The document discusses hybrid vehicles, which use two or more power sources for propulsion. There are two main types - parallel hybrids that have both an engine and electric motor powering the transmission simultaneously, and series hybrids where the engine charges a generator that powers the electric motor. Key components of hybrids include a smaller gasoline engine, batteries to store electric power, an electric motor that can function as both a motor and generator, and a transmission. Hybrids are more efficient than gas-only cars by recovering energy through regenerative braking and shutting off the engine when stopped.

1. The Hybrid Car:
A look at the future of cars
By:
Kenneth Barnett

2. What makes a Hybrid?
 A hybrid is anything that uses two or mores sources
directly or indirectly to provide propulsion
 Examples of hybrid vehicles being used:
 Gasoline-pedal:
 Moped
 Diesel-electric:
 Locomotives
 Buses
 Submarines (can also be nuclear-electric)
 Gasoline-electric:
 Passenger Vehicles

3. Parallel Hybrid
 Has a fuel tank that
supplies gas to the
engine like a regular
car
 It also has a set of
batteries that run an
electric motor
 Both the engine and
electric motor can
turn the transmission
at the same time.

4. Series Hybrid
 The fuel tank goes to
the engine, but the
engine turns a
generator
 Then the generator
can either charge the
batteries or power an
electric motor that
drives the
transmission
 The gasoline engine
does not directly
power the car

5. Components of a Hybrid
 Gasoline engine
 Much like our engines but smaller and is made
with advanced technologies to reduce emissions
and increase efficiency
 Fuel Tank
 Energy storing device for the gasoline engine
 Gas has a much larger density than the batteries
 Example: 1,000 pounds of batteries store as much
energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gas

6. Continuing Components
 Electric Motor
 Advance electronics allow it to act as either an
motor or a generator
 Example: When needed it can take power from the
batteries to accelerate the car. Or as the car
slows down it acts as a generator and returns
that energy to the batteries
 Generator
 Similar to an electric motor, just it acts only
to produce electrical power
 Mainly in series hybrids

7. Continuing Components
 Batteries
 Energy storage device for the electric motor
 Transmission
 Transmission on a hybrid performs the same as a
transmission on our cars
 How a transmission works is that it takes power
from the engine or motor and sends to the
driveshaft which turns your axle to move your car

8. Hybrid Performance
 The key for the hybrid car is its ability to
use a smaller engine
 A conventional engine is sized for peak power
requirement, when a study shows that most
drivers reach this less than 1% of our driving
time
 The hybrid engine is sized for running at the
average power not the peak. But when it does
reach that point that it needs help up a hill
or to pass someone, it draws extra power from
the batteries and the electric motor to get the
job done.

9. Hybrid Efficiency
 Recovers energy and stores it into the battery
 Regenerative braking
 Sometimes it will shut the engine off
 Reduces aerodynamic drag
 Low rolling resistance tires
 Stiffer and inflated more
 1/2 the drag on the road
 Lightweight Materials
 Carbon fiber
 Metals
 Aluminum
 Magnesium

10. Hybrid Maintenance
 Warranties
 The average warranty for a hybrid now is around
either 8 yr/ 100,000 mile or even 10 year/
150,000 mile
 Brake pads
 Regenerative braking
 Batteries
 $6800 for new Toyota and Honda hybrid
 But batteries tested to go for 180,000 miles and
some

11. Available and Coming Soon

12. More cars