This discussion of the operating principles of capacitive, resisitive, and thermal conductivity humidity sensors also addresses their advantages, disadvantages, and applications.
Humidity sensors have many applications in industries like semiconductor manufacturing, medical equipment, automobiles, agriculture, and general industry. There are different types of humidity sensors classified by their measurement techniques, including relative humidity sensors and absolute humidity sensors. Relative humidity sensors can be ceramic, semiconductor, or polymer-based, with ceramic sensors being the most common type. Ceramic humidity sensing materials include Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, spinel compounds, and other materials like MnWO4 and Fe2O3. Each material has advantages and limitations for humidity detection depending on factors like temperature range, response time, and minimum detectable humidity level.
The document introduces different types of humidity sensor technologies, including thermoset and thermoplastic sensors, lithium chloride sensors, and aluminum oxide sensors. It compares various sensor materials and discusses their accuracy, temperature range, response time, and other specifications. Finally, it provides information on Honeywell's humidity sensor product portfolio and recommendations for selecting the appropriate sensor.
An ultrasonic level sensor uses high frequency sound waves to measure the distance from the sensor to the surface of the liquid being measured. It works by transmitting sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echoes to return. The sensor contains piezoelectric crystals that generate and detect sound waves. It can provide continuous level monitoring or point level control and has advantages of being non-contact, requiring no calibration, and working with viscous or solid materials. However, its accuracy can be affected by temperature, turbulence, foam and other process factors.
This document discusses various types of water level sensors used to monitor canal water levels, including contact sensors like pressure sensors, staff gauges, and Doppler sensors, and non-contact sensors like ultrasonic transmitters and radar sensors. It compares the accuracy, cost, and limitations of different sensor brands. Field observations at sample canal locations identified suitable installation points and challenges. The document recommends radar sensors for major canals and ultrasonic sensors or digital sensors for other canals, depending on conditions. It acknowledges contributions from organizations that supported the study.
Microwave resonator sensors provide an accurate way to measure grain humidity by detecting small frequency and quality factor shifts when grain is placed inside the sensor's cavity. The sensors can distinguish between different types of grain and moisture levels as small as 0.1% and are well-suited for use in food manufacturing facilities due to their non-contact nature, precision, high sampling rates, and safety compared to nuclear sensors. The article provides examples of microwave resonance curves that illustrate how the technology can differentiate between grain types and moisture levels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In-Situ Calibration: Methods & Pitfalls of Thermal Mass Flow Meter Sensor Fie...Sierra Instruments
A unique and highly marketed benefit of thermal mass flow meter technology is “in-situ” or “in place” flow meter calibration. This certainly sounds like an alluring proposition to save time and money by avoiding the expense of returning the instrument to the factory for annual recalibration and recertification. But, not all methods of in-situ calibration validation are created equal!
In this white paper, Sierra Instruments examines five common methods of thermal mass flow meter in-situ calibration validation to help you make an informed decision for your business.
This document summarizes a study on water level sensors conducted under the guidance of Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy. It discusses various types of level measurement sensors including capacitance, ultrasound, radar, and mobile canal control sensors. It reviews literature on the importance of accurate water level measurement and different sensor technologies. It also describes the site selection process for sensor installation based on factors like natural controls, safety, and maintaining a stationary record.
Humidity sensors have many applications in industries like semiconductor manufacturing, medical equipment, automobiles, agriculture, and general industry. There are different types of humidity sensors classified by their measurement techniques, including relative humidity sensors and absolute humidity sensors. Relative humidity sensors can be ceramic, semiconductor, or polymer-based, with ceramic sensors being the most common type. Ceramic humidity sensing materials include Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, spinel compounds, and other materials like MnWO4 and Fe2O3. Each material has advantages and limitations for humidity detection depending on factors like temperature range, response time, and minimum detectable humidity level.
The document introduces different types of humidity sensor technologies, including thermoset and thermoplastic sensors, lithium chloride sensors, and aluminum oxide sensors. It compares various sensor materials and discusses their accuracy, temperature range, response time, and other specifications. Finally, it provides information on Honeywell's humidity sensor product portfolio and recommendations for selecting the appropriate sensor.
An ultrasonic level sensor uses high frequency sound waves to measure the distance from the sensor to the surface of the liquid being measured. It works by transmitting sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echoes to return. The sensor contains piezoelectric crystals that generate and detect sound waves. It can provide continuous level monitoring or point level control and has advantages of being non-contact, requiring no calibration, and working with viscous or solid materials. However, its accuracy can be affected by temperature, turbulence, foam and other process factors.
This document discusses various types of water level sensors used to monitor canal water levels, including contact sensors like pressure sensors, staff gauges, and Doppler sensors, and non-contact sensors like ultrasonic transmitters and radar sensors. It compares the accuracy, cost, and limitations of different sensor brands. Field observations at sample canal locations identified suitable installation points and challenges. The document recommends radar sensors for major canals and ultrasonic sensors or digital sensors for other canals, depending on conditions. It acknowledges contributions from organizations that supported the study.
Microwave resonator sensors provide an accurate way to measure grain humidity by detecting small frequency and quality factor shifts when grain is placed inside the sensor's cavity. The sensors can distinguish between different types of grain and moisture levels as small as 0.1% and are well-suited for use in food manufacturing facilities due to their non-contact nature, precision, high sampling rates, and safety compared to nuclear sensors. The article provides examples of microwave resonance curves that illustrate how the technology can differentiate between grain types and moisture levels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In-Situ Calibration: Methods & Pitfalls of Thermal Mass Flow Meter Sensor Fie...Sierra Instruments
A unique and highly marketed benefit of thermal mass flow meter technology is “in-situ” or “in place” flow meter calibration. This certainly sounds like an alluring proposition to save time and money by avoiding the expense of returning the instrument to the factory for annual recalibration and recertification. But, not all methods of in-situ calibration validation are created equal!
