This document discusses trends that will shape the global future, Latin America's position in a multi-polar world, and challenges facing Latin American cities. The key trends include the expansion of the global middle class, the rise of emerging powers like China, changing demographics, and increasing demand for natural resources. Latin America has experienced economic growth and reduced poverty, but some countries face challenges like violence, transportation issues, business climate concerns, and environmental quality. The document analyzes these topics to provide context and insights into Latin America's development.

1. THE GLOBAL CONTEXT, EMERGING
MARKETS AND RISK MITIGATION:
COLOMBIA AND LATIN AMERICA NEXT CHALLENGES
Alvaro Uribe Velez
June 2013

2. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION
1. The trends that will define our future
2. Latin America in a multi-polar world
3. The 2013 outlook
4. Latin America’s Urban Challenges
5. Some Countries
6. The Colombian case

3. 1. THE TRENDS THAT WILL DEFINE OUR FUTURE
There are 4 trends that will shape the global future in the next 20 years…
The global middle class expansion
The rise and flight of the emerging powers
Demography will determine destiny
The pressure for natural resources

4. 1. THE TRENDS THAT WILL DEFINE OUR FUTURE
The global
middle class
expansion
By 2030 a majority of
the world’s population
will not be
impoverished, and the
growing middle class
will determine global
consumption patterns
The rise and
flight of the
emerging
powers
Asia will have
surpassed North
America and Europe
combined in terms of
global power, based
upon GDP, population
size, military spending,
and technological
investment
China alone will
probably have the
largest economy,
surpassing that of the
United States a few
years before 2030
Demography
will
determine
destiny
In 2013 the world will
have reached 8.1
billion habitants
Aging population,
shrinking young
population, migration
and urbanization will
impact world social
and economic
performance
The
pressure for
natural
resources
Demand for food,
water, and energy
will grow by
approximately 35, 40,
and 50 percent
respectively owing to
an increase in the
global population
and the consumption
patterns of an
expanding middle
class
Source: U.S National Intelligence Council

5. 1. THE TRENDS THAT WILL DEFINE OUR FUTURE
By 2050, 19 of the top 30
economies by GDP will be
countries that we currently
describe as ‘emerging’
China and India will be the
largest and third-largest
economies in the world
Eight countries – India,
China, Brazil, Russia,
Indonesia, Korea, Mexico
and Turkey – will be
responsible for most of
global growth up to 2025
Emerging economies will
account for 68% of global
growth by 2030
In 1980, 5% of goods were
sourced globally. By 2000,
this was 20%. By 2025, it
will be 50%
In 1980, world exports
accounted for one-sixth of
global GDP. Today it is a
quarter. By 2030, it will have
risen to a third
By 2030 the urban middle
class will rise to 42% of the
global population. The
number of people with daily
income of $10 to $100 a day
will rise from 1.8 billion
today to 4.9 billion by 2030

6. Global energy demand rises
by over one-third in the period
to 2035, underpinned by rising
living standards in China, India
& the Middle East
Iraq accounts for 45% of the
growth in global production to
2035; by the 2030s it becomes
the second-largest global oil
exporter, overtaking Russia
By 2035, almost 90% of
Middle Eastern oil exports go
to Asia; North America’s
emergence as a net exporter
accelerates the eastward shift
in trade
The need for electricity in
emerging economies drives
a 70% increase in worldwide
demand, with renewable
accounting for half of new
global capacity
Electricity prices are set to
increase with the highest
prices persisting in the
European Union & Japan, well
above those in China & the
United States
The energy sector’s water
needs are set to grow, making
water an increasingly
important criterion for
assessing the viability of
energy projects
Two-thirds of the economic
potential to improve energy
efficiency remains untapped in
the period to 2035
1. THE TRENDS THAT WILL DEFINE OUR FUTURE
Global energy trends in the next 25 years…
Source: International Energy Agency

7. 1. THE TRENDS THAT WILL DEFINE OUR FUTURE
600 Urban Centers generate 60% of the
world’s GDP
Almost half of the world GDP in 2010 was
generated in 362 cities located in developed
nations
20% of the world GDP in 2010 was
generated in 187 from North America
In 2010 China’s Metropolitan Areas generated
78% of the Nation GDP
74% of the Latin American and Caribbean
population lives in cities
Towards a urbanized world….

