Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition where the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure. Several risk factors can increase one's chances of developing hypertension, including age, family history, being overweight, lack of physical activity, too much salt/not enough potassium in the diet, drinking too much alcohol, stress, and certain medical conditions. Lifestyle changes like losing weight, quitting smoking, following a healthy diet like the DASH diet, and increasing physical activity can help treat and prevent high blood pressure. Drug treatment may involve ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or diuretics. Regular checkups are important for hypertensive patients after starting treatment to

1. HYPERTENSION

2. HYPERTENSION
•Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood
pressure, is a condition in which the blood vessels have
persistently raised pressure. Blood is carried from the
heart to all parts of the body in the vessels. Each time
the heart beats, it pumps blood into the vessels. Blood
pressure is created by the force of blood pushing against
the walls of blood vessels (arteries) as it is pumped by
the heart. The higher the pressure the harder the heart
has to pump

4. Stages of hypertension

5. RISK FACTORS OF HYPERTENSION
• Age. The risk of high blood pressure increases as you age. Until about
age 64, high blood pressure is more common in men. Women are
more likely to develop high blood pressure after age 65
• Family history. High blood pressure tends to run in families.
• Being overweight or obese. The more you weigh the more blood you
need to supply oxygen and nutrients to your tissues. As the volume of
blood circulated through your blood vessels increases, so does the
pressure on your artery walls.
• Not being physically active. People who are inactive tend to have
higher heart rates. The higher your heart rate, the harder your heart
must work with each contraction and the stronger the force on your
arteries. Lack of physical activity also increases the risk of being
overweight.

6. • Too much salt (sodium) in your diet. Too much sodium in your diet can
cause your body to retain fluid, which increases blood pressure.
• Too little potassium in your diet. Potassium helps balance the amount of
sodium in your cells. If you don't get enough potassium in your diet or
retain enough potassium, you may accumulate too much sodium in your
blood.
• Drinking too much alcohol. Over time, heavy drinking can damage your
heart. Having more than one drink a day for women and more than two
drinks a day for men may affect your blood pressure.
• Stress. High levels of stress can lead to a temporary increase in blood
pressure. If you try to relax by eating more, using tobacco or drinking
alcohol, you may only increase problems with high blood pressure.
• Certain chronic conditions. Certain chronic conditions also may increase
your risk of high blood pressure, such as kidney disease, diabetes and sleep
apnea.
• Sometimes pregnancy contributes to high blood pressure, as well.

7. Lifestyle Changes to Treat High Blood Pressure
• A critical step in preventing and treating high blood
pressure is a healthy lifestyle. You can lower your
blood pressure with the following lifestyle changes:
• Losing weight if you are overweight or obese.
• Quitting smoking .
• Eating a healthy diet, including the DASH diet (eating
more fruits, vegetables, and low fat dairy products,
less saturated and total fat)

8. Secondary prevention

9. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)
• vegetables at lunch and at dinner.
• Add fruit to your meals or as a snack.
Canned and dried fruits are easy to use, but
check that they don't have added sugar.
• Use only half your typical serving of butter,
margarine, or salad dressing, and use low-fat
or fat-free condiments
• Drink low-fat or skim dairy products any
time you would normally use full-fat or
cream.
• . Make some meals vegetarian.
• Add more vegetables and dry beans to your
diet.
• , eat unsalted pretzels or nuts, raisins, low-
fat and fat-free yogurt, frozen yogurt,
unsalted plain popcorn with no butter, and
raw vegetables.
• Read food labels to choose products that are
lower in sodium.

10. 1. Maintenance of a healthy
weight(BMI of approximately 20-
25km/m2 in people<60 years of age
;higher than older patients ) and
waist circumference(<94cm for men
and <80 for women)is
recommended for non-
hypertensive individuals to prevent
hypertension and for hypertensive
patients to reduce BP.
2. Hypertensive patient should do at
least 30 min walking on 5-7 days
per week
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

11. 1. the history of tobacco use
should be established at each
patient visit and hypertensive
smokers should be counselled
regarding smoking cessation.
2. Smoking habit improved by
the use of pharmacological
measures, with varenicline and
combination nicotine
replacement therapy being
superior to bupropion or single
nicotine replacement therapy.
CORRECTIONOF RISKFACTORS

12. DRUG TRATMENT :
• five major drug classes recommended for the treatment of
hypertension:
1. ACE inhibitors( angiotensin converting enzyme )
2. ARBs ( angiotensin-II receptor blocker )
3. beta-blockers
4.CCBs ( calcium channel blockers )
5.diuretics (thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics such as chlortalidone
and indapamide)

16. DRUGSTHATARE CONTRAINDICATEDIN VARIOUSCONDITIONS

18. Follow-up of hypertensive patients
After the initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy, it is
important to review the patient at least once within the first 2
months to evaluate the effects on BP and assess possible side
effects until BP is under control. The frequency of review will
depend on the severity of hypertension, the urgency to
achieve BP control, and the patient’s comorbidities. SPC
therapy should reduce BP within 1 - 2 weeks and may
continue to reduce BP over the next 2 months

19. • SPC therapy should reduce BP within 1 - 2 weeks and may continue to
reduce BP over the next 2 months. Once the BP target is reached, a
visit interval of a few months is reasonable and evidence has been
obtained that no difference exists in BP control between 3 and 6
month intervals.610 Depending on the local organization of health
resources, many of the later visits may be performed by non-
physician health workers such as nurses.611 For stable patients,
HBPM and electronic communication with the physician may also
provide an acceptable alternative to reduce the frequency of
visits.60,612,613 It is nevertheless advisable to assess risk factors and
asymptomatic organ damage at least every 2 years.