpetuity. Also, the hindrances are single band performances of conventional antenna and
dependence between size and functioning frequency. Fractal antenna appeared to be the solution aimed at this
requirement. A fractal antenna is an antenna with a self-similar figure to enhance the perimeter of the cloth
below the issue of electromagnetic radiations within a given total surface area or bulk is named as fractal
antenna. The term fractal, derived from “fractals”, coined by Mandelbrot, entails breaking or irregular
fragments. Radiation characteristics are importantly leveraged by the antenna size about the wavelength. For
useful results, the size should be in the order of λ/2 or larger. However, designing with these parameters would
deteriorate the bandwidth, efficiency, and profit. Multiband antenna plays a vibrant part.
II. ADVANCEMENTS & USES
Advantages of fractal antennas are more numerous than those of conventional antennas. The main
benefit of the former is its multiband behavior at reduced size. On performing iterations on the basic form, one
can obtain increased bandwidth and multi-band nature, contributing to improved VSWR and return losses. The
simulated and experimental effects are found to be in full accord. The iteration results obtained are very
abundant involved in cellular communications. The self-similarity feature would enhance multi-band and ultra-
wide band properties of the transmitting aerial. Shrinking of antenna is possible with space-filling property of
the fractal antenna. The generous variety of this antenna spreads from the design of MIC components to
contemporary day cellular antennas. It can replace the duck antennas in cellular communication. These antennas
are also applied to locate oil, identify geologic faults, and possibly predicting earthquakes. Acid rain and erosion
can be established by these antennas. The Spring manufacturing uses the fractal geometry to abate the testing
period of strings from 3 days to 3 minutes.
ABSTRACT
Radical changes are taking position in wireless communications technology at a rapid pace to satisfy
the current day requirements. Nevertheless the demand for lavishness and mitigated tautness is very
much active. An antenna with broader bandwidth, multiband operations, and low profile
characteristics are the underlying root of all the modern day demands. Fractal antenna fills this
rareness with its unusual attributes of self-similarity and multi-band behavior besides possessing the
qualities the features of an ideal antenna. A multi-band antenna can remain applied for operating in
more than a single set of frequencies. This singular feature is reinforced using plus shape fractal
antenna. This is engaged to supply the needs of the world with its bankable features. Since of its
savory properties, it is felt that this report should deal with this fractal type and its cornucopia
applications. The main ascendancy of fractal antennas over conventional antennas is shortened the
size then multi-band nature. In this paper, the claims and advantages of plus shaped slotted fractal
antenna were presented along with their design and radiation properties. It gets its applications in
the areas of medicine, military, geology and nevertheless wireless communication. The simulation
results are presented using HFSS 13 and verified with a network analyzer.
KEYWORDS: Fractal, HFSS, self-similarity
2. Implementation Of A Plus Shaped Fractal Antennas…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 55
III. FRACTAL CONCEPT
Fractal antenna theory, is an allowance of Euclidian geometry, stems from the classical electromagnetic
theory. The main properties of this antenna are self-similarity and space-filling. This self-similar nature enables
similar surface current distributions for different frequencies, i.e. multiband behavior is got. By way of space
filling property increases the electrical length, slenderized size can be obtained at a desired resonant frequency.
In conventional microstrip patch antennas, multiband behavior is accomplished by using multiple radiating
elements or reactively loaded patch antennas and the same is possible with self-similarity property in case of
fractal antennas. These antennas are basically self-loathing as inductance and capacitance are added without the
utilization of any external components and as a result they consist of various resonant frequencies.
Mathematically a fractal is defined based on a fractal dimension given by
Ds , where N is the number of copies of entire object and γ is the scaling factor of each copy
IV. TYPES OF FRACTAL ANTENNAS
The various types of fractal antennas are
Hilbert Curve fractal Dipole: Its chief distinctive is the show of lower resonant frequency than any other
antenna of the same proportions.
Fig.4.1.Hilber curve Fractal Antenna
4.2 Koch Fractal Monopole: It is a small antenna offering characteristics which no other antenna with the
same dimensions could achieve. The fractal dimension of this antenna is log 4/log 3 ≈ 1.26 which is heavier
than the dimension of a line but less than Peano's space-filling curve.
Fig.4.2. Koch Fractal Monopole Antenna
There are also a few other cases like a triangular fractal antenna, plus shape slotted fractal antenna that we are
dealing in detail.
3. Implementation Of A Plus Shaped Fractal Antennas…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 56
TRIANGULAR FRACTAL ANTENNA: The triangular fractal antenna is a good example of a self-similar
antenna that shows multi-band behavior. It shows several resonance bands. It has a log-periodic behavior with
bands specified by a factor s=2 and with a moderate bandwidth of 21%. The antenna is matched at frequencies:
f n= 0.26 Sn
, where S=2 is log-periodic constant , n is a natural number, c is the speed of light in vacuum and h
is the height of largest TFA The stages of expression of a fractal antenna are as indicated in the image. Initially
an equilateral triangle and in the next step the center triangle with vertices located at center of the positions of
the former triangle are removed. The triangular fractal is generated by holding out this iterative process an
infinite number of times.