8. 1. THE TRENDS THAT WILL DEFINE OUR FUTURE
From 2010 to 2025, the
GDP of the world biggest
600 cities will rise by over
$30 trillion
Over$10 trillion in
additional annual
investments needed in
cities by 2025
1 billion new consumers
in emerging market cities
by 2025
60% of the new urban
consumers will be bases
in 440 emerging cities
Annual consumption in
Emerging 440 cities is
set to rise by $10 trillion
by 2025
Cities are expected to
need to build floor space
equivalent to 85%of
today’s building stock (An
area de size of Australia)
Nearly80 billion cubic
meter increase in
municipal water demand
expected in the world’s
cities by 2025
Over 2.5 times today’s
level of port infrastructure
needed to meet rising
container-shipping
demand
How cities will change the world…

9. How does Latin
America fit in
this panorama?
Between 1980
and today some
changes have
occurred…
The inflation tragedy is over:
in 1985 regional inflation
average was 159%, today is
below 6%. This means that
fiscal and monetary prudence
have become policy principles
Debt is no longer a threat: Debt
to GDP ratios in the region have
passed from 40% in 2002 to
20.4% in 2011
Between 2003 and 2007 the region
experienced a growth average of
5%...the highest since 1967-1974
Democracy has expanded in the
region with few exceptions…
Regional exports have
increased 160% between
2002 and 2011
In 2011 the region faced a
record number in FDI
reaching almost 160
US$billion
2. LATIN AMERICA IN A MULTI-POLAR WORLD

10. 2. LATIN AMERICA IN A MULTI-POLAR WORLD
Policy Changes since 1980 match four range of opportunities
Population
Close to 600
million people
Average age
between 24 and
28
Per Capita Income
in PPP close to
US$10.000
Poverty
reduction
64% of our population is a
expanding middle class
During the last decade 40 million
people have left the poverty line
Life expectancy has increased
from 65 to 75 years
Child mortality has been reduced
by 50 per cent
Literacy rates are above 94%
Mobile phone penetration has
increased by 78 per cent
Internet access has increased by
33%
Healthcare coverage has
increased by 50 percent
Water and sanitation coverage
has reached 80%
Commodities
in time of
Demand
10 percent of the
World oil reserves
6 percent of the World
gas reserves
Almost 50 percent of
the World cooper
reserves
50 per cent of the
World silver reserves
13% of the World iron
reserves
26% of the World
fertile land
24% of the World beef
supply
Bio Reserves
20 per cent of the
World biodiversity
is concentrated in
the Amazon ring
Almost 50% of the
World potable
water supply
57% of the world
primary forest

11. 2. LATIN AMERICA IN A MULTI-POLAR WORLD
The strengthening of
Liberal Democracy
The adoption of an
institutional Framework
in favor of foreign and
national investment
The construction of a
sound and sustainable
social safety net
The expansion of
export markets and the
commercial integration
with the World (FTA’s)
A public administration
driven by results
A sound
Macroeconomic
Administration driven
by fiscal and
monetary prudence
Better regulatory
environment
Construction of
strategic infrastructure
The consolidation of an
innovation agenda
leaded by an
improvement in
education
A well capitalized
financial sector and the
constant expansion of
financial services
The change process is a consequence of the consistency, congruence and sense of urgency that a group of
countries have adopted as their policy cornerstone. Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Peru and Uruguay
represent 70 per cent of the region’s population and 75% of the regional GDP
Today countries like Panama,
Dominican Republic, Costa
Rica, Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Paraguay, as well as
most of the Caribbean States,
are following that line of
behavior

12. 2. LATIN AMERICA IN A MULTI-POLAR WORLD
 The regional current Political Map is a “Tale of two cities” like the Charles Dickens Book… (The
ALBA and the non Alba Model)
ALBA
(Leaders: Venezuela,
Ecuador, Bolivia,
Nicaragua and Cuba)
Anti-U.S
Anti-Free Trade
Lack of investment
Confidence
Weak institutions
Political Insecurity
Ideology driven
countries
Political Polarization
Modern Democratic Center Countries
(Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Chile, México,
Uruguay, Paraguay, Panamá, Republic
Dominican, Costa Rica, etc)
Cooperation with the U.S.
Pro Free Trade
Investment Confidence
Independent Institutions
Political Stability
State Long Term Policies
and Mgt by Results
Organized Party Systems
The Democratic Center takes the lead:
• Investment grade countries are in this Group: Mexico, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Peru and Panama
• Countries with more market access through FTA’S are in this
group
• Countries with more FDI are in this group
• Countries with more Middle Class Expansion are in this group.
• Better fiscally sustainable social programs: Chile, Mexico,
Brasil and Colombia
Only the group of Countries in the Democratic Center
will become the regional active participants of the
Emerging Markets Boom…some of the ALBA
Members will see some benefits, but without solid
long term development agendas, they will face
transitory profits…
But not all the socio-economic models are a success story…

