The document outlines an assignment for students to collaborate in groups to research and write a paper on a contentious issue. Students will be divided into groups to research arguments for and against a provided question. Each student will be responsible for a section of the paper or an editing role. The paper will include an introduction, arguments in favor, arguments against, and a conclusion. Guidelines are provided for writing each section and fulfilling the different roles. Possible contentious issues that could be researched are also listed.
Darjeeling is intertwined with that of Sikkim, Nepal, British India, Bhutan and Bengal. Until the early 19th century, the hilly area around Darjeeling was controlled by the kingdom of Sikkim, while the plains around Siliguri were intermittently occupied by the Kingdom of Nepal,with settlement consisting of a few villages of Lepcha and Kirati people.The Chogyal of Sikkim had been engaged in unsuccessful warfare against the Gorkhas of Nepal
Standard Form ArgumentsDiscussion TitleThe central tool of.docxwhitneyleman54422
Standard Form Arguments
Discussion Title
The central tool of logic is the argument. Accordingly, constructing good arguments is the central element of this course. Each writing assignment in this course will give you an opportunity to construct and improve upon an argument that you will develop as the course progresses. This discussion post allows you to begin the process of developing your argument by presenting good reasoning on both sides of an issue.
The requirement for this discussion is a minimum of four posts on four separate days, including at least two substantive responses to peers. The total combined word count for all of your posts for this discussion, counted together, should be at least 400 words. Answer all the questions in the prompt, and read any resources that are required to complete the discussion properly. In order to satisfy the posting requirements for the week, complete your initial post by Day 3 (Thursday) and your other posts by Day 7 (Monday). We recommend that you get into the discussion early and spread out your posts over the course of the week. Reply to your classmates and instructor. Attempt to take the conversation further by responding substantively to the replies that others make to you as well. Keep the discussion on target, and analyze things in as much detail as you can.
Prepare: To prepare for this discussion, make sure to read the assigned chapters of the primary text and to review the required resources, including the videos about arguments (in the “Lectures” link on the left). Before responding to the prompt, make sure as well to participate in the interactive scenario at the top of this page titledThe Raise to gain more appreciation of the importance of constructing good arguments in life.
Reflect: Choose a topic from thePHI103 Final Paper Options list. It should be a topic that you find interesting, but also for which you will be able defend a position with careful logical reasoning. Construct the strongest argument that you can on each side of the issue. Strengthen your arguments by contemplating possible objections to each argument, and revise your arguments in light of the objections. Continue this process until you feel that your arguments for each side are as convincing as you can possibly make them.
Write: Present your two arguments (one on each side of the issue) in standard form (with each premise and conclusion on a separate line) on the topic you selected from thePHI103 Final Paper Options list. The two arguments should defend different positions on the topic. For example, if your topic was the existence of Santa Claus, then you would present one argument for the claim that Santa Claus does exist and another argument that Santa Claus does not exist. The premises of each argument will present reasons for thinking that the conclusion is true.
Here is an example of what an argument in standard form looks like:
Premise 1: If Santa Claus exists, then he lives at the North Pole.
Prem.
Module 7 Discussion Board Algebra1. What does it mean when s.docxmoirarandell
Module 7 Discussion Board Algebra
1. What does it mean when something grows or decays exponentially? How is that different then rising or falling linearly?
2. Give an example of a real life application of exponential growth or decay. Include the link to a website to show this.
Please answer as two different posts. You need three posts for full credit.
When you reply to others in the class, your replies should contain original thought and/or a follow up question.
Classical Argument
Persuasion and ArgumentPersuasion is the process of drawing conclusions and getting others to accept them and act upon them.Argumentation is the process of drawing conclusions after looking at both sides of an issue and getting others to accept one side based upon logic and careful exploration of facts.
Rhetoric and AudienceRhetoric is the “art of speaking or writing effectively”It is a set of skills used in college and in the business world Effective communication is an important skill in the work forceEffective communication gets our point across without embarrassment for ourselves or others. Effective communication understands what the audience does and does not know about the topic.
Aristotle’s Appeals: Ethos, Logos, and PathosAristotle was a student of Plato. Later, he was a teacher for Alexander the Great. He identified three appeals that can be used to persuade others. Ethos=ethics. Logos=logic. Pathos=emotion
Ethos=Ethics, CredibilityAs a writer, you will establish your credibility through careful research. Articles from experts in the field of study will help you build your ethos in the paper. An advertisement using ethos would be a McDonald’s commercial stating the number of years in business (hence they know how to make a decent hamburger). A car dealership might also state how long they have been at the same location. Or, the dealership might make sure you know“ 2013 Time Dealer of the year award nominee for being among the nation’s most successful auto dealers who also demonstrate a long-standing commitment to community service” (Fuson Automotive).