Fig4.3.Triangular fractal antenna
The fractal antenna is envisioned on the FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6millimeter.
fr = 0.3 cos (α) Sn
Where fr is a resonant frequency, α is flare angle, εr is a relative permittivity of the substrate, h is the height of
gasket, S is a scale factor, n is iteration
lx = 2h tan and l1=l2= ( h2
+ (a/2)2
)1/2
Where lx is length of the edge opposite the flare angle α and l1, l2 are the outer edges
In order to calculate the side of the triangular fractal antenna the following parameters are required
C = 3x108
ε*
r,dyn=4.2 (FR-4)
Leff= (3.a)/2
fr=2.4 GHz
From the above formulae aimed at resonant frequency, the position of the triangle is calculated as a= 32 mm.
SLOTTED PLUS SHAPE FRACTAL ANTENNA: It is designed based on the fractal concepts for a
multiband behavior. A plus shaped patch is removed and is subjected to iterations. Later on each iteration the
dimensions decrease to 1/3rd of the base frame. Higher iterations show that the resonant frequencies become
lower than those of zero iterations that represent a conventional plus shaped patch. The design specifications are
€r=4. 4 and thickness is 1.6mm. The base antenna is equally indicated in the image.
4. Implementation Of A Plus Shaped Fractal Antennas…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 57
Fig.4. 4.1 1st
iteration Plus shaped fractal antenna(PFA)
The first iteration patch is deliberate by four plus shapes of order (1/3) of the improper form are placed touching
the foot frame. The same routine is realistic for the iteration 2 where the dimensions are changed as
e = (1/9) a & g = (1/9) c also f = (1/9) b & h = (1/9) d. i = (1/9) e & k = (1/9) g also j = (1/9) f & l =
(1/9) h
Where a, b, c and d are the distances and widths of plus shape in base antenna and e, f, g and h are the distances
and widths of plus shapes added to the base antenna and my, j, k and l are the distances and breadths of the plus
shapes added to the antenna in the second iteration. So with optimized design the dimensions obtained are a =
45.3 mm, b = 15.1 mm, c = 35.4 mm, d = 11.8 mm. The duration of the slot is Ls = 21.675 mm and width of the
slot Wise. e. r = 2 mm. The proportion of the ground plan is 55 mm × 85 mm. A 50 ohm SMA connector is
utilized to feed the antenna by using microstrip feed technique. Optimized microstrip line with following
dimension, m = 0.5 mm, n = 18.55 mm, o = 3.05 mm, p = 18.4 mm. The suitable feed location is received
through the optimization process by using the HFSS software.
Fig.4.4.2 2nd
Iteration PFA
5. Implementation Of A Plus Shaped Fractal Antennas…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 58
During the first iteration the resonant frequency obtained is 1.27 GHz, which is lower compared to that
of 2.199 GHz of the base antenna and when the same antenna is slotted the resonant frequency obtained is
0.99GHz with a phenomenal size reduction of 79.88% and on the second iteration of the same antenna multiple
bands are held. It is found that with increasing the slot length starting from the sharpness of the patch, resonant
frequency decreases.
V. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP FED COPLANAR
ANTENNA:
Step1: Take any substrate with thickness h and relative dielectric constant r
and calculate the width (w1) of
the microstrip transmission line for 50 Ω characteristic impedance.
Step2: The width of the center strip (w) calculated using the following equation
Where
c is the velocity of light and
f2 is the second resonant frequency.
So the field components are not restricted to the substrate alone the effective dielectric constant) has to be
applied instead of relative permittivity of the substratum substrate.
Step3:
The distance of the three rectangular strips is then counted as
Where f1 = 1st
resonant frequency
Step4:
Width of the lateral conductors (C) is obtained using the equation given below.
When h = thickness of the dielectric substrate.
Step5:
Gap separating center strip from the lateral strips is then computed
Where c = velocity of the electromagnetic signal in the free place
Step6:
Ground plane dimensions are calculated using the following equations.
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0.12 And 0.98 are the constants that are derived empirically after studying the issue of the ground plane on the
two resonant frequencies.
Step7: The two extreme corners of the lateral conductors are connected to the ground plane of the microstrip
line using visas or conducting pins.
VI. SIMULATION OF PLUS SHAPED SLOTTED FRACTALLY ANTENNA
Plus shaped slotted fractal antenna (1st
iteration) the simulation results obtained on the first iteration are
Figure 6.1.1: HFSS pattern of 1st
iteration on plotting its response the following graphs are obtained
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Freq[GHz]
-20.00
-17.50
-15.00
-12.50
-10.00
-7.50
-5.00
-2.50
0.00
dB(St(Rectangle1_T1,Rectangle1_T1))
HFSSDesign1XYPlot55 ANSOFT
m1
m2
CurveInfo
dB(St(Rectangle1_T1,Rectangle1_T1))
Setup1:Sweep
Name X Y
m1 0.9427 -13.3468
m2 2.9809 -19.2038
Figure 6.1.2: the Return Loss curve of 1st
iteration
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Freq [GHz]
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
VSWRt(Rectangle1_T1)
HFSSDesign1XYPlot69 ANSOFT
m1 m2
CurveInfo
VSWRt(Rectangle1_T1)
Setup1:Sweep
Name X Y
m1 0.9427 1.5481
m2 2.9809 1.2462
Figure 6.1.3: VSWR curve of 1st
iteration
The antenna has resonating frequencies at 0.94GHz and 3GHz, and the return losses are -13.5 and -19 at these
frequencies respectively, where the VSWR obtained is between 1 and 2 at both frequencies.