In this white paper, Sierra Instruments examines five common methods of thermal mass flow meter in-situ calibration validation to help you make an informed decision for your business.
This document summarizes a study on water level sensors conducted under the guidance of Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy. It discusses various types of level measurement sensors including capacitance, ultrasound, radar, and mobile canal control sensors. It reviews literature on the importance of accurate water level measurement and different sensor technologies. It also describes the site selection process for sensor installation based on factors like natural controls, safety, and maintaining a stationary record.
The RGS8000-CO2 uses dual wavelength infrared technology to detect carbon monoxide levels between 0-5%. It has a fast response time of less than 45 seconds, uses miniaturized NDIR and microprocessor technology, and compensates for thermal drift with a thermistor.
The document provides information about Sensirion's SHT1x family of surface mountable relative humidity and temperature sensors. It describes the sensors' key features such as fully calibrated digital output, low power consumption, and excellent long term stability. The document also provides detailed specifications for the sensors' performance, electrical characteristics, operating conditions, packaging, and calibration process.
This document discusses instrumentation and control in power plants. It begins by introducing power plants and their objectives of being economically and environmentally friendly. It then discusses the classification and types of power plants, focusing on thermal power plants. It describes the key sub-cycles and quantities that must be measured in thermal power plants, including pressure, temperature, flow, and emissions. It outlines the measurement process and locations. Finally, it provides references on power plant engineering.
Samson Automation is a manufacturer, supplier, and exporter of temperature controllers, sensors, indicators, and other industrial equipment located in Bengaluru, India. They offer a wide range of products including temperature controllers, indicators, sensors, transmitters, meters, and automation testing equipment. Under the guidance of owner Mr. Sonu Augustine, Samson Automation has over 30 years of expertise in this field and has attained significant growth and loyal customers in India and the Middle East through high quality products and services.
The Economical Microprocessor Based Conductivity Meter is preferred for slight make use of in schools, laboratories as well as prolongation plants. This microprocessor formed list tip pH scale is able of measuring a genius of ions in an resolution to lift electrical current.
This document discusses infrared radiation and infrared temperature measurement. It begins with an introduction to infrared radiation and its uses. It then covers the history of infrared detectors and their development. It describes the measurement principle for infrared temperature measurement, discussing Wien's displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Kirchoff's law. It outlines different types of infrared sensors and concludes that the infrared industry is transitioning to enable mass production and detection of cold targets at long ranges.
A surface acoustic wave passive and wireless sensor for magnetic fields, temp...ieeeprojectsbangalore
This paper describes a single-chip surface acoustic wave sensor that can measure magnetic field, temperature, and humidity. The sensor uses a lithium niobate substrate sensitive to temperature, a hydrogel coating sensitive to humidity, and an impedance load sensitive to magnetic fields. The sensor was tested and shown to simultaneously monitor the three variables with sensitivities of 75 ppm/°C for temperature, 0.13 dB/%R.H. for humidity, and 0.18dB/Oe for magnetic field, and resolutions of 0.1 °C, 0.4%R.H., and 1 Oe, respectively. A wireless test on a current line also demonstrated simultaneous measurement of temperature and current.
This document describes the development of a digital hygrometer system using a low-cost capacitive moisture sensor to measure trace moisture in the range of 3.7-100 ppm. The sensor consists of a nonporous thin film of alumina coated between two parallel gold electrodes. An AVR microcontroller is used to convert the analog sensor data to digital and calibrate it to a moisture measurement in ppm. Testing showed the system achieves an accuracy of ±1 ppm when compared to a commercial dew point meter.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are many types of sensors for measuring things like temperature, pressure, sound, motion, light, and more. Sensors work by being sensitive only to the property they are measuring. New microscopic sensors called microsensors can achieve high speeds and sensitivities. Some common sensors include thermometers, microphones, motion detectors, and sensors in cars that measure things like engine temperature, tire pressure, and vehicle speed.
The Analytical Microprocessor Based Conductivity Meter is highly developed microprocessor based conductivity meter with computer connectivity which makes it ideal for analytical usages in testing and research, laboratories and manufacture plants. This microprocessor based table top conductivity meter is capable of measuring Conductivity, Resistivity, TDS, Salinity and Temperature with an Ion selective electrode with immense accuracy. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/VWoU0I
MHC-3000 Handheld ultrasonic flow meter data sheetKevin Yang
The flow meter is a compact, handheld device that uses clamp-on transducers to measure fluid velocity in pipes without contacting the fluid. It can measure flow rates between 0.03-7m/s in pipes from 15mm to 6000mm diameter. The meter offers optional features like data logging, heat measurement, and display of flow, velocity, and temperature. It is suitable for applications like pump testing, leak detection, and energy monitoring in various industrial processes.
This document discusses ultrasonic level sensing using transducers that emit high frequency acoustic waves and measure the time-of-flight of reflected echoes to determine the distance to the surface of a liquid. It describes the basic working involving excitation of a start pulse and detection of a stop pulse, with the time difference providing the time-of-flight and corresponding distance. It also mentions that there is a blanking zone near the transducer face where objects cannot be detected. Finally, it notes this technology is used for level sensing in tanks, containers, and various industrial equipment.
