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Human prehistory to rise of agriculture
- 1. Human Prehistory to Rise of Agriculture/Early Civilizations/Nomadic Societies GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL
- 2. Where do you start?
- 6. The time before history
- 7. How do we know how old it is?
- 11. Archeology
- 15. About 3-5 million years ago in Africa, a branch of those primates became the first to stand upright.
- 16. Australopithecus
- 18. What did Lucy probably look like?
- 22. Babies need care for a long time Opposable thumbs give dexterity Omnivores Learned to work together to tackle larger game Species able to adapt to environment
- 23. By 200,000 years ago, people whose skeletons were like those of Homo sapiens were already living in Africa. Between that time and about 100,000 years ago, people who were both anatomically and genetically “like us” emerged in eastern and This is a reconstructed Homo sapiens skull, southern Africa. found in Israel. It has been dated to about 90,000 years ago. Human Origins: Homo sapiens in Africa S.W. Asia 200k yrs ago 100k yrs ago Today 10k years ago 23
- 24. Siberia Europe 40,000 years ago 40,000 years ago North America 12,000-30,000 years ago Oceania 1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E. Southwest Asia 100,000 years ago Australia Chile Human Origins as many as 60,000 12,000-13 ,000 200,000-250,000 years ago years ago years ago Possible coastal routes of human migration Possible landward routes of human migration Migrations in Oceania
- 27. Hunter-Gatherer Family Values
- 28. The most tangible of all visible mysteries - fire. ~Leigh Hunt
- 29. Warmth Light Cooking food Scared away larger animals Gathering place for community
- 31. 1880S VERSION 1987 VERSION
- 33. Hall of Bulls Cave in Lascaux, France
- 34. Woman’s Head 22,000 BCE France, Cro-Magnon origin
- 36. IF I ONLY HAD A BRAIN…
- 37. Homo sapiens had language so they could exchange complex ideas with each other. and they could store and add to the ideas of previous generations. Because they swapped ideas, they kept finding new ways of doing things. New Ideas new ways of living. Language Shared Ideas Learning
- 38. Storing up and building on new skills and new knowledge is what set our species on the path of continuing cultural changes that led to the world we now Towers, Kuwait City, Today live in. Great Zimbabwe, Southern Africa, 1300-1500 Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico, 200 CE BCE
- 39. By the end of the ice ages, humans have spread worldwide…
- 40. Developed & Developing World
- 41. Which leads us to the big question…
- 42. Why has the world divided into “Haves” and the “Have Nots?”
- 46. North America, Europe, Western Asia South America, Africa, southern Asia
- 48. A developed country is a country that has reached a certain standard of living characterized by a high income level of its inhabitants, advanced industry and agriculture, and a high level of sanitation. A developing country is a country that has not provided its inhabitants with a high standard of living.
- 50. A developed country is a country that has reached…
- 51. …a high income level of it’s inhabitants…
- 53. …agriculture
- 54. …and sanitation.
- 57. …is a country marked by…
- 60. …and a generally low standard of living.
- 62. The world is divided up into 10 cultural regions.
- 64. Episode One
- 65. Why do some countries have an abundance of wealth and riches while others have remained poor for most of their history?
- 66. History followed different courses for different peoples because of differences among peoples’ environments, not because of biological differences among the people themselves.
- 67. “Why you white man have so much cargo and we New Guineans have so little?”
- 68. superior superior inf iin eri nff or err e iio orr superior superior in inf fer eri ior or Inherent racial characteristics? superior superior i in f nfe eri rio or r
- 70. This is the story of the Neolithic Revolution.
- 71. 13,000 years ago the last ice age ended.
- 74. “This jungle around us, you might think it’s a cornucopia, but it isn’t.”