Logos=LogicWhen using logos in an argument, we provide facts, statistics, evidence, and reason. An automobile commercial stating the vehicle gets x mpg is proving a logos appeal. When gas prices climb, auto makers want to highlight how many miles per gallon the car can travel. Therefore, a car advertised as getting 40 mpg would appeal to a consumer who travels a distance of 40 miles to and from work. If the reader finds the evidence given “logical” it will appeal to the reader.
Pathos=EmotionA pathos appeal will tap into human emotions. Some commercials are deliberately funny and are geared to draw us to the restaurant or product being advertised. From about mid-January until February 14, TV ads focus on how we should tell our “significant” other “I love you.” Commercials such as the “Sandals Resort” plays to adults who want a romantic get-away. We are frequently told ...
Writing the Term PaperPHIL1120 Environmental EthicsInstr.docxericbrooks84875
Writing the Term Paper
PHIL1120 Environmental Ethics
Instructor Bearden
Fall 2011
Contents:
1. How do I select a topic for a philosophy paper? (1)
2. What is a thesis statement? (2)
3. Using outside sources (4)
4. Possible paper topics (6)
How do I select a topic for a philosophy paper?
All students are expected to write one term paper on a relevant topic in the course that
considers a philosophical position or contemporary environmental issue in detail. Papers
should be 5-6 pages in length, double-spaced, in font size 12 and free from grammatical and
other errors. Papers should show creativity and imagination but should also be written with
clarity and precision. Students will first submit a thesis statement indicating their topic,
proposed argument, and support from philosophical sources. The thesis is worth 5% of the
final grade and is graded on a pass/fail basis. Students will receive comments and guidance
from the instructor regarding their thesis before the paper’s due date. Consult the Course
Schedule for all due dates. Students are warmly encouraged to discuss the paper topic with
the instructor. Please see the instructor if you have further questions or need help during any
phase of the writing process.
The first step in the writing process is picking a topic that interests you. What issues
were you hoping to tackle in this course? What ideas have most impacted the way you think?
What would you like to know more about? Narrowing the field to a few topics is a good start.
From there, consider what readings our book offers on the subject. You are free to write about
any environmental issue, as long as it is considered from a moral point of view. That said,
you might also look into public policy, environmental science, economics or any other
related field. Following your interest is one way to encourage creativity in your papers.
Starting with a question regarding your topic is a good second step. What would you
like to investigate about a particular topic? Consider the scope of your paper and whether or
not there will be conclusive and clear evidence for you to research. Solid papers will argue
for a clear point and will incorporate relevant evidence when applicable. As you settle on
your topic, consider what premises you will need to consider in order to reach a conclusion
on your topic. Think of these premises as the primary support for what your paper aims to
prove. These three premises should help frame your paper, setting the scope of your
investigation. Next, consider how each of these premises logically fit together to help you
address your topic of choice. Try to make these premises fit as precisely as possible. The
more you are able to simplify these premises into a logical argument, the more precise your
paper will be. Obviously, you’ll return to these as you pursue this topic through research. But
you are now on your way to formulating a thesis. For a more detailed discussion of the thesi.
---- Please Follow the instructions ----
Essay #5
Argument Essay
Purpose:
To demonstrate our ability to write a well-supported essay; to show our ability to do accurate works cited pages; to demonstrate our ability to cite sources using MLA format.
Audience:
people who may be unfamiliar with this topic
Paper format:
typed, double-spaced using Times New Roman and 12 pt. font; 1" margins all round; original title; name and date; separate Works Cited page; correct essay formatting and indentation of paragraphs. I will provide you with the correct Works Cited page. All you will have to do is copy it.
Note:
This paper
must
be handed in by the due date.
I will not accept any late papers.
Grade Distribution:
Rough Draft: 30 points
Accurate Works Cited Page: 20 points
Essay: 500 points
Assignment:
Write a 4-5 page argumentative paper on the following topic: Who Needs Privacy? You
must
use the following articles which are in your Week 12 Module to support your thesis and claims: "Tracking Is an Assault on Liberty" by Nicolas Carr; "Web Users Get as Much as They Give" by Jim Harper; and
"Facebook
Is Using You" by Lori Andrews. You
must
have two quotes from each of the three articles related to your topic. I will not accept any other sources that the three mentioned above.
