Hydrogen from aluminium for vehicle propulsion
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The document discusses using aluminum as a fuel and some of the claims made about it. It examines the proposed reaction of water and aluminum-gallium fuel pellets and identifies issues with the claims that it is 50% energy recycling efficient, environmentally sound, and cheap. It analyzes the aluminum fuel cycle and efficiency. It also looks at issues with the gallium production amount needed and the reaction mechanism between aluminum, gallium and hydrogen.
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Think City!, "Time For a Change," 2010
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P. B. Andersen, "Electric vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated market usi...
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1) A field test with BMW testing 15 Mini E vehicles and developing charging infrastructure concepts.
2) An R&D project with Volkswagen testing plug-in hybrid vehicles and linking vehicle battery management to smart meter technology.
3) The CABLED project testing 110 low-emission vehicles and establishing home, public, and workplace charging stations to understand driver behavior.
4) The E-mobility Malmo project establishing 250 charging stations, procuring electric vehicles, and developing new public transportation solutions and mobility concepts for the city.
F. J. Soares, "Smart charging strategies for efficient management of the grid...
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J. A. P. Lopes, "The MERGE control concept - Microgrids and EVs - Development...
1. The document discusses a conceptual framework for integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into power systems through microgrids and aggregators.
2. A hierarchical control concept is proposed to manage EV charging and discharging across different grid levels from the distribution system operator down to individual EVs.
3. During normal grid operations, aggregators would participate in electricity markets on behalf of EVs. But in emergency situations, EVs would be controlled directly by distribution system operators to ensure stable microgrid operations.
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This three-sentence summary provides the essential information about integrating electric vehicles into modern power networks:
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E. F. Piene, "Grid Connected Vehicles Capabilities and Characteristics," in E...
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The document discusses how electric vehicles (EVs) can provide grid services by actively managing their battery charging and discharging. It presents two concepts:
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2) EVs participating in automatic generation control to provide secondary frequency regulation across control areas and maintain scheduled power flows. Aggregators would communicate EV availability and adjust charging setpoints. Case studies evaluate the potential benefits for different power systems.
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This document discusses integrating electric vehicles into modern power networks. Key points include:
1) EVs can help meet 2020 EU targets for renewable energy, CO2 emissions reductions, and energy efficiency. Controlled charging can reduce strains on the electric grid.
2) Smart grids that balance production and load are needed as renewable energy sources increase. EVs offer potential as flexible consumption through controlled charging.
3) A demonstration project on the Danish island of Bornholm will test EV integration technologies like vehicle-to-grid, fast charging, and smart charging to balance renewable energy production and load. Bornholm is well-suited due to its high renewable energy use and single grid connection.
B. McBeth, "e-Mobility @ Daimler," in Electric Vehicle Integration Into Moder...
The document discusses the challenges of electric vehicle adoption, including making EVs attractive by lowering costs over time, designing a charging system that enables low-cost and fast charging anywhere, and establishing intelligent communication between vehicles and the grid to enable optimized charging. Daimler is working to address these challenges through new vehicle models, partnerships to build out charging infrastructure, and standardized communication protocols.
The Economics and Finance of Offshore Wind
The document summarizes the economics and financing challenges of offshore wind power in Europe. It finds that offshore wind is significantly more expensive than both onshore wind and natural gas currently. Offshore wind projects also face difficulties obtaining financing from private investors due to low expected returns. Government subsidies have been critical in supporting development of offshore wind so far, but these subsidies may not be sustainable long term. A consistent price on carbon, such as a carbon tax, would help make offshore wind economically viable compared to fossil fuel alternatives.
The Effect of Wind Generation on Combined Heat and Power
This document examines the effect of increasing levels of wind generation on combined heat and power (CHP) systems. It finds that higher wind penetration reduces the viability of CHP by decreasing the difference between electricity market prices and natural gas fuel costs. However, the negative impact of wind on CHP could be counteracted by imposing capacity charges based on the volume of electricity imported rather than the capacity of the grid connection.
The effect of wind on chp
This document discusses the effect of wind generation on combined heat and power (CHP) plants in Ireland. It finds that high levels of wind penetration can negatively impact the profitability of CHP in two key ways:
1) Increased wind lowers wholesale electricity prices during times of high wind output, reducing the revenue of CHP plants. Wholesale prices were found to be 21% lower on average under a scenario with 30% wind versus 10% wind.
2) Lower wholesale prices lead to a 19% reduction in gross savings for a model 1MWe CHP plant under high wind (30%) compared to low wind (10%).
3) However, the negative impacts of wind can be partially
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3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Hydrogen from aluminium for vehicle propulsion
- 1. Aluminium as a Fuel Aluminium Eamon Keane Co-Authors: Dr David Browne & Dr Alun Carr University College Dublin
- 2. Water + Aluminium-Gallium Fuel Pellets
- 4. = 1L 2.2L
- 6. + = + Water Hydrogen on Demand Aluminium Hydroxide
- 7. Aluminium Fuel Cycle Inputs
- 8. Calcining Smelting Aluminium Fuel Cycle 13.5% energy efficiency, not 50% Aluminium Hydroxide Alumina
- 9. Energy and CO 2 Per Km Travelled
- 10. Pourbaix Diagram
- 11. Aluminium-Gallium Phase Diagram 33um Pure gallium in grain boundaries, β phase α phase: solid solution
- 12. Fuel Pellet The Reaction Gallium is not inert in the reaction
- 13. Standard Electrode Potential Large difference, galvanic corrosion expected. Reaction Mechanism Element E°V (V) Lithium -3.04 Aluminium -1.66 Gallium -0.56 Hydrogen 0 Gold +0.80
- 17. Gallium Production Enough for ~ 30,000 cars – not 1 billion!
- 18. Elements with very low worldwide 2008 production (Up to ~ 10,000 tons)
- 19. Aluminium as a Fuel Aluminium Any Questions? Renewable ≠ Green