13. 3. THE 2013 OUTLOOK
After decelerating for two
consecutive years, Latin
American economies
accelerated growth again at
the end of 2012. Brazil’s
recovery was an engine of
performance
The region’s growth
averaged around 3.2% in
2012 after 4.3% in 2011 and
6% in 2010
Latin America will approach
its potential rate in 2013,
remaining the world's
second best performing
region after Asia
Chile reported lower annual
growth, although the
economy reaccelerated to
rates higher than its long-
term trend because of
expansionary monetary
conditions
Colombia’s growth was
below government
expectations reaching a
3.5% level
Due to the political transition,
which generates temporary
contractions the Mexican
economy began decelerating
in the second half of the year
Brazil became the main
contributor to Latin
America’s growth reduction
in the past two years
Inflation was maintained on
target with the excepctions
of Mexico and Brazil, that
experienced marginal
increases
The 2012 experience….

14. 3. THE 2013 OUTLOOK
Argentina
The country will face risks in 2013,
although growth will improve in
comparison with 2012
Uncertainty will increase
Inflation will be around 25%
Public expenditure will be the driver of
economic growth
Central Bank will continue to be the main
source of funding for the Central
Government
Economy will grow 3.4% in 2013
Brazil
The economy experienced a small scale
recovery at the end of 2012
The recovery will strengthen in 2013,
boosted by investment for the 2014 World
Cup, as well as the fiscal and monetary
stimulus package in place.
The economy will grow 5% in 2013
Chile
Monetary conditions need to be stabilized
before excess demand threatens
economic stability
Growth in 2013 will be around 4.3%
Inflation will remain on target
Source: World Bank

15. 3. THE 2013 OUTLOOK
Mexico
The deceleration initiated at the end of 2012 will extend
over the first half of 2013, as a change in political
administration usually introduces a delay in the federal
budget and private decisions on investment
The economy will grow only 3.5% in 2013 after 3.8% in
2012
Inflation is rising
Monetary tightening could affect growth performance
Great expectations are based on the new government
reform agenda
Peru
The best performer with strong fundamentals and a
well managed mining boom
Growth will reach 5.8% in 2013
Inflation will be between 1% and 3%
Venezuela
The fiscal deficit in 2012 reached troublesome levels,
that will require cuts in 2013
Growth will be around 1.5% and 2%.
Declines in the oil price could trigger a recession
Inflation will reach 30%
Source: World Bank

16. Venezuela
Inflation
Reduction in oil
production
Brain drain
Social conflict
Insecurity
Private initiative in
Jeopardy
Bolivia
Loss of citizen support
Quality of live
deterioration
Lack of private initiative
Loss in private
investment
Ecuador
Press Liberties in
danger
Lack of long term
private investment
Political stability at the
expense of higher
tensions
Oil driven political
power
Nicaragua
Institutional deterioration
(Reelection without
constitutional authority)
Corruption
Private initiative:
Uncertainty
Shameful Chavistas
Bad policies are deteriorating the political and economic context in the
ALBA Countries….
3. THE 2013 OUTLOOK

17. Building Modern
Democracies
(5 parameters)
Security
Freedoms and Private
Initiative
Independent Institutions
Social Cohesion
People Participation
A dynamic
Economic
transformation
Investment Target Policies
Maintaining Fiscal and
Monetary transformation
Integrate commodity and
knowledge based
economies
Expand export markets
Create an
Entrepreneurship culture
(Innovation agenda)
Closing Social
Gaps
Improve education
(quality, coverage,
vocational)
Insure Universal
Healthcare
Formal Job creation
Access to Finance
Climate Change,
Environment
and Energy
Sustainability
Expand renewable
sources
Install an energy efficiency
conscience
Improve waste
management
Protect the Amazon Ring
Reduce Co2 Emissions
Despite the changes that have been achieved some important challenges remain…
3. THE 2013 OUTLOOK
The region top challenges

18. THE 4 BIG CHALLENGES…
Security
Transportation
Business Climate
Environmental Quality
The right mix of goals in Latin American Cities
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

