How is the energy transferred from the source to the load in any electromagnetic circuit? Does
the magnitude of the reflection coefficient increase, decrease, or stay the same as you move away
from the load on a lossless transmission line? Why?
Solution
Wave’ is a common term for a number of different ways in which energy is transferred:
Waves transfer energy but not mass
When we watch surf waves coming into shore, it’s easy to think that individual water particles
are moving towards us, but that’s not actually the case. The particles involved in waves move
back and forth perpendicularly to the way the wave is going, but don’t move significantly in the
direction of the wave. The particles ‘take part’ in the wave by bumping into one another and
transferring energy. This is why energy can be transferred, even though the average position of
the particles doesn’t change.
How does this work? It can help to think of a buoy bobbing in the ocean. The buoy is moved up
and down by the waves that pass by it, but doesn’t move directionally across the water.
You could also think about a Mexican wave at a sports match. The wave moves around the
arena, but the audience members don’t move around with it – they only stand up and sit down (a
perpendicular movement to the wave direction).
Particles in a water wave exchange kinetic energy for potential energy
When particles in water become part of a wave, they start to move up or down. This means that
kinetic energy (energy of movement) has been transferred to them. As the particles move further
away from their normal position (up towards the wave crest or down towards the trough), they
slow down. This means that some of theirkinetic energy has been converted into potential energy
– the energy of particles in a wave oscillates between kinetic and potential energy.
Thinking about potential energy can help us understand why tsunamis can be so damaging.
When a tsunami approaches the shore, it shoals (becomes much higher), so the water particles
are displaced further from equilibrium. They acquire a lot of potential energy, and this is released
when the wave interacts with land.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
The magnitude of reflection coefficeint decreases
that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient does not depend on the length of the line, only the
load impedance and the impedance of the transmission line. Also, note that if ZL=Z0, then the
line is \"matched\". In this case, there is no mismatch loss and all power is transferred to the load.
At this point, you should begin to understand the importance of impedance matching: grossly
mismatched impedances will lead to most of the power reflected away from the load.
Note that the reflection coefficient can be a real or a complex number..
OceansWavesWater particles that move through the tra.docxcherishwinsland
Oceans
Waves
Water particles that move through the transfer of energy causing oscillation.
Components of a wave
Crest
Trough
Wave Height
Wavelength
Amplitude
Amplitude
Wave Base
Breaker
Surf Zone
Beach
Beach / Shore
Berm
Shore face
Shoreline
Ocean Erosion / Transport
Rip Currents
Narrow current, in the surf zone, that flows seaward as water is often forced sideways by the oncoming waves.
Long shore Drift
transportation of sediments (clay, silt, and sand) along a coast and at an angle to the shoreline
Rip Currents
Long Shore Drift
A Tsunami’s Origin: Fault Movement
Normal Fault
Normal Fault
Reverse/Thrust Fault
Notable Tsunami
December 26 2004: the most powerful earthquake in 40 years triggers waves that travel thousands of miles to crash onto the coastlines of at least five Asian countries, killing more than 7,000 people and affecting millions of others
July 17 1998: an offshore quake triggers a wave that strikes the north coast of Papua New Guinea killing some 2,000 people and leaving thousands more homeless.
August 16 1976: a tsunami kills more than 5,000 people in the Moro Gulf region of the Philippines.
March 28 1964: Good Friday earthquake in Alaska sends out a wave swamping much of the Alaskan coast and destroying three villages. The wave kills 107 people in Alaska, four in Oregon and 11 in California as it sweeps down the West Coast.
May 22 1960: a wave reported as up to 11 meters high kills 1,000 in Chile and causes damage in Hawaii, where 61 die, and in the Philippines, Okinawa and Japan as it sweeps across the Pacific.
April 1 1946: Alaskan quake generates tsunami that destroys North Cape Lighthouse, killing five. Hours later the wave arrives at Hilo, Hawaii, killing 159 people and doing millions of dollars in damage.
