Co-branding involves combining products from different companies in various ways, including same company co-branding of related products, joint venture co-branding of new products developed through partnerships, and retail co-branding of products sold together in stores. While co-branding can provide advantages like expanded market reach and new opportunities, it also carries risks of customer confusion over the brands if not implemented properly. A special type of co-branding is ingredient branding where a company promotes the brand equity of components within other branded products.