19. SECURITY
City Country Homicides Rate per 100K
San Pedro Sula Honduras 1.143 158
Juarez Mexico 1.974 147
Maceio Brazil 1.564 135
Acapulco Mexico 1.029 127
Tegucigalpa Honduras 1.123 99
Caracas Venezuela 3.164 98
Torreon Mexico 990 87
Chihuahua Mexico 690 82
Guatemala Guatemala 2.248 74
San Salvador Salvador 1.343 58
Ciudad de Panamá Panamá 543 31
Medellin Colombia 1.624 70
Cali Colombia 1720 77
Bogota Colombia 1387 19
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

20. SECURITY
Prevention
Education
Youth Employment
Citizen Participation
Social Programs
Social inclusion
Sanction
Intelligence
Man Power
Technology
Risk Mapping
Effective Judicial
Systems
Technology
Call Centers
City Cameras
Rapid Response
Tracking
Criminal Databases
Crime Scene Profiling
CSI
Communitary
Support
Informants
Neighborhood
Councils
Prompt
denouncements
Policy framework…
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

21. TRANSPORTATION
1. Buenos Aires receives 1.4
million cars per day
2. Bogota has one million cars
and 400.000 on average
circulate every day
3. In Sao Paulo people who
drive loses almost 3 hours in
one of the many 100km traffic
jams the city faces every day
4. The increase in per capita
income has triggered the
most rapid demand for cars in
our region recent history
City Cars Motorcycle Taxis
Bogota 792.000 116.000 49.000
Buenos
Aires
4.285.000 470.000 45.000
Caracas 820.000 114.000 12.400
Mexico City 5.592.000 108.420 182.000
Sao Paulo 4.386.000 652.000 38.639
Lima 453.000 27.000 81.826
Key Figures 2007
(Source CAF 2009-2010)
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

22. TRANSPORTATION
Policy
Actions
Integrated
Massive
Transportation
Systems
Reduce daily
car circulation
Promote Car
Pooling
Toll Roads for
Rapid Access
Expand metro-lines
Improve urban
planning
promoting
functional
districts
Policy framework…
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

23. BUSINESS CLIMATE
Country DB 2011 DB 2010 DB 2012
Mexico 35 41 48
Peru 36 46 43
Colombia 39 38 45
Chile 43 53 37
Argentina 115 113 124
Uruguay 124 122 89
Ecuador 130 127 139
Brazil 127 124 130
Venezuela 172 170 180
1. Countries are measured by their
capacity to create an adequate
environment for doing business
2. Cities thus are the true epicenter
of economic activity, requiring
the right institutions to guarantee
a competitive development of
private initiative
3. The World Bank Doing Business
report represents a good
instrument of measurement
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

24. BUSINESS CLIMATE
Indicator Brazil Chile Mexico Colombia Peru Venezuela
Starting a Business
(Proceadures)
13 8 6 9 6 17
Starting a Business
(Days)
119 22 9 14 27 141
Days for
Construction
Permits
411 155 105 50 188 395
Hours devoted to
pay taxes (Hours
per year)
2.600 316 404 208 380 864
Days to enforce a
contract
616 480 415 1.346 428 510
Enforcing Contracts
(Cost % Claim)
16.5 28.6 32 47.9 35.7 43.7
Cost to export US$
per Container
US$1.730 US$745 US$1.420 US$1.770 US$860 US$2.590
The regional challenge to improve our business climate
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

25. BUSINESS CLIMATE
Cutting Red
Tape
Simplifying
procedures
Online services
Expedite
Business
registration
Expedite
contractual
judicial execution
Entrepreneurial
Spirit
Incentives for
starting a
business
Access to credit
Tax compliance
simplification
Bankruptcy
legislation
Investor
Protection
Legal stability
Security
Zero tolerance
with corruption
Incentives
Infrastructure
Energy
Roads
Water and
sanitation
High Quality
Utilities
Broad Band
Human Capital
Access to
tertiary
education
Proficiency in
math and
science
Bilingual
professionals
High Quality
Universities
Policy framework…
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

26. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Latin American Green City Index
Nine of 17 cities derive more than 80% of
their electrical energy from renewable
sources
Often those cities with the most
renewable energy tend to have the
weakest climate change policies. Of the
nine cities with over 80% renewable
energy, only three score better than
average in this Index category
Only nine cites have full or partial eco-
building standards. Just five have full
regulations in place to motivate
households and business to lower their
energy use
Only four fully promote citizen awareness
on ways to improve the energy-efficiency
of buildings
According to official data, fourteen cities
collect and dispose over 95% of waste,
and for eight cities the figure is 100%
Waste generated per person, at an Index
average of 465 kg per year, is noticeably
lower than the figure in last year’s
European Green City Index, at 511 kg per
year
On average 94% of residents in cities in
the Index have access to sanitation, and
for 13 cities the figure is over 90%
Wastewater treatment, on the other hand,
is very poor. On average only 52% of
wastewater is treated, and eight of 17
cities treat less than half their water. Two
treat none
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

27. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Policy Framework
Energy
• Efficiency
• Energy Matrix in
favor of
renewable
energy
• New building
codes
Emissions
• CO2 reduction
targets
• Air Quality norms
• Transportation
Standards
• Greener Vehicles
Waste
Management
• Better Standards
• Improvement of
collection
techniques
• Capture and
energy use of
methane gases
Water and
Sanitation
• Better service
provision
• Resolve
coverage for low
income informal
settlements.
• High technology
in residual water
treatments.
Environmental
Governance
• Better statistical
information
• High technical
personnel
• International best
practices in
policy design
Land use
• Orderly planned
expansion
• Utilities coverage
• Prevent informal
settlements
• Land titles
policies
Policy framework…
4. LATIN AMERICA’S URBAN CHALLENGES

28. PERU: HUMALA CHALLENGES
Maintain the
highest
economic
growth rate in
the region
Improve social
expenditure
targeting
Improve Labor
markets
• Combat informality
• Improve
productivity
Continue with
International
insertion
• Implement the FTA
with USA
• Pacific Agenda with
Colombia, Chile and
Mexico.
5. Some Countries

29. Challenges
Fiscal and
Monetary
Credibility
Institutional
quality
Capacity to
generate
confidence
Solve Public-
Private
Conflicts
Lack of
FDI long
term trust
Argentina
5. Some Countries

30. Security
Human
Insecurity
Legal
Insecurity
Political
insecurity
Individual
Liberties
Property rights
at risk
Limit freedom
of expression
Limit freedom
of press
Independent
institutions
Courts
controlled by
the Executive
Branch
Independent
institutions are
controlled by
the Executive
father
One Party
controls the
Parliament
Citizen
participation
Limited
Controlled
Instruments
vital for political
pressure.
Social
Cohesion
Class
polarization
Fiscal policy is
unsustainable
Venezuela
5. Some Countries

31. ChallengesRegional
integration
Urban
security
Drug
consumption
Cost of money
Infrastructure
Weak Doing
Business
Indicators
Foreign Policy
Brazil
5. Some Countries

32. THE CHALLENGES OF DOING BUSINESS IN
BRAZIL
 Area: 8,514,877 sq km
 Population: 203,429,773 (July 2011
est.)
 GDP: $2.172 trillion (2010 est.)
 GDP Composition by Sector:
Services: 67.4% (2010 est.)
Industry: 26.8%
Agriculture: 5.8%
 Unemployment Rate: 6.7% (2010 est.)
 Exports: $201.9 billion (2010 est.)
 Export Commodities: Transport
equipment, iron ore, soybeans,
footwear, coffee, autos
 Export Partners: China 12.5%, US
10.5%, Argentina 8.4%, Netherlands
5.4%, Germany 4.1% (2009)
 Imports: $181.7 billion (2010 est.)
 Import Commodities: machinery,
electrical and transport equipment,
chemical products, oil, automotive
parts, electronics
 Import Partners: US 16.1%, China
12.6%, Argentina 8.8%, Germany 7.7%,
Japan 4.3% (2009)
Good results but there are some worriying “TO DO BUSINESS” indicators
Country DB 2011 DB 2010
Mexico 35 41
Peru 36 46
Colombia 39 38
Chile 43 53
Argentina 115 113
Uruguay 124 122
Ecuador 130 127
Brazil 127 124
Venezuela 172 170
Doing
Business 2011
shows some
elements that
affect Brazil as
a destiny for
investments
(127 out of 180
in the Doing
Business
Report)
1. Bureaucracy
2. Weak Infrastructure
3. Weak Technology
4. Preference to Local Companies
5. Complex tax system

33. THE CHALLENGES OF DOING BUSINESS IN BRAZIL
 Brazil in comparison to the Region best and worst
performers
Indicator Brazil Chile Mexico Colombia Peru Venezuela
Starting a Business
(Proceadures)
15 8 6 9 6 17
Starting a Business
(Days)
120 22 9 14 27 141
Days for
Construction
Permits
411 155 105 50 188 395
Hours devoted to
pay taxes (Hours
per year)
2-600 316 404 208 380 864
Days to enforce a
contract
616 480 415 1346 428 510
Enforcing Contracts
(Cost % Claim)
16.5 28.6 32 47.9 35.7 43.7
Cost to export US$
per Container
US$
1.730
US$
745
US$
1.420
US$
1.770
US$860 US$
2.590