How to choose the right thermistor for the temperature sensorVinsion Chan
When faced with thousands of thermistor types, selection may cause considerable difficulties. In this technical article, I will introduce you to some important parameters to keep in mind when choosing a thermistor, especially when you want to use two commonly used thermistor types for temperature sensing (negative temperature coefficient NTC thermistor) Resistor or silicon-based linear thermistor). NTC thermistors are widely used because of their low price, but they provide low accuracy at extreme temperatures.
A Practical Guide to Improving Temperature Measurement AccuracyArjay Automation
Some processes do not require temperature measurement accuracy, and others do. However, you may be unsure whether accuracy is important for your particular applica- tion, or whether improving accuracy will make enough of a difference in your process results to justify the cost and effort. This paper identifies problems that result from inaccurate measurements and outlines ways to solve them that are both effective and economical.
MassExact provides accurate real-time measurement of density, specific gravity, and dry solids concentration for applications such as dredging, mining, and wastewater treatment. Key features include sampling rates up to 3,000 times per second, 0.5% accuracy even in noisy environments, and custom fit pipe diameters from 2 to 42 inches. MassExact is compatible with various flow meters and offers variable outputs, alarms, and thermal/pressure compensation for reliable operation.
The MassExact is the most accurate, in-line, continuous specific gravity gauge on the market. Most commonly used in waste water treatment, mining, and dredging industries, the MassExact can save companies money due to the limited loss of materials. For more information, please visit www.directdensity.com/massexact
This document summarizes an automatic temperature and humidity chamber. It describes the technical parameters and size specifications for different models. Key features include PID intelligent temperature and humidity control between -40°C to 150°C and 20-98% humidity. It can be used to test various products and materials under varying environmental conditions. Proper installation requires an environment between 0-35°C and ≤85% humidity, on level ground away from vibration or magnetic fields. The chamber allows testing of items like electronics, food, rubber and more to quality control standards.
Infrared Thermometer-IR thermometer -Uses and Maintenanceshashi sinha
When the outbreak of COVID-19 took place the IR Thermometers have been of immense use. This device can measure the temperature without touching the patient and its measurement don't require a contact with the person. It provides fast temperature measurement and is highly accurate .
Two detector elements are optically isolated by having them mounted (die-attached) on the same header so that the thermal tracking of the detectors respectively for the signal and reference channels is close to ideal.
Method for determining exhaustion of an electrochemical gas sensorSherry Huang
A method by which an oxygen measuring instrument can test the functionality of the oxygen sensor. Oxygen sensors of the galvanic type operate by consumption of an internal easily oxidizable anode, such as lead or cadmium.
The RGS8000-CO2 uses dual wavelength infrared technology to detect carbon monoxide levels between 0-5%. It has a fast response time of less than 45 seconds, uses miniaturized NDIR and microprocessor technology, and compensates for thermal drift with a thermistor.
The document provides information about Sensirion's SHT1x family of surface mountable relative humidity and temperature sensors. It describes the sensors' key features such as fully calibrated digital output, low power consumption, and excellent long term stability. The document also provides detailed specifications for the sensors' performance, electrical characteristics, operating conditions, packaging, and calibration process.
This document discusses instrumentation and control in power plants. It begins by introducing power plants and their objectives of being economically and environmentally friendly. It then discusses the classification and types of power plants, focusing on thermal power plants. It describes the key sub-cycles and quantities that must be measured in thermal power plants, including pressure, temperature, flow, and emissions. It outlines the measurement process and locations. Finally, it provides references on power plant engineering.
Samson Automation is a manufacturer, supplier, and exporter of temperature controllers, sensors, indicators, and other industrial equipment located in Bengaluru, India. They offer a wide range of products including temperature controllers, indicators, sensors, transmitters, meters, and automation testing equipment. Under the guidance of owner Mr. Sonu Augustine, Samson Automation has over 30 years of expertise in this field and has attained significant growth and loyal customers in India and the Middle East through high quality products and services.
The Economical Microprocessor Based Conductivity Meter is preferred for slight make use of in schools, laboratories as well as prolongation plants. This microprocessor formed list tip pH scale is able of measuring a genius of ions in an resolution to lift electrical current.
This document discusses infrared radiation and infrared temperature measurement. It begins with an introduction to infrared radiation and its uses. It then covers the history of infrared detectors and their development. It describes the measurement principle for infrared temperature measurement, discussing Wien's displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Kirchoff's law. It outlines different types of infrared sensors and concludes that the infrared industry is transitioning to enable mass production and detection of cold targets at long ranges.
A surface acoustic wave passive and wireless sensor for magnetic fields, temp...ieeeprojectsbangalore
This paper describes a single-chip surface acoustic wave sensor that can measure magnetic field, temperature, and humidity. The sensor uses a lithium niobate substrate sensitive to temperature, a hydrogel coating sensitive to humidity, and an impedance load sensitive to magnetic fields. The sensor was tested and shown to simultaneously monitor the three variables with sensitivities of 75 ppm/°C for temperature, 0.13 dB/%R.H. for humidity, and 0.18dB/Oe for magnetic field, and resolutions of 0.1 °C, 0.4%R.H., and 1 Oe, respectively. A wireless test on a current line also demonstrated simultaneous measurement of temperature and current.