January 31 1906: a devastating offshore quake submerges part of Tumaco, Colombia, and washes away every house on the coast between Rioverde, Ecuador, and Micay, Colombia. Death toll estimated at 500 to 1,500.
December 17 1896: a tsunami washes away part of the embankment and main boulevard of Santa Barbara, California.
June 15 1896: the Sanriku tsunami strikes Japan without warning. A wave estimated at more than 23 metres high hits a crowd gathered to celebrate a religious festival, killing more than 26,000 people.
August 27 1883: the eruption of the volcano Krakatau generates a massive wave that sweeps over the shores of nearby Java and Sumatra, killing 36,000 people.
November 1 1775: the great Lisbon earthquake generates a wave up to 6 metres high that strikes coastal Portugal, Spain and Morocco.
Sumatra 2004
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOs3zxtNLkU
Japan 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3AdFjklR50
1
Oceans - Laboratory 12
_______________________
(Name)
How do ocean waves form?
“All waves are disturbances of a fluid medium through which energy is moved”
(Davis, 1997). Ocean waves travel on the interface betw.
3.ocean, geothermal, hydro and biomass energy resourcesDrPriteeRaotole
Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics
and Statistics, Wave Energy Devices.
Tidal energy,Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies, Ocean
Thermal Energy, Osmotic Power.
b. Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies.
c. Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact
of hydro power sources.
d. Biomass energy: biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas generation, Ocean biomass
Learn the basic introductory about Waves.
Key Slides & Points:
1. Intro
2. Definition
3. Appearance & Behaviour
4. Types of Waves
5. Parts of a Wave
6. Dimensional Waves
Waves _______________________ (Name) How do ocea.docxmelbruce90096
Waves
_______________________
(Name)
How do ocean waves form?
“All waves are disturbances of a fluid medium through which energy is moved” (Davis,
1997). Ocean waves travel on the interface between oceans and the atmosphere, and are
produced most commonly by winds. As shown in Figure 1, the crest of a wave is its highest
point while the trough is the lowest. The height of the wave is the vertical distance between the
crest and the trough. The wavelength (λ) is the horizontal distance from crest to crest or from
trough to trough. The steepness is the ratio of its height to λ. When the steepness value reaches
0.143 (i.e., a ratio of 1:7), the crest of the wave breaks. Note that a steepness value less than
0.143 means a stable wave while one larger than 0.143 means an unstable breaking wave.
Figure 1. Key characteristics used to describe ocean waves.
Using Figure 1, please answer all of the following questions.
(1) What is the height of the illustrated wave?
(2) What is the wavelength?
(3) What is the steepness?
(4) Will the wave break given your answer to question (3)? Please briefly explain
your answer.
Using Figure 2, use two different colored pencils and sketch two waves:
Wave “A” has a height of 2 m and a wavelength of 10 m.
Wave “B” has a height of 4m and a wavelength of 6m.
For each wave, label the wavelength, wave height, crest, and trough.
Figure 2. A grid for drawing a wave.
(5) What is the steepness of wave A that you sketched?
(6) Will wave A break?
(7) What is the steepness of wave B that you sketched?
(8) Will wave B break?
When the interface between the oceans and the atmosphere is disturbed by a force, then
waves form. Most commonly that disturbing force is the friction of the wind moving across the
water. Once the wave has formed gravity acts against this disturbance, and attempts to restore the
water/atmosphere interface back to its flat-water position (i.e., a horizontal state). Hence, wind-
generated waves are sometimes referred to as gravity waves. As gravity pulls the crest of a wave
downward, momentum carries the water/atmosphere interface beyond the flat-water position to
form a trough. As a result, a buoy will appear to move up and down without being translated in
the direction that the waves appear to be moving. Such up and down motion will continue as
along as the wind is blowing. When the wind stops blowing, the water/atmosphere interface
returns to its normal flat-water state.
