This document discusses public interest litigation (PIL) in India and the factors responsible for its growth. Some key points: - PIL allows individuals to file cases on behalf of those unable to access the courts, such as issues around bonded labor, child neglect, exploitation of workers, women's rights, and environmental pollution. - India's constitution provides a framework for regulating state-citizen and citizen-citizen relations through fundamental rights and directive principles, making it easier for courts to hold the executive accountable. - The liberal interpretation of locus standi and judicial innovations, like expanding the right to life, have helped the poor and marginalized access justice.

2. ADMINISTRATIVE
ORGANIZATION
AND
CONSTITUTION

3. RTI & PIL

4. ACTIVITY SESSION
ACTIVITY: Question
Answering session
(WHEEL DECIDE)
ACTIVITY TIME: 05 MIN
(WHEEL DECIDE)
Question : What is RTI? What Do you know about RTI?

5. Information is Key
Democratic Process
and Good Governance
Realisation of Human Rights
Poverty Eradication
and Human Development
WHY RIGHT TO INFORMATION?

6. RIGHT TO INFORMATION IN INDIA
 Right to Information is a Fundamental Right
 IT IS a part of the Fundamental Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression recognized
in various Supreme Court decisions.
 IT IS directly linked to the Right to Life - the Supreme Court has widened the
definition of Right to Life to include the right to food, health, education, liberty, etc.
denial of information is a denial of these rights.

7. PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING
INFORMATION
 Laws like the Official Secrets Act, Indian Evidence Act and the Civil Servants Code
of Conduct Rules contain provisions that restrict the fundamental right to information
 Culture of secrecy prevalent in government
 Lack of accountability in public office
 People do not know where to go for information
 Illiteracy
 Badly maintained records.

8. WHY DO WE NEED A LAW ON RTI
Law is needed to make access to information a reality for every citizen
A law will operationalize the fundamental right to information
Legislation will help set up systems and mechanisms that facilitate peoples’ easy
access to information
Law will promote transparency and accountability and enable people’s participation
in governance
Law will help minimize corruption and inefficiency
in public offices.

9. BASIC ELEMENTS OF RTI/FOI LAW
 Minimal Exceptions
 Duty to Inform – Suo motto disclosures
 Accountability Provisions
 Provisions for setting up systems to maintain records and
store information for easy retrieval
 Reasonable Fee Structure
 Time limits for providing information.
 Be applicable to private bodies too.
 Protection of Privacy
 Protection of Whistleblowers
 Publicity and Training

10. THE PROGRESSIVE INDIAN
STATES
• Tamil nadu (1997)
• Goa (1997)
• Rajasthan (2000)
• Karnataka (2000)-law come into effect in 2002
• New Delhi (2001)
• Maharashtra (2002)
• Madhya Pradesh (2003)
• Chhattisgarh no law but executive orders in departments to make information
available to people (Implementation of MP exec orders)
• Orissa (draft bill). Executive order with respect to Panchayat matters on FOI.

11. DEVELOPMENTS ON RTI IN
INDIA
 1990 - Prime Minister V.P Singh heading the national front government stresses on the
importance of Right to Information as a legislated right.
 1994 - Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghatan (MKSS) started a grassroots campaign for right to
information – demanding information concerning development works in rural Rajasthan. This
movement grew and the campaign resulted in the government of Rajasthan enacting a law on
Right to Information in 2000.
 1996 - Press Council of India under guidance of its Chairman Justice P.B Sawant drafted a law
which was later updated and changed at a workshop and renamed “The Press Council –NIRD
Freedom of Information Act, 1997.”

12. 1997 – The Working group appointed by the United Front Government under the
Chairmanship of Mr. H.D Shourie drafted a law called the Freedom of Information Bill, 1997.
1997- Tamilnadu became the first state in India to have passed a law on Right to
Information.
1997 - The Madhya Pradesh Government issues executive orders to 36 departments to
implement Right to Information (as of now the orders have been issued to more than 50
departments).
1997- Goa legislature enacts a law on Right to Information.
1998 – The Government of Madhya Pradesh tables a Bill on Right to Information which is
passed by the legislature. The Bill is not enacted into Law because the Governor denied
assent.