34. BRAZIL INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES
Brazil’s infrastructure ranks
74th out of 133 countries, even
though its overall economy
ranks 56th, according to a
World Economic Forum (WEF)
survey that asked firms to rank
global competitiveness. Among
the BRIC economies, Brazil’s
infrastructure ranks similar to
India’s (76) and Russia’s (71),
but it lags China’s (46). Within
Latin America, Brazil’s
infrastructure ranking is near
Mexico’s (69) and is
significantly better than
Venezuela’s (106), but it is far
behind Chile’s (30)
Infrastructure spending in Brazil has been in a
declining trend over the past 40 years, averaging
5.4% of GDP during the 1970s, 3.6% in the 1980s,
2.3% in the 1990s, and 2.1% in the 2000s. Some
studies suggest infrastructure investment of 2.0% of
GDP is needed simply to sustain the current
infrastructure stock in Brazil
Brazil must invest 4% of GDP (doubling its
current investment) for 20 years to catch up
with Chile, the benchmark in Latin America,
according to our estimates.
To catch up with South Korea — the
benchmark in Asia — Brazil would need to
invest 6–8% of GDP per year
Source Morgan Stanley

35. BRAZIL INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES
Challenges
for
infrastructure
development
Improving the business
environment. Brazil needs a more
stable and credible regulatory
environment The main issues are:
1) regulatory bottlenecks, 2)
excessive renegotiations of
concessions, and 3) the lack of
efficiency of regulatory agencies
Rethinking fiscal priorities. The government needs to redesign
spending strategies and rethink priorities by 1) addressing
budget rigidities, 2) reducing mandatory earmarking in the
budget, and 3) revisiting structural entitlements (i.e., social
security reform)
Reforming the tax
system. The government
intake is close to 40% of
GDP, while companies
spend on average 2,500
hours per year to
prepare, file, and pay
their taxes

36. Reform the Police
Structure
Citizen participation
in the fight against
organized crime
Strengthen
intelligence
Border affairs
• Drug Consumption
• Assault Weapons
The security
challenge
Mexico
5. Some Countries

37. CHILE
TWO SITUATIONS
Characteristics
Economic
Stability
Political
Stability
Investor
Confidence
Innovation and
entrepreneurshi
p agenda
Quality of live
and
opportunities
Youth distrust
in Political
Parties and in
Government
Aggressive
protests
Dependant on
the China effect
5. Some Countries

38. ECUADOR
THE POLITICAL CONDITION
Economic
4.5% Fiscal deficit
Oil price has been the
driving force
Investors distrust
4.5% inflation
Political
The President has
concentrated more powers
Since reelection and Chavez
death Correa has been moving
to a moderate attitude
There is not a clear opposition
figure
Urban security has been
deteriorating
5. Some Countries

39. BOLIVIA: NEW PROBLEMS ARISE
Economic
Populism platform loosing
popular support
Fiscal superavit driven by more
tax collections
Economic Growth above 4.6%
driven by Gas price
Inflation close to 9%
Investors distrust with the
exception of foreign governments
corporations
Political
2/3 of Congress controlled by
the President Coalition
Hunting of all opposition
leaders
Confrontation with Santa Cruz
Governor Ruben Costas.
Next week 56 Supreme Court
Judges will be elected
International
Under the influence of Chavez
Improvement in the dialogue
with the U.S.
International Market Distrust
5. Some Countries

40. Country Homicides
per 100K
Hab
Violence cost as %
of GDP (Live years
lost due to
handicapped
circumstances)
Private sector losses
due to insecurity (%
sales)
Violence costs
as % of GDP
Number of
gang
members
Number of
gangs
Honduras 43 1,31% 4.5% 9.6% 36.000 112
Guatemala 45 1.43% 3.9% 7.7% 14.000 434
El
Salvador
58 1.99% 4.5% 10% 10.500 4
Nicaragua 14 0.96% 3.1% 10% 4.500 268
Costa Rica 8 0.58% 3.6% 2.660 6
Panamá 11 0.63% 2.5% 1.385 94
Central America: The security Drama
Violence and organized crime
5. Some Countries

