2. Social System
Social System- is a central term in sociological systems theory. The term draws a
line to ecosystem, biological organisms, psychical systems and technical systems.
They all form the environment of social systems. Minimum requirements for a
social system is interaction of at least two personal systems or two persons acting in
their roles. The first who formulated a systematic theory of social systems was
Talcott Parsons where it was a part of his AGIL paradigm yet the social system is
only a segment (or a "subsystem") of what Parsons calls action theory;
however, Vilfredo Pareto had used the term, "social system," earlier but only as a
sketch and not as an overall analytical scheme in the sense of Parsons.
Open system- is a system which continuously interacts with its environment. The
interaction can take the form of information, energy, or material transfers into or
out of the system boundary, depending on the discipline which defines the concept.
An open system should be contrasted with the concept of an isolated system which
exchanges neither energy, matter, nor information with its environment.

3. Social Equilibrium
In sociology, a system is said to be social equilibrium
when there is a dynamic working balance among its
interdependent parts. Each subsystem will adjust to any
change in the other subsystems and will continue to do so
until an equilibrium is retained. The process of achieving
equilibrium will only work if the changes happen
slowly, but for rapid changes it would throw the social
system into chaos, unless and until a new equilibrium can
be reached.

4. Functional and Dysfunctional Effects
It is a FUNCTIONAL EFFECT– when it is favorable for
the system.
It is a DYSFUNCTIONAL EFFECT— if an action or a
change creates unfavorable effects (ex: decline in
productivity.)

5. Psychological and Economic Contracts
Psychological contract represents the mutual
beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations between an employer
and an employee. It sets the dynamics for the relationship and defines
the detailed practicality of the work to be done. It is distinguishable
from the formal written contract of employment which, for the most
part, only identifies mutual duties and responsibilities in a generalized
form.

7. Exchange theory - view social order as the unplanned outcome
of acts of exchange between members of society. There are two
major variants. Rational-choice (or, as it is sometimes
known, rational-action) theory locates the source of order in the
personal advantage individuals gain through co-operative
exchange. Anthropological-exchange theory claims that both
order and the pursuit of individual advantage are effects of the
underlying ritual and symbolic nature of the thing exchanged. In
both versions social conflict (or disorder) is simply the
consequence of the breakdown of the exchange process.

8. Social culture
 Whenever people act in accordance with the expectations of
others, their behavior is SOCIAL.
 While CULTURE is the conventional behavior of her society and it
influences all of the people’s action.
 SOCIAL CULTURE- society and culture shape cognition. Social
customs, beliefs, values, and language are all part of what shapes a
person's identity and reality. According to this approach, what a person
thinks is based on his or her socio-cultural background

9. Cultural diversity
Cultural diversity- is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as
opposed to monoculture, as in the global monoculture, or a
homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay. For example, before
Hawaii was conquered, the culturally diverse Hawaiian culture existed
in the world, and contributed to the world's cultural diversity. Now
Hawaii has been westernized; the vast majority of its culture has been
replaced with Western or American culture. The phrase cultural
diversity can also refer to having different cultures respect each other's
differences. The phrase cultural diversity is also sometimes used to
mean the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or
in the world as a whole. The culturally destructive action of
globalization is often said to have a negative effect on the world's
cultural diversity.

10. Discrimination and Prejudice
Discrimination- is the prejudicial or distinguishing treatment of an
individual based on their actual or perceived membership in a certain
group or category, such as their race, gender, sexual
orientation, ethnicity, national origin, or religion. It involves the group's
initial reaction or interaction, influencing the individual's actual behavior
towards the group or the group leader, restricting members of one group
from opportunities or privileges that are available to another
group, leading to the exclusion of the individual or entities based on
logical or irrational decision making.
Prejudice (or foredeeming) is most often used to refer to
preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person
because of gender, social
class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race/ethnicity, language, nationalit
y or other personal characteristics. It can also refer to unfounded beliefs
and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to
rational influence." Gordon Allport defined prejudice as a
"feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not
based on, actual experience.