This document describes the development of a digital hygrometer system using a low-cost capacitive moisture sensor to measure trace moisture in the range of 3.7-100 ppm. The sensor consists of a nonporous thin film of alumina coated between two parallel gold electrodes. An AVR microcontroller is used to convert the analog sensor data to digital and calibrate it to a moisture measurement in ppm. Testing showed the system achieves an accuracy of ±1 ppm when compared to a commercial dew point meter.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are many types of sensors for measuring things like temperature, pressure, sound, motion, light, and more. Sensors work by being sensitive only to the property they are measuring. New microscopic sensors called microsensors can achieve high speeds and sensitivities. Some common sensors include thermometers, microphones, motion detectors, and sensors in cars that measure things like engine temperature, tire pressure, and vehicle speed.
The Analytical Microprocessor Based Conductivity Meter is highly developed microprocessor based conductivity meter with computer connectivity which makes it ideal for analytical usages in testing and research, laboratories and manufacture plants. This microprocessor based table top conductivity meter is capable of measuring Conductivity, Resistivity, TDS, Salinity and Temperature with an Ion selective electrode with immense accuracy. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/VWoU0I
MHC-3000 Handheld ultrasonic flow meter data sheetKevin Yang
The flow meter is a compact, handheld device that uses clamp-on transducers to measure fluid velocity in pipes without contacting the fluid. It can measure flow rates between 0.03-7m/s in pipes from 15mm to 6000mm diameter. The meter offers optional features like data logging, heat measurement, and display of flow, velocity, and temperature. It is suitable for applications like pump testing, leak detection, and energy monitoring in various industrial processes.
This document discusses ultrasonic level sensing using transducers that emit high frequency acoustic waves and measure the time-of-flight of reflected echoes to determine the distance to the surface of a liquid. It describes the basic working involving excitation of a start pulse and detection of a stop pulse, with the time difference providing the time-of-flight and corresponding distance. It also mentions that there is a blanking zone near the transducer face where objects cannot be detected. Finally, it notes this technology is used for level sensing in tanks, containers, and various industrial equipment.
How to choose the right thermistor for the temperature sensorVinsion Chan
When faced with thousands of thermistor types, selection may cause considerable difficulties. In this technical article, I will introduce you to some important parameters to keep in mind when choosing a thermistor, especially when you want to use two commonly used thermistor types for temperature sensing (negative temperature coefficient NTC thermistor) Resistor or silicon-based linear thermistor). NTC thermistors are widely used because of their low price, but they provide low accuracy at extreme temperatures.
A Practical Guide to Improving Temperature Measurement AccuracyArjay Automation
Some processes do not require temperature measurement accuracy, and others do. However, you may be unsure whether accuracy is important for your particular applica- tion, or whether improving accuracy will make enough of a difference in your process results to justify the cost and effort. This paper identifies problems that result from inaccurate measurements and outlines ways to solve them that are both effective and economical.
MassExact provides accurate real-time measurement of density, specific gravity, and dry solids concentration for applications such as dredging, mining, and wastewater treatment. Key features include sampling rates up to 3,000 times per second, 0.5% accuracy even in noisy environments, and custom fit pipe diameters from 2 to 42 inches. MassExact is compatible with various flow meters and offers variable outputs, alarms, and thermal/pressure compensation for reliable operation.
The MassExact is the most accurate, in-line, continuous specific gravity gauge on the market. Most commonly used in waste water treatment, mining, and dredging industries, the MassExact can save companies money due to the limited loss of materials. For more information, please visit www.directdensity.com/massexact
This document summarizes an automatic temperature and humidity chamber. It describes the technical parameters and size specifications for different models. Key features include PID intelligent temperature and humidity control between -40°C to 150°C and 20-98% humidity. It can be used to test various products and materials under varying environmental conditions. Proper installation requires an environment between 0-35°C and ≤85% humidity, on level ground away from vibration or magnetic fields. The chamber allows testing of items like electronics, food, rubber and more to quality control standards.
Infrared Thermometer-IR thermometer -Uses and Maintenanceshashi sinha
When the outbreak of COVID-19 took place the IR Thermometers have been of immense use. This device can measure the temperature without touching the patient and its measurement don't require a contact with the person. It provides fast temperature measurement and is highly accurate .
Two detector elements are optically isolated by having them mounted (die-attached) on the same header so that the thermal tracking of the detectors respectively for the signal and reference channels is close to ideal.
Method for determining exhaustion of an electrochemical gas sensorSherry Huang
A method by which an oxygen measuring instrument can test the functionality of the oxygen sensor. Oxygen sensors of the galvanic type operate by consumption of an internal easily oxidizable anode, such as lead or cadmium.
Can you be punished for refusing to take a breath alcohol testerSherry Huang
This morning, the Supreme Court will hear oral arguments in Birchfield v. North Dakota, a case consolidated with two others to address the following issue: in the absence of a warrant, can a state make it a crime for a person to refuse to take a chemical test to detect the presence of alcohol in the person’s blood?
Automatic rearview mirror system using a photosensor arraySherry Huang
The light sensing device comprises a photosensor array having a field of view encompassing a rear window area and at least a portion of at least one side window area of the vehicle.
Interference compensating ndir gas sensor for measuring acetyleneSherry Huang
A gas sample separated from transformer oil is circulated through an NDIR gas sensor system which obtains an acetylene concentration by calculating a detected acetylene concentration obtained by an absorption biased (“AB”) NDIR acetylene gas sensor.