41. NOT THE SAME STORIES
A region of different
development stories
The 7 giants (Brazil, Mexico,
Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru
and Uruguay)
a) 70 of the Region population
b) 85% of the Region GDP
c) Poverty reduction
d) High levels of investment
e) Commercial integration
f) Institutional stability
Central America
a) 3% of the Region GDP
(US$163 Billion)
b) 7% of the Region population
(43 million)
c) Income inequality
d) Moderate investment levels
e) Low tax collections
f) Fragile energy matrix
Caribbean
a) 4% of the Region Population
b) 2% of the Region GDP
c) Tourism dependence
d) Natural disaster risks
e) Low industrial base
f) Need for long term access to
markets
5. Some Countries

42. THE CHINA EFFECT…
Country China
Ranking as
a trading
partner
Porcentage
of total
exports
2011
Brazil 1 15%
Mexico 4 2.2%
Colombia 3 6.2%
Chile 1 16%
Peru 2 16%
Venezuela 2 7.9%
China’s influence as a trading
partner will continue to
increase, thus strenghthening
its political and diplomatic
relations with the regional
key players…
China is the destination for 10% of LatAm exports today, and is the
largest trade partner for Brazil and Chile. LatAm was also the largest
recipient of announced Chinese outbound investment in 2010, focused
on energy and mining
5. Some Countries

43. U.S-LATIN AMERICA RELATIONS
 The evolution of U.S Latin America Relations…from Doctrines to specific policies…
Doctrines
Monroe Doctrine
Teddy Roosevelt “BIG STICK”
Howard Taft “Pan-American Union”
FDR “Good Neighbor”
Ike Pan American Operation
Alliance for Progress
Carter “Human Rights Agenda”
Reagan Regional Cold War
Bush “War on Drugs” and trade
Clinton “NAFTA” & “FTAA”
Objectives
Protect the region from foreign invasions and strengthen the U.S
influence in the hemisphere
Exercise strategic control of the region applying hard power
(Military interventions in Nicaragua, DR, Haiti, etc.)
Build and institutional and permanent diplomatic coordination
under the U.S Leadership.
Regional support for World War II and coordination to face the
Great Depression
Improve development assistance to prevent social turmoil
(Creation of the IDB)
Improve development assistance to prevent the communist
expansion.
Promote Human Rights policies to confront the emerging power of
dictatorships in the region.
Intervention in Nicaragua, Grenada and Panama.
Fight against Drug Cartels in the region concentrated in Colombia,
promotion of NAFTA and Unilateral Trade Preference Act.
Enactment of NAFTA, promotion of the FTAA (1993) and the
Andean Trade Preference Drug Enforcement Act.
Policies
Bush Vs Obama and the FTA’s… (Next slide)
5. Some Countries

44. U.S-LATIN AMERICA RELATIONS
 Two administrations and its strategic approaches…
Bush:
1. FTA’s with Chile, Colombia, Peru,
Panama, CAFTA, DR
2. Actively supported the fight against
terrorism in Colombia.
3. Promoted the Democratic Charter in the
OAS (Signed in Lima September 11 2001)
4. Politicaly confronted anti-democratic
regimes in the region
5. Stablished the Millenium Corporation
6. Debt Relief for Bolivia, Nicaragua,
Honduras, Haity and Guyana
Obama:
1. FTA’s with Colombia and Panama
took almost 3 years to be ratified
2. Actively supported the fight against
terrorism in Colombia.
3. Political diplomacy with anti-
democratic regimes in the region
4. Timid speech against Drug Cartels
in the region
5. Cautious attitude towards the
security crisis in Mexico and the
U.S. share of responsibility
5. Some Countries

45. Security
28.837 homicides
2.882 kidnappings
69 homicides per 100.000 habitants
1.645 terrorist attacks
350 mayors out of their
municipalities
158 municipalities without police
Economy
Average Economic Growth 1994-
2001: 2.1%
GDP per Capita: US$2.377
Investment as % of GDP: 16.5%
Exports: US$11.975 million
FDI: US$2.100 million
Inflation: 6.99%
Fiscal balance: -3.2%
Social
Unemployment: 16.2%
Health Coverage: 25 million
Colombians
Pension affiliates: 4.5 million
Poverty: 57%
Education Coverage: Primary 97%,
High school: 57%, University: 24%
Mobil Phone Lines: 4.6 million
Internet coverage: 1.9 million
Eleven years ago Colombia was a fragile state…
The Colombian Paradox: a long and stable democracy in a permanent threat from terrorist groups,
drug dealers and organized crime…
6. THE COLOMBIAN CASE: NO LOST CAUSES

