Human & microbial interaction

Date:6/8/2021 www. qadricohs.edu.pk FB Page: Qadri College of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 1
QADRI COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARACHI
U-4, 2 OF
“HUMAN AND MICROBIAL INTERACTION”
By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

At the completion of this unit learners will be able to:
1- Describe some pathogenic microbes and diseases, i.e.
1- Tetanus
2- Typhoid
3- Cholera
4- Diphtheria
5- Tuberculosis
6- Pertusis
7- Mumps
8- Measles
9- Polio
10- Influenza
11- Ascariasis
12- Taeniasis and
13- dermatomycosis.

SOME PATHOGENIC MICROBES AND DISEASES
1- TETANUS INTRODUCTION:
- Tetanos – a Greek word – to stretch.
- First described by Hippocrates.
- Tetanus an neurological disease characterized by
an acute onset of hypertonia, painful muscular
contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw
and neck), and generalized muscle spasms
without other apparent medical causes.
- Only vaccine preventable disease that is
infectious but not contagious

1- TETANUS
CAUSATIVE AGENT:
- Caused by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
- Anaerobic
- Motile
- Gram positive bacilli
- Oval, colorless, terminal spores – tennis
racket or drumstick shape.
- It is found worldwide in soil, in inanimate
environment, in animal faeces &
occasionally human faeces.

1- TETANUS
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
- Tetanus is an international health problem, as spores are
ubiquitous. The disease occurs almost exclusively in persons
who are unvaccinated or inadequately immunized.
- Entirely preventable disease by immunization.
- Tetanus occurs worldwide but is more common in hot, damp
climates with soil rich in organic matter.
- More common in developing and under developing countries.
- More prevalent in industrial establishment, where agricultural
workers are employed.
- Tetanus neonatorum is common due to lack of MCH care.

1- TETANUS
CAUSATIVE FACTORS:
- Hand washing.
- Delivery practices.
- Traditional birth customs.
- Interest in immunization.

1- TETANUS
TRANSMISSION :
Tetanus is spread by the direct transfer of
C. tetani spores from soil and excreta of
animals and humans to wounds and cuts,
surgeries and injections or chronic skin
lesions and infections.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Between 3 and 21
days (Median 7 days).
It is not transmitted from person to
person.

1- TETANUS
ROUTE OF ENTRY:
- Apparently trivial
injuries.
- Animal bites/human
bites.
- Open fractures.
- Burns.
- Gangrene.
- In neonates usually via
infected umbilical
stumps.
- Abscess.
- Parenteral drug abuse.

1- TETANUS
SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:
- Lock Jaw.
- Stiff Neck.
- Difficulty Swallowing.
- Muscle Rigidity Spasms.
- Drooling.
- Fever usually absent.
- Mentation unimpaired.
- Hand or foot spasms.
- Irritability.
- Uncontrolled urination or
defecation.

2- Typhoid
INTRODUCTION:
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection
caused by Salmonella enterica serotype
Typhi (S. typhi).
The disease remains an important public
health problem in developing countries.
About 16 million cases of typhoid fever and
600,000 deaths occur yearly worldwide and
that more than 90% of this morbidity and
mortality occurred in Asia.

2- Typhoid
DEFINITION:
Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can lead
to a high fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. It
can be fatal. It is caused by the bacteria
Salmonella typhi. The infection is often
passed on through contaminated food and
drinking water, and it is more prevalent in
places where handwashing is less frequent.

2- Typhoid
ETIOLOGY: (Causes)
1- Bacteria: Virulent bacterium that cause
illness called Salmonella typhi.
2- Fecal Oral Route: spread through
contaminated food or water and
occasionally through direct contact with
someone who is infected.
3- Carriers: These people, called chronic
carriers, shed the bacteria in their faeces
and are capable of infecting others.

2- Typhoid
RISK FACTOR:
- Travel to endemic areas.
- Poor hygiene habits.
- Poor sanitation conditions.
- Proximity to flying insects feeding on feces.
- Contact with someone who recently suffered
from typhoid fever.
- Recent use of antibiotics (Low Immunity).
Achlorhydria.
Immunosuppressive illnesses such as AIDS.