- 76. The average weather over a period of many years. Climates tend to be hot/wet along the equator (tropical climate) Cooler and drier further away Inland areas typically have wider extremes in temperature and precipitation (continental climates)
- 78. Earth is here so kind, that just tickle her with a hoe and she laughs with a harvest. -Douglas Jerrold cultivation
- 79. domestication
- 81. Horses Cows Donkeys Goats Wa Wa Sheep Pigs Dog ter ter Camels bu bu ffa ffa llo o Llamas
- 83. More food = more population. More population → more food
- 84. Prior to farming, population size in any one area was limited by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, POPULATION and nuts. INTENSIFICATION Farming and the large, relatively dependable crops it provides allowed That means for… population increases in certain areas. Population in those areas became both larger and denser. 84
- 85. At the same time, farmers in some places were, in spite of population growth, able to produce SURPLUS food. What does SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTI ON mean for a society? 85
- 87. Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Population Surplus Food Specialization Intensification Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION 87
- 88. Elements of civilization include: 1) Cities Mohenjo Daro It’s the law 2) Central governments And Law codes Hammurabi’s Law Code Pharaohs 88
- 89. Elements of Civilization include: 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes 3) Writing and record keeping Can you identify the society represented by each of these two writing samples? 4) Highly organized religions 89
- 90. Elements of Civilization include: 1) Cities 2) Central Governments and law codes 3) Writing and 5) Specialized Jobs record keeping 4) Highly organized religion Full-time monk 6) Social Classes Assyrian slaves In Egypt 90
- 91. Elements of Civilization include: 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes 7) Complex 3) Writing and record keeping Technologies 4) Highly organized religion Chariot 5) Specialized jobs 6) Social classes Bronze Sword 91
Editor's Notes
- It would take 145.67 years to count that high.
- Scientists use radiometric age-dating Measures radioactive decay in elements Not precise, but gives a rough guess of age
- One method that scientists use to date ancient fossils and artifacts is called radiocarbon dating. All living things on Earth are made up of a high percentage of an element called Carbon. Carbon combines with other elements in complex ways to form the molecules that make up our bodies. Most carbon on Earth is not radioactive, but a very small percentage is. Thus, as living things take in carbon, they inevitably will take up a small amount of radioactive carbon into their bodies. When these life forms die, they stop taking in new carbon. The carbon in their bodies at the time of their death will remain in their bodies until they decompose, or if they become fossilized, then forever. Radioactive carbon decays at a known rate. This allows scientists to look at the amount of decay in a fossil’s radioactive carbon, and determine a relative date.
- Scientists take educated guesses about prehistory. Based upon interpretation of artifacts, fossils, and bone matter. A theory is not fact. A scientific theory is not, however, a “supposition that is waiting to be proved.” A theory is simply an explanation that attempts to account for as many of the variables as possible. It is neither true nor false. A theory that accounts for more of the known variables is better than one that accounts for fewer. The theory that the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory) is better than the geocentric theory that the sun revolves around the earth. But neither accounts for tall the variables in our fantastic universe. Evolution is a theory that accounts for more of the known facts about animal and plant development than does any other theory.. It explains far more about observable beginnings, changes and ending of known life species than does any other theory. It is, therefore, more useful than any other theory. But scientific investigation is still discovering facts that continue to test theory’s explanatory capacity.
- Most religions and cultures have a creation story. Theories change as new discoveries emerge
- 1/4000
- These were the first HOMINIDS . Different hominids lived on earth over the next 7 million years, some at the same time as others, but only one survives to this day . . . US !!!
- These were the first HOMINIDS . Different hominids lived on earth over the next 7 million years, some at the same time as others, but only one survives to this day . . . The first hominids had brains about the size of a modern chimp’s. Over time, new species developed ever-larger brains, and they began to make more and more complex tools. The Australopithecines likely used sharp sticks to dig for food . . .
- . . . while Homo habilis hominids , a later species, were able to make stone tools. They chipped ‘flakes’ of stone from large rocks and used these flakes as knives. They also used the leftover ‘core’ to scrape out hides and do other jobs.
