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1. Unit-IV-A
On-Chip Peripherals And Programming
Embedded Programming: Data Types,
Operators Embedded Programming: Data
Conversion, I/O Programming Timer/Counter:
Operating Modes, Programming.
UART:Operating Modes, Programming.

2. • A timer in a microcontroller is a hardware component
that counts time or increments or decrements at a set
rate. Timers are also known as counters.
• How does a timer work?
• A timer receives a clock signal from the microcontroller
• It increments or decrements based on the clock signal
• It can count up or down, depending on how it's
configured
• It can roll over when it reaches a maximum value

3. TMOD (Timer Mode Register)
An 8-bit register that controls the operating modes of Timers 0 and 1
The lower 4 bits control Timer 0, and the upper 4 bits control Timer 1
The TMOD register selects the timer or counter and mode of timers
The TMOD register has a gate bit that controls whether the timer is started and
stopped by software or hardware
The TMOD register has mode select bits, M1 and M0, that select the timer
operations