Photosensor circuits including a regulated power supplySherry Huang
The document describes a photosensor circuit that includes a relay coil to control power to a load. It has a pulse width modulator circuit that generates a modulated signal to vary the voltage across the coil. A drive transistor controls the voltage based on the signal. A photo control circuit controls the signal based on detected light levels. The circuit also includes a regulated power supply that provides power to the modulator comparator.
Five little blue fish swimming in the saeSal Niyah
A short children's poem describes five little bluefish swimming in the sea. The first fish asks what it sees, but the response from the second fish is not included as the poem is cut off after the first line of its response. The key details, characters, and progression of the poem are not fully expressed due to the excerpted nature of the provided text.
1) The document outlines the syllabus structure and course details for the M.E. (Computer Science and Engineering) Part II program at Solapur University.
2) The program spans four semesters and includes courses in self-learning, labs, and a dissertation project. In semester III, students complete a self-learning course, lab practice, and begin work on their dissertation by submitting a synopsis and progress report.
3) In semester IV, students continue dissertation work by submitting additional progress reports and presentations. They conclude the program by submitting a final dissertation report and presenting their work and defending it during a viva voce exam.
This document provides an overview of an internship project completed by three interns at HCL Infosystems. It details the training received on the Trend Micro IWSS security suite, the timeline of the 6-week project, requirements for an internal information portal, and descriptions of the key pages developed. An intranet website was created allowing all visitors to view notices, logged in users to post forums and add comments, and administrators to add/delete content and users. Tables were created in a MySQL database to store user, notice, post and comment data. The project aimed to enhance the existing user profile portal.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The DHT11 sensor measures temperature and humidity using a thermistor and capacitive humidity sensor. It has two parts - one for temperature measurement using a NTC thermistor whose resistance changes with temperature, and one for humidity measurement using a capacitor whose value changes with humidity. The sensor outputs digital serial data for temperature and humidity and has a range of 0-50°C and 20-90% humidity with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1% respectively.
This document describes the SHTW2 humidity and temperature sensor IC. It provides specifications for the sensor including accuracy tolerances for humidity and temperature measurements, electrical characteristics, and timing information. Key features of the SHTW2 include an ultra-small flip chip package, industry-proven reliability, and typical accuracy of ±3% RH and ±0.4°C. The sensor uses Sensirion's CMOSens technology to integrate a humidity sensor, temperature sensor, analog and digital signal processing, calibration memory, and I2C interface on a single chip.
IRJET- IoT based Modern Greenhouse with GSM Module using Arduino PlatformIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based smart greenhouse system that uses sensors and a GSM module connected to an Arduino board for automated monitoring and control. The system uses sensors like a biosensor to detect enzymes and pesticides, a humidity sensor to monitor moisture levels, a fire sensor to detect fires, and a temperature sensor to regulate cooling fans if temperatures rise above a set level. An LDR sensor is also used to control lighting. The GSM module allows the system to send text messages to notify farmers if the plants need watering. The system aims to automate greenhouse operations and replace direct human supervision, allowing farmers in rural areas to benefit from precision agriculture.
This document describes the efector mid volumetric flow sensor from ifm. It can simultaneously monitor the volumetric flow and temperature of conductive liquids. It has a compact, low-cost design and is suitable for applications like cooling water monitoring. Key features include local display of flow, temperature and totals, as well as switching, pulse and analog outputs for remote monitoring. It works based on Faraday's principle of induction to precisely measure flow without moving parts.
This presentation provides an overview of optical sensors, including their introduction, working principles, classification, applications, and future trends. Optical sensors are classified as either extrinsic or intrinsic based on whether the light interacts with the measurand inside or outside of the optical fiber. They have a wide range of applications in areas such as temperature, chemical concentration, strain, biomedical, and more. The presentation concludes that optical sensor technology will continue to improve and be an important area of research going forward.
Application of sensors : Thermistors and potentiometerAnaseem Hanini
Application of sensors
Applications of potentiometer:
1. Audio Control The potentiometer is used in radio and television (TV) receiver for volume control, tone control and linearity control.
2. Continuous Balance DVM – The basic block diagram of a servo balancing potentiometer type DVM The input voltage is applied to one side of a mechanical chopper comparator, the other side being connected to the variable arm of a precision potentiometer.
3. Lighting
We can use a potentiometer to control the lighting level of a television, or the brightness of a computer screen.
RTD
1.Air and Gas Temperature Measurement with RTD Sensors
2.liquids Temperature Measurement with Flexible RTDs
The RTD temperature sensors are more accurate and precise then normally used temperature sensors and uses resistance concept to detect the temperature and convert to the digital value.
THERMISTOR
1.NTC Thermistors For Cooling Applications ((PCB)
2. Thermistors Temperature Detection in Fire Alarms.
The most cost effective fire alarm is one utilizing the thermistor method.
Cosa Xentaur Corporation manufactures innovative moisture measurement solutions using aluminum oxide sensors. Their XTR-100 sensors offer higher accuracy, larger capacitance change over measurement ranges, faster response times, and smaller temperature coefficients compared to conventional aluminum oxide sensors. The XTR-100 sensors can also be automatically calibrated in one minute without additional equipment. Cosa Xentaur sensors are well-suited for a wide range of industrial applications requiring precise moisture measurement.
Inkjet printed graphene-based flexible humidity sensor for environmental appl...Conference Papers
This document summarizes research on an inkjet-printed graphene-based flexible humidity sensor. Key points:
- Researchers from MIMOS Berhad developed a humidity sensor consisting of an interdigitated electrode made from reduced graphene oxide and silver nanoparticle ink, with graphene oxide as the sensing material, printed on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate.