The period of a wave is the time it takes for one wavelength to pass a reference mark.
The periods for normal ocean waves range from a few seconds to about 15 seconds. Note that
this differs from wave celerity which is the speed at which a wave advances or propagates. Deep
water waves are waves that occur in water depth that is greater than one half their wavelength.
(9) If it takes 10 seconds for 1 wavelength.
Consider a binary search tree T with nodes containing the four fields.pdfSIGMATAX1
Consider a binary search tree T with nodes containing the four fields key, left, right, p. and ht,
where key is an integer, left, and right are pointers to the two subtrees, p is a pointer to the parent
of the node, and ht is the height of the node (the maximum length of a path from this node to a
leaf). Design an algorithm for a procedure insert (T, x) that inserts to a binary searches tree T a
new node x (whose key is not in the tree yet), and updates lit fields accordingly. The function
should work in O(h) time, where h is the length of the access path.
Solution
Algorithm is implemented in C:
struct node
{
int key;
struct node *left, *right;
};
//function to create a new BST node
struct node *new_Node(int item)
{
struct node *tem = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
tem->key = item;
tem->left = tem->right = NULL;
return tem;
}
/INSERT PROCEDURE
/* Given key in BST,function to insert a new node. */
struct node* insert(struct node* T, int x)
{
/* If tree is empty then return a new node */
if (T == NULL) return new_Node(x);
/* else, repeat down the tree */
if (x < T->x)
T->left = insert(T->left, x);
else if (key > node->key)
T->right = insert(T->right, x);
return T;
}.
Based on the articleWhy It Is Time to Look Beyond Algal Genes in P.pdfSIGMATAX1
Based on the article
Why It Is Time to Look Beyond Algal Genes in Photosynthetic Slugs
By: Cessa Rauch1, Jan de Vries 1, Sophie Rommel2, Laura E. Rose2, Christian Woehle3,
Gregor Christa1, Elise M. Laetz4, Heike Wa ¨gele4, Aloysius G.M. Tielens5,6, Jo ¨rg
Nickelsen7, Tobias Schumann8, Peter Jahns8, and Sven B. Gould1,*
Answer this:
--> It has been argued that the reason for detection of such a small amount of mRNA (the read
count) of lateral gene transfer origin in the slug cells is due to only very few cells containing
plastids. Do you agree with this argument? Why or why not?
--> The authors present several alternative reasons for the stability of plastids within the slug
cells. Describe two of these reasons.
Solution
1. No, we donot agree with the argument.
Through LGT from algae to slugs has similar RNA sequence,supported by genome sequence of
slug DNA, failed to give an evidence for such LGT events later on. So by this, it is clear that
there is no proof that the evolution of kleptoplasty in photosynthetic slugs involves LGT events,
where they depend purely on nuclear genes.
In some of the photosynthetic slugs, plastids sequestered from algae can continue to
photosynthesize for weeks, or even months, in the absence of algal nuclei. Therefore, in
conclusion, some isolated algal plastids are by nature more robust than those of land plants and
there is no evidence that any of these require the expression of slug genes of algal origin.
2. Plastids have effective photoprotection mechanisms.
Slugs acquiring robust plastids will not automatically retain them long-term and endure
starvation.
Slugs are physiologically adapted and require to retain them functionally..
More Related Content
Similar to How is the energy transferred from the source to the load in any elec.pdf
OceansWavesWater particles that move through the tra.docxcherishwinsland
Oceans
Waves
Water particles that move through the transfer of energy causing oscillation.
Components of a wave
Crest
Trough
Wave Height
Wavelength
Amplitude
Amplitude
Wave Base
Breaker
Surf Zone
Beach
Beach / Shore
Berm
Shore face
Shoreline
Ocean Erosion / Transport
Rip Currents
Narrow current, in the surf zone, that flows seaward as water is often forced sideways by the oncoming waves.
