The document provides an overview of the human eye's structure, its function, and the optical phenomena associated with it, including vision defects like myopia and hypermetropia, along with their corrections. It also explains concepts like light refraction, dispersion, atmospheric refraction, and the scattering of light, which result in phenomena such as rainbows and the blue sky. Additionally, the document describes the eye's ability to adjust focus, termed accommodation, and outlines various visual optics principles and common refractive errors.

1. PRESENTED BY
V.SHRIVASTAVA
P.G.T. (PHYSICS)
J.N.V. NOWGONG
DISTRICT CHHATARPUR (M.P.)

2.  The students will be know the structure of
human eye.
 The students will be understand defect in
vision and its remedy .
 The students will be understand various
natural phenomenon related to optics

3.  The students are know that light is form of
energy.
 The students understand nature of light
waves .
 The students are understand about reflection
and refraction of light .

4.  Structure of human eye
 Defect of vision in human eye
 Refraction of light by glass prism
 Dispersion of light by glass prism
 Formation of rainbow
 Atmospheric refraction


6. The human eye is the sense organ which helps us to see the
colourful world around us.
The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system forms an image on
a light sensitive screen called retina. The eye ball is almost spherical
in shape with a diameter of about 2.3cm. Light enters the eye through a
transparent membrane called cornea. Behind the cornea is a muscular
diaphragm called iris which has an opening called pupil. The pupil
controls the amount of light entering the eye. The eye lens helps to
focus the image of objects on the retina. The ciliary muscles helps to
change the curvature of the lens and to change its focal length.
b) Working of the eye :-
The eye lens forms a real inverted image of the object on the
retina. The light sensitive cells in the retina then produce electrical
signals which are carried by the optic nerves to the brain. The brain
processes the information and sends the message to the eye and then
we see the object.

7. c) Power of accomodation of the eye :-
The ability of the eye lens to see both near and distant objects by
adjusting its focal length is called the power of accommodation of the
eye.
d) Near point :-
The minimum distance at which the eye can see objects clearly is
called the near point or least distance of distinct vision. For a normal
eye it is 25cm.
e) Far point :-
The farthest distance up to which the eye can see objects clearly is
called the far point of the eye. For a normal eye it is between 25cm and
infinity.

8. i) Myopia or near sightedness :-
Myopia is a defect of vision in which a person can see nearby
objects clearly but cannot see distant objects clearly because the
image is formed in front of the retina.
This may be due to:-
i) Increase in curvature of the eye lens
ii) Increase in the length of the eye ball
It can be corrected by using suitable concave lens.
Myopic eye
Correction using concave lens

9. Hypermetropia is a defect of vision in which a person can see
distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly because
the image is formed behind the retina.
This may be due to:-
i) Decrease in curvature of eye lens
ii) Decrease in the length of the eye ball
It can be corrected by using a suitable convex lens.
Hypermetropic eye
Correction using convex lens

10. Presbyopia is a defect of vision in old people in
which they are not able to see nearby objects clearly due
to the increase in the distance of near point.
This is due to the weakening of the ciliary muscles
and decrease in the flexibility of the eye lens. It can be
corrected by using suitable convex lens.
Sometimes they are not able to see both nearby and
distant objects clearly. It can be corrected by using
bifocal lenses consisting of both concave and convex
lenses. The upper part is concave for correction of
distant vision and the lower part is convex for correction
of near vision.

11. When a ray of light passes through a glass prism, it gets
bent twice at the air- glass interface and glass- air interface.
The emergent ray is deviated by an angle to the incident
ray.This angle is called the angle of deviation.
Incident ray
Refracted ray
Emergent ray
D
i
r
Air Glass Glass Air
Glass prism
e Angle of emergence
Angle of deviation
Normal

12. When a beam of white light is passed through a glass
prism, it is split up into a band of colors called spectrum.
This is called dispersion of white light. The spectrum of
white has the colors violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,
orange and red (VIBGYOR). The red light bends the least and
the violet light bends the most.
Beam of white light
Spectrum
R
O
Y
G
I
B
V
Glass prism

13. When a beam of white light is passed through a glass
prism, it is split up into its component colours. When these
colours are allowed to fall on an inverted glass prism it
recombines to produce white light.
R
V
V
R R
VWhite light
White light
Glass prisms