- The graphene oxide sensing material's dielectric constant changes with humidity, allowing the sensor to detect humidity levels based on capacitance measurements.
- Testing showed the sensor achieved a highest sensitivity of 0.15pF/%RH at 50°C, with a linear response at low humidity and exponential increase above 60%RH. It also demonstrated good temperature dependence below
The document describes the SHT21 humidity and temperature sensor from Sensirion. It provides specifications for the sensor including its small size, low power consumption, accuracy and range for measuring humidity and temperature. It also provides guidelines for soldering and storing the sensor to protect it from moisture and chemical exposure.
Oxymax cos51 d endress+hauser datasheet-measurement of the dissolved oxygenENVIMART
Oxymax cos51 d endress+hauser datasheet-measurement of the dissolved oxygen - Endress+Hauser - Envimart JSC - www.envimart.vn - ĐT: 028 77727979 - sales@envimart.vn - Nền tảng cung cấp thiết bị, vật tư ngành nước và môi trường.
HTU21D, the new humidity and temperature sensor of MEAS is about to set new standards in terms of size and intelligence: Embedded in a reflow solderable Dual Flat No leads (DFN) package of 3 x 3mm foot print and 1mm height it provides calibrated, linearized signals in digital, I2C format.
The document discusses thermistors, strip chart recorders, and CRO probes. Thermistors are resistors whose resistance decreases with increasing temperature and they are used for temperature measurement in applications like thermostats and battery monitoring. Strip chart recorders continuously record variables over time using a moving graph paper and stylus. CRO probes connect test circuits to oscilloscopes without disturbing the circuit and come in different types like direct reading, isolation, and detector probes.
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular SystemsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper about using microwave radiometry for fire detection around moving vehicles. The paper proposes using a ground-based microwave radiometer mounted near a road or rail track to image potential fire areas on a passing vehicle. Simulations were conducted using 30 GHz microwave radiation to analyze transmission through typical vehicle walls of different materials, thicknesses, and properties. The research suggests microwave radiometry may provide early fire detection by measuring changes in emitted radiation transmitted through dielectric vehicle walls, as an alternative or supplement to existing infrared sensor systems.
Storing and manufacturing food materials like grain can be extremely challenging. Even the slightest bit of extra humidity can create mould growth, causing the grain to deteriorate. This leads to economic losses for manufacturers in the commercial food industry.
Utilizing an Aluminum Oxide sensor 600 times more sensitive than conventional sensors
The 8800 series uses field proven aluminum oxide (Al2O3) sensing technology to accurately detect trace moisture on either a continuous or spot checking basis.
Digital sensor for measuring dissolved oxygen. Longterm-stable sensor for water and wastewater applications. . Email: lam.nguyen@vietan-enviro.com HP: 0945 293292
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
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1. How to choose a Humidity Sensor? | ISweek.com - industry sourcing
This discussion of the operating principles of capacitive, resisitive, and thermal
conductivity humidity sensors also addresses their advantages,
disadvantages, and applications.
The most important specifications to keep in mind when selecting a humidity sensor are:
• Accuracy
• Repeatability
• Interchangeability
• Long-term stability
• Ability to recover from condensation
• Resistance to chemical and physical contaminants
• Size
• Packaging
• Cost effectiveness
Additional significant long-term factors are the costs associated with sensor replacement, field
and in-house calibrations, and the complexity and reliability of the signal conditioning and
data acquisition (DA) circuitry. For all these considerations to make sense, the prospective
user needs an understanding of the most widely used types of humidity sensors and the
general trend of their expected performance. Definitions of absolute humidity, dew point, and
relative humidity are provided in the sidebar, "Humidity Basics").
Capacitive Humidity Sensors
Relative Humidity. Capacitive relative humidity (RH) sensors (see Photo 1) are widely used
in industrial, commercial, and weather telemetry applications.
2. Photo 1. Capacitive RH sensors are produced in a wide
range of specifications, sizes, and shapes including
integrated monolithic electronics. The sensors shown here
are from various manufacturers.
They consist of a substrate on which a thin film of polymer or metal oxide is deposited
between two conductive electrodes. The sensing surface is coated with a porous metal
electrode to protect it from contamination and exposure to condensation. The substrate is
typically glass, ceramic, or silicon. The incremental change in the dielectric constant of a
capacitive humidity sensor is nearly directly proportional to the relative humidity of the
surrounding environment. The change in capacitance is typically 0.2–0.5 pF for a 1% RH
change, while the bulk capacitance is between 100 and 500 pF at 50% RH at 25°C.
Capacitive sensors are characterized by low temperature coefficient, ability to function at high
temperatures (up to 200°C), full recovery from condensation, and reasonable resistance to
chemical vapors. The response time ranges from 30 to 60 s for a 63% RH step change.
State-of-the-art techniques for producing capacitive sensors take advantage of many of the
principles used in semiconductor manufacturing to yield sensors with minimal long-term drift
and hysteresis. Thin film capacitive sensors may include monolithic signal conditioning
circuitry integrated onto the substrate. The most widely used signal conditioner incorporates a
CMOS timer to pulse the sensor and to produce a near-linear voltage output (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. A near-linear response is seen in this plot of capacitance changes
vs. applied humidity at 25°C. The term "bulk capacitance" refers to the base
3. value at 0% RH.