You may not use I believe, I think, or In my opinion anywhere in your essay!
Essay Specifics:
Before you begin writing your essay, it would help if you created an outline to follow. The type of outline you create will depend on whether your readers primarily agree or disagree with you. Below are two examples:
Readers Primarily Agree with You
Strengthen their convictions by organizing your argument around a series of reasons backed by supporting evidence or by refuting opposing arguments point by point.
I. Present the Issue
II. Provide a thesis statement -
a direct statement of your position
III. Present your most plausible reasons and evidence
IV. Concede or refute opposing reasons or objections to your argument
V. Conclude:
Reaffirm your position
Readers Primarily Disagree with You
Begin by emphasizing common ground, and make a concession to show that you have considered the opposing position carefully and with an open mind.
I. Present the Issue:
Reframe the issue in terms of common values
II. Concede:
Acknowledge the wisdom of an aspect of the opposing position
III. Provide a thesis statement
- a direct statement of your position, qualified as necessary
IV. Present your most plausible reasons and evidence
V. Conclude:
Reiterate shared values
Whatever organizational strategy you adopt, do not hesitate to change your outline as necessary while drafting and revising. For instance, you might find it more effective to hold back on presenting your own position until you have discussed unacceptable alternatives. or you might if find a more powerful way to order the reasons for supporting your position. Th.
1. islandschool
Year 8
Island Time
Truth and Lies
Joint Paper
Overview
The aim is for you to collaborate in groups to analyse a contentious question. You are to research arguments for and
against the question and to present a paper about the research. The paper will present the question, the arguments for
and against and reach a conclusion.
The skills
Collaboration, dividing tasks, assuming a particular role, research, writing an argument, peer review of work, types of
editing, presentation.
Organisation
Your teacher will divide the class into groups of four. As a group you will research together and inform each other on
your ideas- but the actual writing responsibility will be divided up so that one person is the main writer for one section. In
addition each student will take an overall role. For example one person will take responsibility for the introduction
and will also be the Editor in chief.
Sections
1. Introduction on the History and Context of the problem. Why is it important and why is it relevant?
2. Arguments in favour. What arguments have been put forward in favour of the proposition? You should quote from a
variety of sources and try to find arguments and evidence that support each other and the statement. Referencing of
sources is important.
3. Arguments against- the same as above.
4. Conclusion. A summing up of which evidence is the stronger and why. You should try to say how confident you are of
your conclusion, and criticise some of the data that you have found. Try to suggest what the consequences of the
conclusion should be and what further research might be done to make the conclusion more certain.
Other roles
1. Editor in chief- This person looks at the overall flow of the documents and suggests how sections might be improved
in order to create a better complete document.
2. Data editor- This person will look at the accuracy of the statements and of the referencing. They will check that all the
references are correct and can be followed, and that they have been reported correctly.
3. Graphical editor- This person will supply suitable graphics to illustrate the document or edit the layout of graphics that
have been supplied by individual contributors. They are responsible for the layout of the paper.
4. Summarising editor- This person will write a short summary or abstract of the report, giving brief descriptions of each
of the four sections within an agreed word limit.
2. Steps in the role
1. Brainstorming- Do you understand the question? What are your initial feelings about the statement? What sort of
evidence is your group going to look for?
2. Research- Find all the data required.
3. Sharing- Compare the data found by colleagues. Research, share, research, share, research and share
4. Writing- Put your section together with your data. Note that the person writing the conclusion may need to continually
go back to those writing For and Against in order to come to a conclusion.
5. Editing- Each person performs his or her editing role. Again, this part may require some re-writing
6. Presentation (optional). Each group gives a short talk to the class on their question and their findings
Some possible contentious statements
1. Gun control leads to a safer society.
2. A vegetarian diet is healthier.
3. Homeopathic cures help people recover from illness.
4. Websites should be monitored so that lies and disinformation are removed.
5. Video games lead to violent behaviour.
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3. Guide Sheet for Writing the Introduction
Name
Contentious statement
What are the Key words and phrases in the statement? Write down what they mean. Try to get different definitions and
compare them. Make sure you fully understand the terms used.
Does this question have a history? When did it start becoming important? Have particular events or changes made the
question more or less important these days?
Is the question particularly important in a particular place or part of the world? Are there places where it is not
particularly relevant and others where it is really contentious?
