The document provides an overview of how the Americas changed during the long 19th century. It describes the westward expansion of the United States and mistreatment of Native Americans. Canada formed a confederation to gain autonomy from Britain. Europe and cultures worldwide struggled during the Little Ice Age period of cold temperatures. The Louisiana Purchase expanded U.S. territory. The U.S.-Mexican War and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave the U.S. control of Texas and western lands. The Crimean War and Napoleonic Wars reshaped the balance of power in Europe.