2- Typhoid
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS USUALLY INCLUDE:
- Fever, often as high as (39.4 or 40 C).
- Headache
- Stomach pain
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Weakness and fatigue
- Muscle aches
- Sweating
- Dry cough
- Loss of appetite and weight loss
- Rash
- Extremely swollen stomach
- Extremely distended abdomen
- Continuing High grade fever

2- Typhoid
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
Salmonella typhi contracted from contaminated water and food Ingested by
human.
The S.typhi survives the acidity of the stomach.
It will invades the payer’s patches of the intestinal wall.
The bacteria is within the macrophages and survives.
Bacteria spreads via the lymphatics while inside the macrophages.
Access to reticuloendothelial system, liver, spleen, gallbladder and bone
marrow.
1st week: elevation of the body temperature.
2nd week: abdominal pain, spleen enlargement and rose spot.
3rd week: necrosis of the payer’s patches.
Leads to perforation, bleeding .And if left untreated, death is imminent.

2- Typhoid
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
1- Blood culture (C&S)
A blood culture during the first week of
the fever can show S. typhi bacteria.
2- Complete blood count (CBC)
A complete blood count (CBC) will show
a high number of white blood cells.
3- Stool C&S
stool culture may be positive for S.typhi
several days after ingestion of the bacteria
4- Widal test
Test whereby bacteria causing typhoid fever are mixed with serum
containing specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual.

2- Typhoid
TREATMENT:
Brand name :Cipro (Ciprofloxacin)
Class of drugs :quinolone antibiotics.
USES: This medication is used to treat a
variety of bacterial infections.
Routes : per oral
Dosage :Adult :500 mg orally every 12
hours for 10 days.
Side effect: nausea, vomiting, dizziness
,blurred vision, feeling nervous, sleep
problems.

2- Typhoid
TREATMENT:
Brand name :Rocephin (Ceftriaxone) group
of drugs : cephalosporin antibiotics
Uses :It works by fighting bacteria in body
Route : intravenous
Dosage: Pediatric :75 to 80 mg/kg IV
once a day for 5 to 14 days
Adult:2 g IV every 24 hours
Side effect : Mild diarrhea, mild pain,
swelling, nausea, vomiting

2- Typhoid
COMPLICATION OF TYPHOID:

2- Typhoid
HEALTH EDUCATION / PREVENTION:
1- Wash hand before and after handling something.
2- Avoid drinking untreated water.
3- Avoid raw food and vegetables.
4- Choose well-cooked food.
5- Avoid popsicles and flavored ices that may have
been made with contaminated water.
6- Avoid eat the foods and beverages from the
street vendor.
7- Remember taking MEDICINE as advised.
8- Getting vaccinated before travelling to another
country where common gets the typhoid.
9- Follow up with the doctor.

3- Cholera
DEFINITION:
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection
caused by ingestion of food or water
contaminated with the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae.
Cholera remains a global threat to
public health and an indicator of
inequity and lack of social
development.

3- Cholera
CAUSES / AGENT:
Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal
infection caused by ingestion of food or
water contaminated with the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae.

3- Cholera
HOW IS CHOLERA SPREAD?
The cholera bacteria is passed through
feces (poop). It is spread by eating or
drinking food or water contaminated by
the feces (poop) of an infected person.
This occurs more often in
underdeveloped countries lacking proper
water supplies and sewage disposal.
INCUBATION PERIOD:
Between 2 hours and 5 days.

3- Cholera
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
-Profuse watery diarrhea, sometimes
described as “rice-water stools”
-Vomiting
- Thirst
- Leg cramps
- Restlessness or irritability
- Rapid heart rate
- Loss of skin elasticity
- Dry mucous membranes
- Low blood pressure

3- Cholera
PREVENTION:
Five Basic Cholera Prevention Steps:
1. Make sure to drink and use safe water to brush your teeth, wash
and prepare food, and make ice.
Boiling is the most effective way to make water safe.
2. Wash your hands often with soap and safe water Before, during,
and after preparing food for yourself or your family, After using the
latrine or toilet, After cleaning your child’s bottom, Before and after
caring for someone with cholera.
3. Use latrines or bury your poop; do not poop in any body of water.
4. Cook food well (especially seafood), keep it covered, and eat it hot.
Peel fruits and vegetables.
5. Clean up safely in the kitchen and in places where the family
bathes and washes clothes

3- Cholera
TREATMENT:
- Oral or intravenous hydration is the
primary treatment for cholera.
- treatment with antibiotics is
recommended for severely ill patients.
- It is also recommended for patients who
have severe or some dehydration and
continue to pass a large volume of stool
during rehydration treatment.

By: Aftab H. Abbasi
RN, DCHN, BSN, MA, LL.B
Lecturer Nursing
Qadri College of Health Sciences Karachi

Human & microbial interaction

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