Long shore Drift
transportation of sediments (clay, silt, and sand) along a coast and at an angle to the shoreline
Rip Currents
Long Shore Drift
A Tsunami’s Origin: Fault Movement
Normal Fault
Normal Fault
Reverse/Thrust Fault
Notable Tsunami
December 26 2004: the most powerful earthquake in 40 years triggers waves that travel thousands of miles to crash onto the coastlines of at least five Asian countries, killing more than 7,000 people and affecting millions of others
July 17 1998: an offshore quake triggers a wave that strikes the north coast of Papua New Guinea killing some 2,000 people and leaving thousands more homeless.
August 16 1976: a tsunami kills more than 5,000 people in the Moro Gulf region of the Philippines.
March 28 1964: Good Friday earthquake in Alaska sends out a wave swamping much of the Alaskan coast and destroying three villages. The wave kills 107 people in Alaska, four in Oregon and 11 in California as it sweeps down the West Coast.
May 22 1960: a wave reported as up to 11 meters high kills 1,000 in Chile and causes damage in Hawaii, where 61 die, and in the Philippines, Okinawa and Japan as it sweeps across the Pacific.
April 1 1946: Alaskan quake generates tsunami that destroys North Cape Lighthouse, killing five. Hours later the wave arrives at Hilo, Hawaii, killing 159 people and doing millions of dollars in damage.
January 31 1906: a devastating offshore quake submerges part of Tumaco, Colombia, and washes away every house on the coast between Rioverde, Ecuador, and Micay, Colombia. Death toll estimated at 500 to 1,500.
December 17 1896: a tsunami washes away part of the embankment and main boulevard of Santa Barbara, California.
June 15 1896: the Sanriku tsunami strikes Japan without warning. A wave estimated at more than 23 metres high hits a crowd gathered to celebrate a religious festival, killing more than 26,000 people.
August 27 1883: the eruption of the volcano Krakatau generates a massive wave that sweeps over the shores of nearby Java and Sumatra, killing 36,000 people.
November 1 1775: the great Lisbon earthquake generates a wave up to 6 metres high that strikes coastal Portugal, Spain and Morocco.
Sumatra 2004
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOs3zxtNLkU
Japan 2011
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3AdFjklR50
1
Oceans - Laboratory 12
_______________________
(Name)
How do ocean waves form?
“All waves are disturbances of a fluid medium through which energy is moved”
(Davis, 1997). Ocean waves travel on the interface betw.
3.ocean, geothermal, hydro and biomass energy resourcesDrPriteeRaotole
Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics
and Statistics, Wave Energy Devices.
Tidal energy,Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies, Ocean
Thermal Energy, Osmotic Power.
b. Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies.
c. Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact
of hydro power sources.
d. Biomass energy: biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas generation, Ocean biomass
Learn the basic introductory about Waves.
Key Slides & Points:
1. Intro
2. Definition
3. Appearance & Behaviour
4. Types of Waves
5. Parts of a Wave
6. Dimensional Waves
Waves _______________________ (Name) How do ocea.docxmelbruce90096
Waves
_______________________
(Name)
How do ocean waves form?
“All waves are disturbances of a fluid medium through which energy is moved” (Davis,
1997). Ocean waves travel on the interface between oceans and the atmosphere, and are
produced most commonly by winds. As shown in Figure 1, the crest of a wave is its highest
point while the trough is the lowest. The height of the wave is the vertical distance between the
crest and the trough. The wavelength (λ) is the horizontal distance from crest to crest or from
trough to trough. The steepness is the ratio of its height to λ. When the steepness value reaches
0.143 (i.e., a ratio of 1:7), the crest of the wave breaks. Note that a steepness value less than
0.143 means a stable wave while one larger than 0.143 means an unstable breaking wave.
Figure 1. Key characteristics used to describe ocean waves.
Using Figure 1, please answer all of the following questions.