13.  1998 – The Prime Minister Shri Vajpayee announces that a Law on right to information shall be
enacted soon.
 2000 - Karnataka, Rajasthan, Maharashtra pass legislations on right to information and Uttar Pradesh
introduces a Code of Access applicable to some government departments.
 2000 - Freedom of Information Bill, 2000, tabled before Parliament – after some debate it was
referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs for review.
 2001- NCT Delhi assembly passes a law on Right to Information.
 2002- In Sept. Maharashtra Govt. passes RTI Ordinance which overwrites the Maharashtra RTI Act
2000.
 2003- Both Houses of the Parliament pass the FOI Act 2002 in Dec. 2002 and Act notified in Gazette
in Jan 2003.
 2003- On Jan 31st MP Govt. passes MP RTI Act.
 2003- In Aug. Maharashtra converts its Ordinance into new RTI Act.

14. SALIENT FEATURES
Most states have standard exemption clauses with T.N. leading the list with 22
exemptions.
Goa, Maharashtra Delhi and Central Acts have varying degrees of public interest
overrides.
FOI Act gives a blanket exemption to 19 bodies.
PUBLIC INTEREST OVERRIDE:
This means that even if the information is exempted from disclosure under the law, if the
disclosure is in the public interest, the information in question shall be disclosed.

15. SUO-MOTU DISCLOSURE
 Tamil Nadu and Goa – No provision
 Rajasthan- publication of information at the discretion of the authorities.
 Maharashtra, Delhi, MP and FOI Act- fairly well worded provisions.
Implementation of Suo-motu provisions far from satisfactory.

16. INCLUSION OF PRIVATE BODIES
Only Goa & Maharashtra Acts bring private bodies under the purview of
the Act to a limited extent.
South Africa Legislation- A separate chapter devoted to inclusion of private
bodies.
Need for Information from Private Body is also growing with increase in
privatization of public works.

17. FEE STRUCTURE
High Fee Structure States- Delhi and Goa
 Delhi- Application Fee Rs. 50/-(General Info.) Rs.500/-(Commercial Info)+Rs.5/- per
page photocopy
Goa- Application Fee Rs. 100/- + Photocopy charges
Maharashtra – Application Fee Rs. 10/-+Rs 0.50/- per page photocopy.
Karnataka- No Application Fee. Rs. 5/- per page photocopy.
Rajasthan- Application Fee Rs.5/- + Rs. 2/- per page photocopy.
M.P. & FOI Act – To be prescribed.
Tamil Nadu – No provision for fees.

18. TIME LIMITS
30 days for all State Acts and FOI Act except…
15 days for Maharashtra Act.
For urgent requests for info regarding life and liberty-
• Maharashtra (24 hrs)
• FOI Act and Goa (48 hrs)
Other States- No provision for Urgent Requests.

19. APPEALS
FOI Act – One internal appeal and second to the government. (No
independent appeal mechanism.)
Delhi, M.P. & Goa - Only one appeal to an independent body.
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Rajasthan – One internal appeal and second to
an independent appellate authority.
Tamil Nadu – One appeal to govt. or a notified authority.

20. PENALTIES
 FOI Act and Tamil Nadu– No penalties provisions at all.
 Karnataka, Maharashtra & MP Acts – Penalties not exceeding Rs.2000/-
& Maharashtra also has Rs.250/- for per day delay.
 Delhi- Rs.1000/- + Rs.50/- for per day delay with maximum limit of
Rs.500/-
 Rajasthan- Disciplinary Action under service rules.

21. OTHER IMPORTANT PROVISIONS
Only Goa, Delhi and Maharashtra RTI Acts have a provision for a State Council
to act as an advisory body and monitor the working of the Act.
No provisions for regarding:
Training & Orientation of Government Personnel
Publicity of the Act

22. The State laws are generally more progressive than the Central FOI Act 2002.
FOI Act yet to be operational since Rules haven’t been drafted.
There is still ambiguity about the applicability of the State RTI laws once the
FOI Act is operationalized.
Right to Information legislation is still in its infancy. There is an urgent need
to build awareness on this issue and build demand for information.