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Simiulated Plus shaped slotted fractal antenna (2nd
iteration). The simulation results obtained on 2nd
iteration are
Figure 6.2.1: HFSS pattern of 2nd
iteration PFA
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Freq [GHz]
-14.00
-12.00
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
dB(St(Rectangle14_T1,Rectangle14_T1))
HFSSDesign1XY Plot 95 ANSOFT
m1
m2
Curve Info
dB(St(Rectangle14_T1,Rectangle14_T1))
Setup1 : Sweep
Name X Y
m1 0.9035 -13.7264
m2 3.1377 -11.4681
Figure 6.2.2: the Return Loss curve of 2nd
iteration
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Freq [GHz]
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
VSWRt(Rectangle14_T1)
HFSSDesign1XY Plot 119 ANSOFT
m1 m2
Curve Info
VSWRt(Rectangle14_T1)
Setup1 : Sweep
Name X Y
m1 0.9035 1.5186
m2 3.1377 1.7287
Figure 6.2.3: VSWR curve of 2nd
iteration
The antenna resonates at frequencies 0.9GHz and 3.13GHz, which is dual band and the VSWR obtained at these
frequencies is found to be between 1 and 2 and the return losses are -13.76 and -11.46 respectively.
The outcomes found when physically tested on a vector network analyzer are
Figure 6.2.4: Fabricated antenna on 2nd
iteration
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Figure 6.2.5: Return loss curve of the 2nd
iteration
Figure 6.2.6: VSWRcurve of the 2nd
iteration
Figure 6.2.7: Group delay curve of the 2nd
iteration
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Figure 6.2.8: Phase plot of the 2nd
iteration
Figure 6.2.9: polar plot of the 2nd
iteration
VII. RESULT ANALYSIS
Plus shaped slotted fractal antenna: The PFA acts as a dual band antenna resonated at two different groups
0.94GHz and 3GHz and the experimentation results of 1GHz, 2.94GHz and 3.12GHz. Details of the simulated
and experimental results were exhibited below:
Table 9.1: Results obtained for the antennas
S.no Parameter
Plus the shaped fractal antenna
1st
iteration 2nd
iteration
1.
Return losses at 1st
resonant
frequency
-13.5db at 0.94GHz -13.6db at 0.9GHz
2.
Return losses at 2nd
resonant
frequency
-19db at 3GHz -11.6db at 3.13GHz
3. VSWR at 1st
resonant frequency 1-2 at 0.94GHz 1-2 at 0.94GHz
4. VSWR at 2nd
resonant frequency 1-2 at 3GHz 1-2 at 3.13GHz
5.
% Bandwidth
At 1st
resonant frequency
3.53% 3.7%
6.
% Bandwidth at 2nd
resonant
frequency
3.69% 1.7%
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VIII. CONCLUSIONS
As per the simulation and experimental results obtained the proposed plus shaped antenna exhibited the
multiband nature, The plus shaped slotted fractal antenna resonated at 0.94 GHz, 3.43GHz and 4GHz on 2nd
iteration. Hence, the proposed antennas can find the application in wireless communication systems where size
reduction is one of the key factors. Further, the number of iterations are increased to meet the wireless standard
requirements. Fractal antennas also decrease the area of a resonant antenna, which could lower the radar cross-
section (RCS). These benefits can be exploited in military applications where the RCS of the antenna is a very
crucial parameter.
REFERENCES
[1] Hary Breed, 2009, “The Fundamentals of Patch Antenna Design and Performance”, High Frequency Electronics, Summit
Technical Media, LLC
[2] Douglas H. Werner and Suman Ganguly, “An Overview of Fractal Antenna Engineering Research,” IEEE, Antennas and
Propagation Magazine, Vol.45, No.1, 2003, 38-57
[3] K. Sing, V. Grewal and R. Saxena, “Fractal Antennas: A Novel Miniaturization Technique for Wireless Communications,”
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2009, pp. 172-176.
[4] F. J. Jibrael and M. H. Hammed, “A New Multiband Patch Microstrip Plusses Fractal Antenna for Wireless Applications,”
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 8, 2010, pp. 155-158.
[5] Vinay. K J.,“Fractal shaped antenna elements for wide and multi-band wireless applications Thesis, Pennsylvania, Aug. 2002.
[6] Greg, Bhatia, Bahl, Ittipiboon, “Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook”, ArtechHouse, London, 2000.
[7] R. Kumar and P. Malathi, “Design of CPW –Fed Ultra-wideband Fractal Antenna and Backscattering Reduction”, Journal of
Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 10-19, June 2010