Mobile phone networks use radio waves to allow communication between mobile phones and base stations. The base stations are connected to the telephone network and route calls. To provide coverage to more users, networks reuse frequencies by dividing coverage into cells served by base stations operating on different frequencies. As more users join the network, cell size decreases and more base stations are added to increase capacity without interference between frequencies. Common mobile technologies are GSM, operating at 900MHz and 1800MHz, and UMTS, operating at 2GHz.
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
This presentation would clear your basic concept on cellular network/communication....although it is recommend to read about various multiplexing techniques as prerequisites....For further knowledge please read more from books. I hope its useful in someway.
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
This presentation would clear your basic concept on cellular network/communication....although it is recommend to read about various multiplexing techniques as prerequisites....For further knowledge please read more from books. I hope its useful in someway.
Massive MIMO (also known as “Large-Scale Antenna Systems”, “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”, “Full-Dimension MIMO” and “ARGOS”) makes a clean break with current practice through the use of a large excess of service-antennas over active terminals and time division duplex operation. Extra antennas help by focusing energy into ever-smaller regions of space to bring huge improvements in throughput and radiated energy efficiency. Other benefits of massive MIMO include the extensive use of inexpensive low-power components, reduced latency, simplification of the media access control (MAC) layer, and robustness to intentional jamming. The anticipated throughput depend on the propagation environment providing asymptotically orthogonal channels to the terminals, but so far experiments have not disclosed any limitations in this regard. While massive MIMO renders many traditional research problems irrelevant, it uncovers entirely new problems that urgently need attention: the challenge of making many low-cost low-precision components that work effectively together, acquisition and synchronization for newly-joined terminals, the exploitation of extra degrees of freedom provided by the excess of service-antennas, reducing internal power consumption to achieve total energy efficiency reductions, and finding new deployment scenarios.
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
This is really a good topic for seminar.
in this some information may be old for you by the time you receive this topic but then too i have tried to put recent informations bout this topic.since monorail technology is developing so fast .this may be called as one of the burning topics in civil engineering
Mobile Applications Development - Lecture 1
Brief History of Mobile
The Mobile Ecosystem
Mobile as the 7th mass medium
This presentation has been developed in the context of the Mobile Applications Development course at the Computer Science Department of the University of L'Aquila (Italy).
http://www.di.univaq.it/malavolta
Presentation on 1G/2G/3G/4G/5G/Cellular & Wireless TechnologiesKaushal Kaith
This Presentation is explaining all about the Generations of Mobile or Cellular Technology (1G/2G/2.5/ 3G/4g/5G). This explain the invented details ,features,drawbacks,look of wireless models and comparison and evolution of technology from 1G to 5G and also explaining about wireless application and their services.
5G NR is a contradictory complex, and it is difficult to have both capacity and coverage. 5G expands the system capacity by expanding the bandwidth of the spectrum. The frequency range extends from below 3GHz in the 4G era to the millimeter wave band, and the single carrier bandwidth is increased from 20MHz to more than 100MHz. But the higher the frequency band, the smaller the coverage of the base station, and the operator has to build more base stations.
2. Radio Communication Radio has been used as form of communication for hundreds of years. Since Marconi’s discovery in 1895, radio has been used in broadcasting and for two-way radio communication by the military and the police. The invention of radio has revolutionised the face of technology completely.
3. What is a Radio Wave? Radio waves are emitted by both natural and man-made sources, artificially generated waves are generated for use in satellites, broadcasting etc. Radio waves are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum, All electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and the frequency, which is the number of times per second at which the wave oscillates, determines their properties and the use that can be made of them.
4. Frequencies Frequencies are measured in hertz or Hz, where 1 Hz is one oscillation per second, 1 kHz a thousand, 1 MHz is a million, and 1 GHz, is a thousand million. Frequencies between 30 kHz and 300 GHz are commonly used for broadcast radio and television.180 kHz and 1.6 MHz are the frequencies used in the UK, FM radio ranges from 88 to 108 MHz, and TV ranges from 470 to 854 MHz. Cellular mobile services operate within the frequency ranges 872-960 MHz, 1710-1875 MHz and 1920 - 2170 MHz. Waves with a higher frequency are called Microwaves, and have a wide variety of uses. These include radar, telecommunication links, satellite communications, weather observation and medical diathermy.
5. Radio Communication A radio frequency wave used for radio communication is referred to as a carrier wave. This is then converted to a sine wave, A sine wave conveys very little information since it simply repeats over and over. It can then be switched on or off, the technique used for early radio transmissions like Morse Code. Modulation is required to convey more information like data and speech. The modulation process involves some feature of the carrier wave being varied in accordance with the information transmitted.
6. Amplitude Modulation In Amplitude Modulation, the electrical signal from a microphone produced by speech or music is used to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave, so that at any instant the size or amplitude of the RF carrier wave is made proportional to the size of the electrical modulating signal. AM has many advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, an AM signal can operate over high distances, furthermore, they are cost efficient as well. On the other hand, AM can suffer from interference, its also prone to high levels of noise due to its amplitude. Amplitude Modulation
7. Mobile Phones and Cellular Radio The diagram above illustrates the cell structure of a mobile phone network. It consists of a hexagonal mesh each with a base centre. A mobile phone uses radio networking to operate, a signal is sent from the phone to the nearest base station and incoming signals (carrying the speech from the person to whom the phone user is listening) are sent from the base station to the phone at a slightly different frequency. Once the signal reaches a base station it can be transmitted to the main telephone network, either by telephone cables or by higher frequency radio links between an antenna (e.g. dish) at the base station and another at a terminal connected to the main telephone network.
8. Base Stations Transmitted signal strength falls off rapidly with distance from base stations, and mobile phones require a certain minimum signal strength to ensure adequate reception. The current generation of GSM base stations cannot communicate over distances greater than 35 km because the delay in receiving radio signals becomes too great. However, the decline of signal strength with distance places a practical limit on coverage of around 10 km. For these reasons an extensive network of base stations is needed to ensure coverage throughout the UK. Radio spectrum is a precious natural resource with many different demands upon it (for example, radio and TV broadcasting, emergency communication, navigation aids etc). Consequently the amount made available to each mobile phone operator is limited and this means base stations can only carry a limited number of calls at any one time. To accommodate the steadily increasing volume of users, network operators have to use the limited number of radio frequencies licensed to them to support the maximum number of mobile phone users. This is achieved by re-using any given radio frequency many times in a network and carefully controlling base station power so that signals arising in different parts of the network do not interfere with each other. This concept of frequency re-use is illustrated in figure 3. The cells are grouped into clusters, with the frequencies allocated to a particular cell within a cluster not being re-used until the corresponding cell in adjacent clusters. This gives a repeating pattern of cells and clusters which can be expanded to provide national coverage. To increase the capacity of their networks, operators have to build additional base stations and thus reduce cell size. It is for this reason that one large base station cannot serve a whole town.
9. Types of Mobile Phone Technology There are two different kinds of mobile phone technology involving frequency. GSM and UMTS. GSM Global system for Mobile Communications or GroupeSpeciale Mobile. The international, pan-European operating standard for the current generation of digital cellular mobile communications. It enables mobile phones to be used across national boundaries. In the UK this technology operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands. UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System .The next generation of mobile phone technology, expected to result in widespread use of video phones and access to multimedia information. In the UK this technology operates in 2 GHz region.
10. Reference Slide Public Telecommunication Networks Unit. (2001). How Mobile Phone Networks Work. Available: http://www.sitefinder.ofcom.org.uk/mobilework.htm. Last accessed 21 Jan 2011.