23. RTI & PIL

24. ACTIVITY SESSION
ACTIVITY: Question
Answering session
(WHEEL DECIDE)
ACTIVITY TIME: 05 MIN
(WHEEL DECIDE)
Question : What is PIL? What are the latest PIL filed

25. Some of the matters which are entertained under PIL are:
 Bonded Labour matters
 Neglected Children
 Non-payment of minimum wages to workers and exploitation of casual workers
 Atrocities on women
 Environmental pollution and disturbance of ecological balance
 Food adulteration
 Maintenance of heritage and culture

26. Factors Responsible for the
Growth of PIL in India

27.  The character of the Indian Constitution. India has a written constitution which through Part III
(Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) provides a framework for
regulating relations between the state and its citizens and between citizens inter-se.
 India has some of the most progressive social legislations to be found anywhere in the world whether it be
relating to bonded labor, minimum wages, land ceiling, environmental protection, etc. This has made it
easier for the courts to haul up the executive when it is not performing its duties in ensuring the rights of the
poor as per the law of the land.
 The liberal interpretation of locus standi where any person can apply to the court on behalf of those who
are economically or physically unable to come before it has helped. Judges themselves have in some cases
initiated suo moto action based on newspaper articles or letters received.

28.  Although social and economic rights given in the Indian Constitution under Part IV are not legally enforceable,
courts have creatively read these into fundamental rights thereby making them judicially enforceable. For
instance the "right to life" in Article 21 has been expanded to include right to free legal aid, right to live with
dignity, right to education, right to work, freedom from torture, bar fetters and hand cuffing in prisons, etc.
 Judicial innovations to help the poor and marginalized: For instance, in the Bandhua Mukti Morcha, the
Supreme Court put the burden of proof on the respondent stating it would treat every case of forced labor as a
case of bonded labor unless proven otherwise by the employer. Similarly in the Asiad Workers judgment
case, Justice P.N. Bhagwati held that anyone getting less than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme
Court directly without going through the labor commissioner and lower courts.

29.  In PIL cases where the petitioner is not in a position to provide all the necessary evidence, either because it is
voluminous or because the parties are weak socially or economically, courts have appointed commissions to
collect information on facts and present it before the bench.

30. Who Can File a PIL and Against
Whom?

31.  Any citizen can file a public case by filing a petition:
 Under Art 32 of the Indian Constitution, in the Supreme Court.
 Under Art 226 of the Indian Constitution, in the High Court.
 Under sec. 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code, in the Court of Magistrate.
 However, the court must be satisfied that the Writ petition fulfils some basic needs for PIL as the letter is
addressed by the aggrieved person, public spirited individual and a social action group for the enforcement of
legal or Constitutional rights to any person who are not able to approach the court for redress.
 A Public Interest Litigation can be filed against a State/ Central Govt., Municipal Authorities, and not any
private party. The definition of State is the same as given under Article 12 of the Constitution and this includes
the Governmental and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all
local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.

32. Significance of PIL

33.  The aim of PIL is to give to the common people access to the courts to obtain legal redress.
 PIL is an important instrument of social change and for maintaining the Rule of law and accelerating the
balance between law and justice.
 The original purpose of PILs have been to make justice accessible to the poor and the marginalised.
 It is an important tool to make human rights reach those who have been denied rights.
 It democratises the access of justice to all. Any citizen or organisation who is capable can file petitions on
behalf of those who cannot or do not have the means to do so.
 It helps in judicial monitoring of state institutions like prisons, asylums, protective homes, etc.
 It is an important tool for implementing the concept of judicial review.
 Enhanced public participation in judicial review of administrative action is assured by the inception of PILs.

34. Certain Weaknesses of PIL

35.  PIL actions may sometimes give rise to the problem of competing rights. For instance, when a court orders the
closure of a polluting industry, the interests of the workmen and their families who are deprived of their
livelihood may not be taken into account by the court.
 It could lead to overburdening of courts with frivolous PILs by parties with vested interests. PILs today has
been appropriated for corporate, political and personal gains. Today the PIL is no more limited to problems of the
poor and the oppressed.
 Cases of Judicial Overreach by the Judiciary in the process of solving socio-economic or environmental
problems can take place through the PILs.
 PIL matters concerning the exploited and disadvantaged groups are pending for many years. Inordinate delays
in the disposal of PIL cases may render many leading judgments merely of academic value.

36. ACTIVITY SESSION
ACTIVITY: QUIZ
(MICROSOFT FORMS)
ACTIVITY TIME: 20 MIN
(MICROSOFT FORMS)