The document discusses hybrid vehicles, which use two or more power sources for propulsion. There are two main types - parallel hybrids that have both an engine and electric motor powering the transmission simultaneously, and series hybrids where the engine charges a generator that powers the electric motor. Key components of hybrids include a smaller gasoline engine, batteries to store electric power, an electric motor that can function as both a motor and generator, and a transmission. Hybrids are more efficient than gas-only cars by recovering energy through regenerative braking and shutting off the engine when stopped. More automakers are offering hybrid models due to their improved fuel economy and lower emissions.

1. The Hybrid Car:
A look at the future of cars
By:
Kenneth Barnett

2. What makes a Hybrid?
 A hybrid is anything that uses two or mores sources
directly or indirectly to provide propulsion
 Examples of hybrid vehicles being used:
 Gasoline-pedal:
 Moped
 Diesel-electric:
 Locomotives
 Buses
 Submarines (can also be nuclear-electric)
 Gasoline-electric:
 Passenger Vehicles

3. Parallel Hybrid
 Has a fuel tank that
supplies gas to the
engine like a regular
car
 It also has a set of
batteries that run an
electric motor
 Both the engine and
electric motor can
turn the transmission
at the same time.

4. Series Hybrid
 The fuel tank goes to
the engine, but the
engine turns a
generator
 Then the generator
can either charge the
batteries or power an
electric motor that
drives the
transmission
 The gasoline engine
does not directly
power the car

5. Components of a Hybrid
 Gasoline engine
 Much like our engines but smaller and is made
with advanced technologies to reduce emissions
and increase efficiency
 Fuel Tank
 Energy storing device for the gasoline engine
 Gas has a much larger density than the batteries
 Example: 1,000 pounds of batteries store as much
energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gas

6. Continuing Components
 Electric Motor
 Advance electronics allow it to act as either an
motor or a generator
 Example: When needed it can take power from the
batteries to accelerate the car. Or as the car
slows down it acts as a generator and returns
that energy to the batteries
 Generator
 Similar to an electric motor, just it acts only
to produce electrical power
 Mainly in series hybrids

7. Continuing Components
 Batteries
 Energy storage device for the electric motor
 Transmission
 Transmission on a hybrid performs the same as a
transmission on our cars
 How a transmission works is that it takes power
from the engine or motor and sends to the
driveshaft which turns your axle to move your car

8. Hybrid Performance
 The key for the hybrid car is its ability to
use a smaller engine
 A conventional engine is sized for peak power
requirement, when a study shows that most
drivers reach this less than 1% of our driving
time
 The hybrid engine is sized for running at the
average power not the peak. But when it does
reach that point that it needs help up a hill
or to pass someone, it draws extra power from
the batteries and the electric motor to get the
job done.

9. Hybrid Efficiency
 Recovers energy and stores it into the battery
 Regenerative braking
 Sometimes it will shut the engine off
 Reduces aerodynamic drag
 Low rolling resistance tires
 Stiffer and inflated more
 1/2 the drag on the road
 Lightweight Materials
 Carbon fiber
 Metals
 Aluminum
 Magnesium

10. Hybrid Maintenance
 Warranties
 The average warranty for a hybrid now is around
either 8 yr/ 100,000 mile or even 10 year/
150,000 mile
 Brake pads
 Regenerative braking
 Batteries
 $6800 for new Toyota and Honda hybrid
 But batteries tested to go for 180,000 miles and
some

11. Available and Coming Soon

12. More cars