The typical uncertainty of capacitive sensors is ±2% RH from 5% to 95% RH with two-point
calibration. Capacitive sensors are limited by the distance the sensing element can be located
from the signal conditioning circuitry, due to the capacitive effect of the connecting cable with
respect to the relatively small capacitance changes of the sensor. A practical limit is <10 ft.
Direct field interchangeability can be a problem unless the sensor is laser trimmed to reduce
variance to ±2% or a computer-based recalibration method is provided. These calibration
programs can compensate sensor capacitance from 100 to 500 pF.
Dew Point. Thin film capacitance-based sensors provide discrete signal changes at low RH,
remain stable in long-term use, and have minimal drift, but they are not linear below a few
percent RH. These characteristics led to the development of a dew point measuring system
incorporating a capacitive sensor and microprocessor-based circuitry that stores calibration
data in nonvolatile memory. This approach has significantly reduced the cost of the dew point
hygrometers and transmitters used in industrial HVAC and weather telemetry applications.
The sensor is bonded to a monolithic circuit that provides a voltage output as a function of
RH. A computer-based system records the voltage output at 20 dew point values over a range
of –40°C to 27°C. The reference dew points are confirmed with a NIST-traceable chilled
mirror hygrometer. The voltage vs. dew/frost point values acquired for the sensor are then
stored in the EPROM of the instrument. The microprocessor uses these values in a linear
regression algorithm along with simultaneous dry-bulb temperature measurement to compute
the water vapor pressure.
Once the water vapor pressure is determined, the dew point temperature is calculated from
thermodynamic equations stored in EPROM. Correlation to the chilled mirrors is better than
±2°C dew point from –40°C to –7°C and ±1°C from –7°C to 27°C. The sensor provides long-
term stability of better than 1.5°C dew point drift/yr. Dew point meters using this methodology
have been field tested extensively and are used for a wide range of applications at a fraction
of the cost of chilled mirror dew point meters.
Resistive Humidity Sensors
Resistive humidity sensors (see Photo 2) measure the change in electrical impedance of a
hygroscopic medium such as a conductive polymer, salt, or treated substrate.
4. Photo 2. Resistive sensors are based on an interdigitated or
bifilar winding. After deposition of a hydroscopic polymer
coating, their resistance changes inversely with humidity.
The Dunmore sensor (far right) is shown 1/3 size.
The impedance change is typically an inverse exponential relationship to humidity (see Figure
2).
Figure 2. The exponential response of the resistive sensor,
plotted here at 25°C, is linearized by a signal conditioner for
direct meter reading or process control.
Resistive sensors usually consist of noble metal electrodes either deposited on a substrate by
photoresist techniques or wire-wound electrodes on a plastic or glass cylinder. The substrate
is coated with a salt or conductive polymer. When it is dissolved or suspended in a liquid
binder it functions as a vehicle to evenly coat the sensor. Alternatively, the substrate may be
treated with activating chemicals such as acid. The sensor absorbs the water vapor and ionic
functional groups are dissociated, resulting in an increase in electrical conductivity. The
response time for most resistive sensors ranges from 10 to 30 s for a 63% step change. The
impedance range of typical resistive elements varies from 1 k to 100 M .
Most resistive sensors use symmetrical AC excitation voltage with no DC bias to prevent
polarization of the sensor. The resulting current flow is converted and rectified to a DC voltage
signal for additional scaling, amplification, linearization, or A/DRconversion (see Figure 3).
5. Figure 3. Resistive sensors exhibit a nonlinear response to
changes in humidity. This response may be linearized by
analog or digital methods. Typical variable resistance
extends from a few kilohms to 100 MV.
Nominal excitation frequency is from 30 Hz to 10 kHz.
The "resistive" sensor is not purely resistive in that capacitive effects >10–100 M makes the
response an impedance measurement. A distinct advantage of resistive RH sensors is their
interchangeability, usually within ±2% RH, which allows the electronic signal conditioning
circuitry to be calibrated by a resistor at a fixed RH point. This eliminates the need for
humidity calibration standards, so resistive humidity sensors are generally field replaceable.
The accuracy of individual resistive humidity sensors may be confirmed by testing in an RH
calibration chamber or by a computer-based DA system referenced to standardized humidity-
controlled environment. Nominal operating temperature of resistive sensors ranges from –
40°C to 100°C.
In residential and commercial environments, the life expectancy of these sensors is >>5 yr.,
but exposure to chemical vapors and other contaminants such as oil mist may lead to
premature failure. Another drawback of some resistive sensors is their tendency to shift
values when exposed to condensation if a water-soluble coating is used. Resistive humidity
sensors have significant temperature dependencies when installed in an environment with
large (>10°F) temperature fluctuations. Simultaneous temperature compensation is
incorporated for accuracy. The small size, low cost, interchangeability, and long-term stability
make these resistive sensors suitable for use in control and display products for industrial,
commercial, and residential applications.
One of the first mass-produced humidity sensors was the Dunmore type, developed by NIST
in the 1940s and still in use today. It consists of a dual winding of palladium wire on a plastic
cylinder that is then coated with a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (binder) and either lithium
bromide or lithium chloride. Varying the concentration of LiBr or LiCl results in very high
resolution sensors that cover humidity spans of 20%–40% RH. For very low RH control
6. function in the 1%–2% RH range, accuracies of 0.1% can be achieved. Dunmore sensors are
widely used in precision air conditioning controls to maintain the environment of computer
rooms and as monitors for pressurized transmission lines, antennas, and waveguides used in
telecommunications.
