H.S. Frenkel and J.G van Bekkum how they improved vaccine availability and quality
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The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme surrounded increasing the supply of effective FMD vaccines. The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
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2) By March 2021, no new clinical cases were reported. Surveillance since found 14 juveniles seronegative, suggesting LSD may have disappeared due to lack of susceptible newborn cattle.
3) Continued clinical and serological surveillance is important since Hong Kong has a small teaching farm. No urgency exists currently to declare freedom
LSD symposium - N. Zainuddin - Indonesian experience on simultaneous LSD and ...
1) Lumpy skin disease was first reported in Indonesia in February 2022 in Riau Province, and has since spread to several other provinces, most recently to Central Java in August 2022.
2) As of February 2023, over 249,000 cattle have been vaccinated across 9 provinces as a control measure. Other control measures include movement restrictions, vector control, and educating farmers.
3) Key challenges to control efforts include the extensive animal farming system, illegal animal movement, limited number of vaccinators, and high workload from controlling both lumpy skin disease and foot-and-mouth disease. Recommended solutions include improving handling capacity, better border control, engaging other institutions to assist with vaccination
LSD symposium - R. Ainsworth - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Southeast Asia Mar...
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is spreading through cattle movements in Southeast Asia. The document discusses how government policies around quarantine, compensation and corruption can accelerate the virus's spread by encouraging illicit cattle movements. It also notes that traditional smuggling routes go against the direction LSD has spread. The rapid transmission of LSD occurred during COVID border closures, and its direction of movement corresponds with prevailing winds rather than cattle trade routes. Government policies and wind patterns may be aiding the long-distance airborne spread of LSD across Southeast Asia.
LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from India
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was first reported in India in 2019. It has since spread to 23 states and union territories, affecting over 3 million animals and causing over 185,000 deaths. The disease manifests as skin nodules and lesions on internal organs. Vaccination is a key control strategy, with over 87 million animals vaccinated to date using a goatpox vaccine. ICAR has also developed an indigenous LSD vaccine that is undergoing field trials and licensing. States are implementing control measures like quarantine, vaccination, vector control and public awareness campaigns to curb the spread and impact of LSD.
LSD symposium - G. Cattoli - Lessons from ten years of experience building me...
LSD symposium - G. Cattoli - Lessons from ten years of experience building member states capacities for diagnosing LSDV and other capripoxviruses
LSD symposium - H. Bergmann - Systemic review and expert ranking of potential...
LSD symposium - H. Bergmann - Systemic review and expert ranking of potential risk factors for lumpy skin disease
LSD symposium - E. Klemen - Modes of transmission of lumpy skin disease
Indirect transmission, likely through blood-sucking flying insects, is the primary mode of transmission for lumpy skin disease virus. While direct contact can transmit the virus, studies have found no transmission between clinically infected and susceptible cattle housed together without vectors. Mathematical models also indicate indirect transmission alone can explain outbreak dynamics. The virus can spread over long distances, possibly aided by winds carrying infected vectors, though local spread is typically 10 km per week. Subclinical infections may transmit the virus but appear to play a minor role compared to clinical cases.
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LSD symposium - N. Galon - Thinking out of the pox lessons and thoughts on LS...
LSD symposium - N. Galon - Thinking out of the pox lessons and thoughts on LS...
LSD symposium - C. E. Lamien - Molecular epidemiological investigation of LSD...
LSD symposium - C. E. Lamien - Molecular epidemiological investigation of LSD...
LSD symposium - I. Gluecks - Cattle farming in Kenya, Africa livestock health...
LSD symposium - I. Gluecks - Cattle farming in Kenya, Africa livestock health...
LSD symposium - G. Pezzoni - Development of a pen-side test for the detection...
LSD symposium - G. Pezzoni - Development of a pen-side test for the detection...
LSD symposium - A. Haegeman - LSDV transmission by stomoxys stable flies less...
LSD symposium - A. Haegeman - LSDV transmission by stomoxys stable flies less...
LSD symposium - W. Philips - Evaluation of the efficacy of live attenuated he...
LSD symposium - W. Philips - Evaluation of the efficacy of live attenuated he...
LSD symposium - A. Sprygin - Subclinical infection its role in transmission a...
LSD symposium - A. Sprygin - Subclinical infection its role in transmission a...
LSD symposium - Z. Fatima- Investigation of suspected outbreaks of lumpy skin...
LSD symposium - Z. Fatima- Investigation of suspected outbreaks of lumpy skin...
LSD symposium - L. Pite - Combating lumpy skin disease in Albania
LSD symposium - L. Pite - Combating lumpy skin disease in Albania
LSD symposium - E. Tuppurainen - Update on global distribution of lumpy skin ...
LSD symposium - E. Tuppurainen - Update on global distribution of lumpy skin ...
LSD symposium - J. Chan - Lumpy skin disease in Hong Kong
LSD symposium - J. Chan - Lumpy skin disease in Hong Kong
LSD symposium - N. Zainuddin - Indonesian experience on simultaneous LSD and ...
LSD symposium - N. Zainuddin - Indonesian experience on simultaneous LSD and ...
LSD symposium - R. Ainsworth - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Southeast Asia Mar...
LSD symposium - R. Ainsworth - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Southeast Asia Mar...
LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from India
LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from India
LSD symposium - G. Cattoli - Lessons from ten years of experience building me...
LSD symposium - G. Cattoli - Lessons from ten years of experience building me...
LSD symposium - H. Bergmann - Systemic review and expert ranking of potential...
LSD symposium - H. Bergmann - Systemic review and expert ranking of potential...