- Photo Skhul V The Smithsonian Institution Human Origins Program http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/skhul.html
- One of the greatest misconceptions about hunter-gatherer societies is the notion of "man the hunter". The myth is based upon the idea that men procure the most food for their foraging groups, and without their contributions the groups would cease to exist. Furthermore, the stereotype claims that hunting is an activity performed by men alone. In many societies, both of these tenets are false. The "Man the Hunter" myth has had implications for the study of human evolution as well as for those of human societies. It is often asserted that hunting large animals has driven human evolution more than any other factor. In this model of human evolution, males have procured meat necessary for encephalization, while developing the cooperative skills so important to modern human society. Because of their child-rearing obligations, women have been relegated to the more sedentary task of gathering vegetation. This model has many critiques, the most notable of which is the implication that only one sex has been responsible for driving the evolution of the human species 95% of human existence Patriarch (daddy) would have been fisherman/hunter Needed help of extended family for big game Mom would have gathered edible plants Similar to the "Man the Hunter" myth is that of "woman the gatherer". This idea suggests that anyone who is able to walk is capable of collecting vegetation, and this is simply not true. Thus, the myth is that, biologically, women are not inclined to hunt and choose to gather instead. Furthermore, the myth holds that women do not procure as much food as men, that is to say that gathering is second to hunting. The truth is that gathering is a job that requires great skill as well as the knowledge of hundreds of species of vegetation. Just as with man the hunter, woman the gatherer is not a factual claim
- Frequent migration No private property Low birthrate Low population density Social relationships among our ancestors were complex. Like modern chimpanzees, early hominids must have been quite clever, with a great deal of social cooperation and group politics. They cared for each other, and especially their children
- Homo erectus hominids , which lived on earth for almost two million years, were probably the first ones who could control and use fire. They were also the first to leave Africa. Their fossils have been found as far away as China and Java (in modern Indonesia).
- Neanderthals inhabited Europe and parts of Asia and North America Lived around 150,000-40,000 ago Lived side-by-side with humans in some places Went extinct- nobody really knows why.
- In the beginning, there were no words, no alphabet, no books. Yet, early cave men found a way to communicate their hopes, their dreams and their victories. So, how do you think they did this? They told stories using art. Cave Paintings from Spain and France The very first cave paintings were discovered in 1896 in the Altamira Cave in Santander, Spain. These paintings dated back to 14,000 BC and showed bison over 8′ long! This particular painting is called the Bisons of the Altamira Cave. Later, archeologists discovered the paintings in the Hall of Bulls Cave in Lascaux, France. What was so interesting about this find was that it showed so many different kinds of animals. Why do you think this is so? I will give you a hint: they were painted at different times. Now, why do you think there are so many different animals? That’s right! They are from different times. Each group of animals likely represents a hunt that was performed at a different time. It would seem as though they used this cave over and over again for artwork, with many different artists taking turns.
- High protein diet caused brains to grow larger 1/5 of our calories go to our brains Babies needed to be born small to start small than grow quickly Needed a family unit to take care of infants
- The stores of knowledge and skills humans built up are called “culture.” No other animal can store and accumulate knowledge and skills in this way. We call this ability “collective learning.”
- Photos by Ross E.. Dunn
- Meet our closest ancestor, Homo erectus . Homo erectus was one of the hominid groups that was developing increasingly large brains in both Africa and Asia between about 500,000 and 200,000 years ago.
- Jared Diamond’s basic theory is that some countries developed more rapidly than others and were able to expand and conquer much of the world because of geographic luck. The natural resources available to them coupled with the native species and climate provided by their geography led them to become more agricultural and less reliant on hunting and gathering for sustenance. This agrarian lifestyle, in turn, allowed for the development of “specialists” within the civilization who could work on developing and perfecting the technologies necessary to make these civilizations more profitable, stronger, and more powerful than others around them. Diamond asserts that those living in temperate climates with indigenous animals that could be domesticated were more likely to develop advanced civilizations.
- New Guinea
- civilization
- Women harvesting a sago tree
- cultivation
- Rice cultivation Vietnam
- SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION … … means that not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks. They can specialize in some non-farming task.