The latest development in resistive humidity sensors uses a ceramic coating to overcome
limitations in environments where condensation occurs. The sensors consist of a ceramic
substrate with noble metal electrodes deposited by a photoresist process. The substrate
surface is coated with a conductive polymer/ceramic binder mixture, and the sensor is
installed in a protective plastic housing with a dust filter.
The binding material is a ceramic powder suspended in liquid form. After the surface is coated
and air dried, the sensors are heat treated. The process results in a clear non-water-soluble
thick film coating that fully recovers from exposure to condensation (see Figure 4).
Figure 4. After water immersion, the typical recovery time of
a ceramic-coated resistive sensor to its pre-immersion, 30%
value is 5-15 min., depending on air velocity.
The manufacturing process yields sensors with an interchangeability of better than 3% RH
over the 15%–95% RH range. The precision of these sensors is confirmed to ±2% RH by a
computer-based DA system. The recovery time from full condensation to 30% is a few
minutes. When used with a signal conditioner, the sensor voltage output is directly
proportional to the ambient relative humidity.
Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors
These sensors (see Photo 3) measure the absolute humidity by quantifying the difference
between the thermal conductivity of dry air and that of air containing water vapor.
7. Photo 3. For measuring absolute humidity at high
temperatures, thermal conductivity sensors are often used.
They differ in operating principle from resistive and
capacitive sensors. Avbsolute humidity sensors are left and
center; thermistor chambers are on the right.
When air or gas is dry, it has a greater capacity to "sink" heat, as in the example of a desert
climate. A desert can be extremely hot in the day but at night the temperature rapidly drops
due to the dry atmospheric conditions. By comparison, humid climates do not cool down so
rapidly at night because heat is retained by water vapor in the atmosphere.
Thermal conductivity humidity sensors (or absolute humidity sensors) consist of two matched
negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor elements in a bridge circuit; one is
hermetically encapsulated in dry nitrogen and the other is exposed to the environment (see
Figure 5).
Figure 5. In thermal conductivity sensors, two matched
thermistors are used in a DC bridge circuit. One sensor is
sealed in dry nitrogen and the other is exposed to ambient.
The bridge output voltage is directly proportional to absolute
humidity.
When current is passed through the thermistors, resistive heating increases their temperature
to >200°C. The heat dissipated from the sealed thermistor is greater than the exposed
8. thermistor due to the difference in the thermal conductively of the water vapor as compared to
dry nitrogen. Since the heat dissipated yields different operating temperatures, the difference
in resistance of the thermistors is proportional to the absolute humidity (see Figure 6).
Figure 6. The output signal of the thermal conductivity sensor is affected by
the operating temperature. Maximum output is at 600°C; output at 200°C
drops by 70%.
A simple resistor network provides a voltage output equal to the range of 0–130 g/m3
at 60°C.
Calibration is performed by placing the sensor in moisture-free air or nitrogen and adjusting
the output to zero. Absolute humidity sensors are very durable, operate at temperatures up to
575°F (300°C) and are resistant to chemical vapors by virtue of the inert materials used for
their construction, i.e., glass, semiconductor material for the thermistors, high-temperature
plastics, or aluminum.
An interesting feature of thermal conductivity sensors is that they respond to any gas that has
thermal properties different from those of dry nitrogen; this will affect the measurements.
Absolute humidity sensors are commonly used in appliances such as clothes dryers and both
microwave and steam-injected ovens. Industrial applications include kilns for drying wood;
machinery for drying textiles, paper, and chemical solids; pharmaceutical production; cooking;
and food dehydration. Since one of the by-products of combustion and fuel cell operation is
water vapor, particular interest has been shown in using absolute humidity sensors to monitor
the efficiency of those reactions.
In general, absolute humidity sensors provide greater resolution at temperatures >200°F than
do capacitive and resistive sensors, and may be used in applications where these sensors
would not survive. The typical accuracy of an absolute humidity sensor is +3 g/m3
; this
converts to about ±5% RH at 40°C and ±0.5% RH at 100°C.
9. Summary
Rapid advancements in semiconductor technology, such as thin film deposition, ion
sputtering, and ceramic/silicon coatings, have made possible highly accurate humidity
sensors with resistance to chemicals and physical contaminants?at economical prices. No
single sensor, however, can satisfy every application. Resistive, capacitive, and thermal
conductivity sensing technologies each offer distinct advantages. Resistive sensors are
interchangeable, usable for remote locations, and cost effective. Capacitive sensors provide
wide RH range and condensation tolerance, and, if laser trimmed, are also interchangeable.
Thermal conductivity sensors perform well in corrosive environments and at high
temperatures. For most applications, therefore, the environmental conditions dictate the
sensor choice.
iSweek(http://www.isweek.com/)- industry sourcing,wholesale industrial products
10. Summary
Rapid advancements in semiconductor technology, such as thin film deposition, ion
sputtering, and ceramic/silicon coatings, have made possible highly accurate humidity
sensors with resistance to chemicals and physical contaminants?at economical prices. No
single sensor, however, can satisfy every application. Resistive, capacitive, and thermal
conductivity sensing technologies each offer distinct advantages. Resistive sensors are
interchangeable, usable for remote locations, and cost effective. Capacitive sensors provide
wide RH range and condensation tolerance, and, if laser trimmed, are also interchangeable.
Thermal conductivity sensors perform well in corrosive environments and at high
temperatures. For most applications, therefore, the environmental conditions dictate the
sensor choice.
iSweek(http://www.isweek.com/)- industry sourcing,wholesale industrial products