LSD symposium - E. Klemen - Modes of transmission of lumpy skin disease
LSD symposium - E. Klemen - Modes of transmission of lumpy skin disease
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校名:学校英文全称
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毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
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留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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办理(uob学位证书)英国伯明翰大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uob学位证书)英国伯明翰大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uob学位证书)英国伯明翰大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoit毕业证书)加拿大安大略理工大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoit毕业证书)加拿大安大略理工大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoit毕业证书)加拿大安大略理工大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoit毕业证书)加拿大安大略理工大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
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一比一原版英国阿伯丁大学毕业证(AU毕业证书)学历如何办理
退学办理文凭【微信号:176555708】【(AU毕业证书)】【微信号:176555708】《成绩单、外壳、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号:176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号:176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Spending in the 340B Drug Pricing Program, 2010 to 2021
Presentation by Rebecca Sachs and Joshua Varcie, analysts in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the 13th Annual Conference of the American Society of Health Economists.
一比一原版(Adelaide毕业证)阿德莱德大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【阿德莱德大学毕业证Adelaide学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理阿德莱德大学毕业证毕业证假文凭Adelaide学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理阿德莱德大学毕业证Adelaide学位证毕业证假文凭【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理阿德莱德大学毕业证毕业证假文凭Adelaide学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理阿德莱德大学毕业证毕业证假文凭Adelaide学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
EI Statistical Review of World Energy 2024
FT author
Amanda Chu
US Energy Reporter
PREMIUM
June 20 2024
Good morning and welcome back to Energy Source, coming to you from New York, where the city swelters in its first heatwave of the season.
Nearly 80 million people were under alerts in the US north-east and midwest yesterday as temperatures in some municipalities reached record highs in a test to the country’s rickety power grid.
In other news, the Financial Times has a new Big Read this morning on Russia’s grip on nuclear power. Despite sanctions on its economy, the Kremlin continues to be an unrivalled exporter of nuclear power plants, building more than half of all reactors under construction globally. Read how Moscow is using these projects to wield global influence.
Today’s Energy Source dives into the latest Statistical Review of World Energy, the industry’s annual stocktake of global energy consumption. The report was published for more than 70 years by BP before it was passed over to the Energy Institute last year. The oil major remains a contributor.
Data Drill looks at a new analysis from the World Bank showing gas flaring is at a four-year high.
Thanks for reading,
Amanda
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New report offers sobering view of the energy transition
Every year the Statistical Review of World Energy offers a behemoth of data on the state of the global energy market. This year’s findings highlight the world’s insatiable demand for energy and the need to speed up the pace of decarbonisation.
Here are our four main takeaways from this year’s report:
Fossil fuel consumption — and emissions — are at record highs
Countries burnt record amounts of oil and coal last year, sending global fossil fuel consumption and emissions to all-time highs, the Energy Institute reported. Oil demand grew 2.6 per cent, surpassing 100mn barrels per day for the first time.
Meanwhile, the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix declined slightly by half a percentage point, but still made up more than 81 per cent of consumption.
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Spending in the 340B Drug Pricing Program, 2010 to 2021
Spending in the 340B Drug Pricing Program, 2010 to 2021
H.S. Frenkel and J.G van Bekkum how they improved vaccine availability and quality
- 1. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY H.S. Frenkel and J.G van Bekkum how they improved vaccine availability and quality
- 2. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY FMDV was a huge challenge • Before 1950 only Waldman vaccine • Huge number of cattle needed production • No containment
- 3. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY Herman Salomon Frenkel (1891 – 1968) • 1930 appointed direct of the state veterinary institute • Task: "Find the cause and develop methods to control FMD" • During WOII interned in Theresienstadt
- 4. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY Research on virus culture • 1930 UK and Germany virus culture in surviving foetal guinea pig skin tissue • 1935 Frenkel and v. Waveren virus culture in surviving foetal bovine, porcine and ovine skin tissue • Better supply and no adaptation 1949 Bovine tongue and rumen
- 5. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY
- 6. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY Machinery in the 50-ties • Brushing tongues • Harvesting epithelium • Virus culture in "open" incubators with oxygen and CO2 and antibiotics • Storage of formulated vaccine
- 7. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY In-vitro culture enabled control • NL first country with nation-wide prophylactic and emergency vaccination • Followed by other European countries
- 8. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY Jaap van Bekkum 1922 - 2018 • DVM 1951 • 1956 Deputy director "SVOI" • 1959 Member of the RG of the STC • 1960 Director "SVOI" • 1972 Professor virology • 1982 Research director "CVI" • 1986 Retirement, also as chairman of STC
- 9. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY Research on FMDV 2 main topics Antibody response and protection • Thesis 1959 "Neutraliserende antistoffen in sera van tegen mond- en klauwzeer geënte runderen" FMD persistent infection (Carriers) • "Observation on the carrier state of cattle exposed to FMDV." Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 84: 1159-1164.
- 10. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY
- 11. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY Quantification of Ab response • Mathematics • Probit analysis • Previously implemented by Brooksby • Good titre for 1 year
- 12. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY Relation Ab response and protection • High antibody titres are correlated with protection • Relation depends on interval vaccination challenge
- 13. OS18 GLOBAL VACCINE SECURITY Current challenges FMD vaccine • Cheap production • Simple production systems (like surviving tongue epithelium) • High yields of antigen • Stable antigen or alternatives for stabilisation • Good quality control • Vaccine • 146 S content • Potency tests by serology (like van Bekkum developed) • Vaccination campaign • Check immune response in the field (like van Bekkum did)