14. A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the sky after
a rain shower. It is caused by the dispersion of sunlight by
water droplets present in the atmosphere. The water droplets
act like small prisms. They refract and disperse the sunlight
then reflect it internally and finally refract it again when it
comes out of the rain drops. Due to the dispersion of sunlight
and internal reflection by the water droplets we see the
rainbow colours.
Sunlight
Raindrop
Red Violet
Refraction and dispersion
Internal reflection
Observer
Refraction

15. Atmospheric refraction is due to the gradual change in the
refractive index of the atmosphere. The refractive index of the
atmosphere gradually increases towards the surface of the
earth because the hot air above is less dense than the cool air
below. So light gradually bends towards the normal. So the
real position of a star is different from its apparent position.
Apparent position
Real position
Eye
Star
Increasing
refractive index
of atmosphere

18. Earth
Observer
SunriseSunset
Apparent positionApparent position
Atmosphere
The sun is visible to us about 2 minutes before sunrise
and about two minutes after sunset due to atmospheric
refraction.
The apparent flattening of the sun’s disc at sunrise and at
sunset is also due to atmospheric refraction.
Horizon Horizon
Real position Real position

19. i) Tyndall effect :-
When a beam of light passes through a colloidal solution, the path of
light becomes visible due to the scattering of light by the colloid particles.
This is known as Tyndall effect.
The earth’s atmosphere contains air molecules, water droplets, dust,
smoke etc. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere the path of the
light becomes visible due to the scattering of light by these particles.
The colour of the scattered light depends upon the size of the scattering
particles. Very fine particles scatter blue light. Larger particles scatter
different colours of light.

21. The fine particles in the atmosphere have size smaller than
the wave length of visible light. They can scatter blue light
which has a shorter wave length than red light which has a
longer wave length. When sunlight passes through the
atmosphere, the fine particles in the atmosphere scatter the
blue colour more strongly than the red and so the sky appears
blue.
If the earth had no atmosphere there would not be any
scattering of light and the sky would appear dark. The sky
appears dark at very high altitudes.

23. At sunrise and at sunset the sun is near the horizon and the
light from the sun travels through the thicker layers of the
atmosphere and longer distance through the atmosphere. Near
the horizon most of the blue light and shorter wave lengths are
scattered away by the particles of the air and the red light and
longer wave lengths reaches our eyes. So the sun appears
reddish at sunrise and sunset.
Observer
Sun near horizon
Sun overhead
Blue light scattered away
Sun appears reddish
Atmosphere
Earth

24.  The ability of the eye to focus both near and distant objects, by adjusting its focal
 length, is called the accommodation of the eye.
 The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is
 called the near point of the eye or the least distance of distinct vision. For a young
 adult with normal vision, it is about 25 cm.
 The common refractive defects of vision include myopia, hypermetropia and
 presbyopia. Myopia (short-sightedness – the image of distant objects is focussed
 before the retina) is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.
 Hypermetropia (far-sightedness – the image of nearby objects is focussed beyond
 the retina) is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power. The eye loses its
 power of accommodation at old age. The splitting of white light into its component colours is
called dispersion.
 Scattering of light causes the blue colour of sky and the reddening of the Sun at
 sunrise and sunset

25.  1. The human eye can focus objects at different
distances by adjusting the focal length of the eye lens.
This is due to
 (a) presbyopia.(b) accommodation.(c) near-sightedness.
(d) far-sightedness
 2. The human eye forms the image of an object at its
 (a) cornea. (b) iris. (c) pupil. (d) retina.
 3. The least distance of distinct vision for a young adult
with normal vision is about
 (a) 25 m. (b) 2.5 cm. (c) 25 cm. (d) 2.5 m.
 4. The change in focal length of an eye lens is caused by
the action of the
 (a) pupil. (b) retina. (c) ciliary muscles. (d) iris.

26.  1. A person needs a lens of power –5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For
 correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptre. What is the focal
 length of the lens required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision?
 2. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and
 power of the lens required to correct the problem?
 3 Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is corrected. The near point of a
 hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What is the power of the lens required to correct this
 defect? Assume that the near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.
 4. Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than
 25 cm?
 5. What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an
 object from the eye?
 6. Why do stars twinkle?
 7. Explain why the planets do not twinkle.
 8 Why does the Sun appear reddish early in the morning?
 9 Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?