Why is it important? What hangs on the resolution of this question?
What would happen if we could all clearly agree it was true?
What would happen if we could all agree it was false?
Are there dangers to people believing the wrong truth about this statement?
Now try to put together your introduction with as much detail as possible. Make the points in separate paragraphs, and
try to get them to flow together.
Your introduction should have a title and a list of the research team that has worked on this project. The title should have
the contentious statement and a sub title saying that this is an investigation into the evidence for and against the truth of
this statement.
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4. Guide Sheet for Writing the Arguments in Favour
Name
Contentious statement
Your role is to search for as many arguments as you can find that support the statement. Try to find different sources that
will support it. The best sources will have some evidence to help their argument. Evidence can be in the form of case
studies or statistics. Try to get a combination of both.
It is very important to realise that you, personally, do not necessarily have to believe the statement true. Even if you
disagree, your role is to find the evidence in favour and be convincing about it.
A case study is a story about an individual case that shows this statement is true in this case. It might be personal, in that
the person writing may be talking about their own experience, or it might be about another person or group of people.
Case studies can be very powerful in appealing to emotion.
Statistical evidence will take a bigger picture and give numbers. This may compare different groups of people, or the
same group at different times. This kind of evidence can be very powerful in appealing to reason.
For each source that you have chosen you should do the following things:
1. Summarise the argument they make in your own words.
2. Quote any evidence they give, whether it is statistical or case studies.
3. Make sure that you credit the source of the information by giving a book reference or a web address. This can be
done by using footnotes in your article.
At the end, sum up the strongest parts of the argument in favour of the statement. Try to make your argument flow
together, so it is easy to read. You are aiming to write a piece that is strongly in favour of your statement, and is
convincing to the reader that the statement is true. This will be a combination of your own ideas and the evidence you
have found.
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5. Guide Sheet for Writing the Arguments against
Name
Contentious statement
Your role is to search for as many arguments as you can find that show the statement to be false. Try to find different
sources that will attack it. The best sources will have some evidence to help their argument. Evidence can be in the form
of case studies or statistics. Try to get a combination of both.
It is very important to realise that you, personally, do not necessarily have to believe the statement false. Even if you
agree with it, your role is to find the evidence against and be convincing about it.
A case study is a story about an individual case that shows this statement is false in this case. It might be personal, in that
the person writing may be talking about their own experience, or it might be about another person or group of people.
Case studies can be very powerful in appealing to emotion.
Statistical evidence will take a bigger picture and give numbers. This may compare different groups of people, or the
same group at different times. This kind of evidence can be very powerful in appealing to reason.
For each source that you have chosen you should do the following things:
1.Summarise the argument they make in your own words.
2.Quote any evidence they give, whether it is statistical or case studies.
3.Make sure that you credit the source of the information by giving a book reference or a web address. This can be done
by using footnotes in your article.
At the end, sum up the strongest parts of the argument against the statement. Try to make your argument flow together,
so it is easy to read. You are aiming to write a piece that is strongly against your statement, and is convincing to the
reader that the statement is false. This will be a combination of your own ideas and the evidence you have found.
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6. Guide Sheet for Writing the Conclusion
Name
Contentious statement
Your role is to conclude the paper. This is a very crucial piece of writing, and can go in one of three ways. In each case
you must use the evidence that the two people writing the arguments have found. You will need to discuss, as a group,
which argument is the most convincing. In the end it is your final decision, and you may decide in one of these ways:
1.The statement is true. If this is the case you need to explain why the arguments and evidence for the statement are
stronger than those against.
2. The statement is false. If this is the case you need to explain why the arguments and evidence against the statement
are stronger than those for it.
3. The answer is more complicated than that. There may be some aspects that are true, but it might not be true in all
cases or situations. In this case you need to describe when it is true and when it is false. Or, possibly, there is not yet
enough evidence to be able to make a clear decision. If this is the case, can you suggest any research that might help us
decide?
However you decide, your role is to compare the two arguments and contrast them. Try to bring conflicting evidence
together and explain why it conflicts. Try to weigh up conflicting arguments.
In order to write your conclusion, you will need to have a good understanding of the evidence and arguments before
you write. This means you need to help and support the researchers while they are finding their evidence. You cannot
start writing until they have gathered all their information.
Keep going back to the researchers and reading what they are writing. This will help you make your conclusion fit well
with the previous work. You must use the evidence they have brought up rather than any opinion you may have had
before starting on the work.
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