46. WE INTRODUCED A COMPREHENSIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK…
Social
Cohesion
Investment
with
fraternity
Democratic
Security
Confidence
Security as a Democratic Value
Security for
all
Confront all
criminal
organizations
Security
without
martial law
Security with
freedoms and
human rights
protection
Security in
coordination
with the
people
Investment Target
Security:
Human
Legal
Political
Sound
Macroeconomics
Incentives
Access to
markets
Competitiveness
factors:
• Infrastructure
• Regulation
• Connectivity
• Logistical chain
Social Cohesion
Highest quality
in education
Universal
healthcare
Access to
Finance
Stable Jobs
and
entrepreneurial
spirit
Connectivity
6. THE COLOMBIAN CASE: NO LOST CAUSES

47. OUR POLICY ACHIEVEMENTS GENERATED A TURNING POINT
Indicator 2002 2010
Homicides 28.838 7400
Kidnappings 2.882 123
Homicides per
100K Habitants
69 16.3
Terrorist attacks 1.645 250
Municipalities
without mayors
presence
350 0
Municipalities
without police
158 0
Indicator 2002 2010
Average
Economic
Growth
2.1% 4.3%
GDP per Capita 2.377 5.300
Invest % GDP 16.5% 24.6%
Exports US$
11.000
US$
39.000
FDI US$
2.100
US$ 7.000
Inflation 6.9% 2.5%
Indicator 2002 2010
Unemployment 16.2% 11.6%
Health Coverage 25.1 million 43.1
million
Pension affiliates 4.5 million 7.1
million
Poverty 57% 38%
Education coverage
(Primary, Hs,
University)
97%
57%
24%
100%
79.4%
35.5%
Mobile phone users 4.6 million
lines
41
million
lines
• Reached the highest economic growth in
more than 20 years
• The largest education, health and
connectivity coverage in its history
• The largest poverty reduction in Colombian
history
• The biggest FDI rates in history
• The lowest violence records in 30 years
• Expanded the middle class
• Highest exports in Colombian
History
• Paramilitary groups dismantled
• FARC structure severely
dismantled
• Per Capita income more than
doubled
6. THE COLOMBIAN CASE: NO LOST CAUSES

48. Structural Elements
Political Stability
Sound Macroeconomic
Management
Human, Political and Legal
Security
Competitive
elements
Investment incentives
Access to markets (Canada,
EU, EEUU, MERCOSUR, etc.)
Free Trade Zones
Logistical advantages
Legal stability agreements
Comparative
elements
Investment Grade
Stable institutions
Growing internal
demand
Complementary
Human Capital
New World Class
Sectors incentives
Strong financial
system
We made Colombia a viable country for FDI due to a multiplicity of factors…
6. THE COLOMBIAN CASE: NO LOST CAUSES

49. In 2002 it was believed that
by 2009 Colombia oil
production will not be able
to attend national demand
In 2003 the oil and gas
sector restructuring was
designed
ECOPETROL undertook a
strategy shift to become a
more competitive and
professional corporation
The National Hydrocarbon
Agency was created
Between 2002 and 2010
341 exploration and
production contracts were
signed
In 2007 ECOPETROL was
capitalized by 10% through
local capital markets.
486.000 Colombians
bought shares
Between 2002 and May
2010 447 new fields were
explored
From 2002 to 2010
successful exploration
passed from 40% to 61.4%
Seismic exploration in the
country (Onshore, Offshore
and 2 dimensions)
increased by more than
250%
Colombia is currently close
to produce 1 million oil
barrels per day
Success triggers
Security: Investment,
exploration
Government Reform: New
ECOPETROL and ANH
Investment target policies:
New players and new
exploration and production
contracts
The case of the oil sector in Colombia: Change is possible
6. THE COLOMBIAN CASE: NO LOST CAUSES

50. Security
Maintain Macro-Vision and
Micro-Management
Continue dismantling all
terrorist organizations
Continue dismantling drug
cartels apparatus
Strengthen Citizen Security
agendas with local
authorities
Economic
Face new trends of
currency appreciation
Maintain and increase FDI
flows (Security, incentives
and stability rules)
Fiscal Policy to face new
countercyclical challenges
Increase tax collections
Expand new trade markets
through FTA’s
Social
Cohesion
Fight labor informality and
create quality jobs
Insure education and health
quality
Expand vocational training
coverage
Create Entrepreneurial
Family Transfers program
Political
Judicial reform
Strengthen Democratic
Center
Improve local institutional
capacity
New law implementation
(Victims and land)
Prevent the emergence of
populist movements
6. THE COLOMBIAN CASE: NO LOST CAUSES
Colombia current challenges

51. WWW.ALVAROURIBEVELEZ.COM