(1) What is the height of the illustrated wave?
(2) What is the wavelength?
(3) What is the steepness?
(4) Will the wave break given your answer to question (3)? Please briefly explain
your answer.
Using Figure 2, use two different colored pencils and sketch two waves:
Wave “A” has a height of 2 m and a wavelength of 10 m.
Wave “B” has a height of 4m and a wavelength of 6m.
For each wave, label the wavelength, wave height, crest, and trough.
Figure 2. A grid for drawing a wave.
(5) What is the steepness of wave A that you sketched?
(6) Will wave A break?
(7) What is the steepness of wave B that you sketched?
(8) Will wave B break?
When the interface between the oceans and the atmosphere is disturbed by a force, then
waves form. Most commonly that disturbing force is the friction of the wind moving across the
water. Once the wave has formed gravity acts against this disturbance, and attempts to restore the
water/atmosphere interface back to its flat-water position (i.e., a horizontal state). Hence, wind-
generated waves are sometimes referred to as gravity waves. As gravity pulls the crest of a wave
downward, momentum carries the water/atmosphere interface beyond the flat-water position to
form a trough. As a result, a buoy will appear to move up and down without being translated in
the direction that the waves appear to be moving. Such up and down motion will continue as
along as the wind is blowing. When the wind stops blowing, the water/atmosphere interface
returns to its normal flat-water state.
The period of a wave is the time it takes for one wavelength to pass a reference mark.
The periods for normal ocean waves range from a few seconds to about 15 seconds. Note that
this differs from wave celerity which is the speed at which a wave advances or propagates. Deep
water waves are waves that occur in water depth that is greater than one half their wavelength.
(9) If it takes 10 seconds for 1 wavelength.
Consider a binary search tree T with nodes containing the four fields.pdfSIGMATAX1
Consider a binary search tree T with nodes containing the four fields key, left, right, p. and ht,
where key is an integer, left, and right are pointers to the two subtrees, p is a pointer to the parent
of the node, and ht is the height of the node (the maximum length of a path from this node to a
leaf). Design an algorithm for a procedure insert (T, x) that inserts to a binary searches tree T a
new node x (whose key is not in the tree yet), and updates lit fields accordingly. The function
should work in O(h) time, where h is the length of the access path.
Solution
Algorithm is implemented in C:
struct node
{
int key;
struct node *left, *right;
};
//function to create a new BST node
struct node *new_Node(int item)
{
struct node *tem = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
tem->key = item;
tem->left = tem->right = NULL;
return tem;
}
/INSERT PROCEDURE
/* Given key in BST,function to insert a new node. */
struct node* insert(struct node* T, int x)
{
/* If tree is empty then return a new node */
if (T == NULL) return new_Node(x);
/* else, repeat down the tree */
if (x < T->x)
T->left = insert(T->left, x);
else if (key > node->key)
T->right = insert(T->right, x);
return T;
}.
Based on the articleWhy It Is Time to Look Beyond Algal Genes in P.pdfSIGMATAX1
Based on the article
Why It Is Time to Look Beyond Algal Genes in Photosynthetic Slugs
By: Cessa Rauch1, Jan de Vries 1, Sophie Rommel2, Laura E. Rose2, Christian Woehle3,
Gregor Christa1, Elise M. Laetz4, Heike Wa ¨gele4, Aloysius G.M. Tielens5,6, Jo ¨rg
Nickelsen7, Tobias Schumann8, Peter Jahns8, and Sven B. Gould1,*
Answer this:
--> It has been argued that the reason for detection of such a small amount of mRNA (the read
count) of lateral gene transfer origin in the slug cells is due to only very few cells containing
plastids. Do you agree with this argument? Why or why not?
--> The authors present several alternative reasons for the stability of plastids within the slug
cells. Describe two of these reasons.
Solution
1. No, we donot agree with the argument.
Through LGT from algae to slugs has similar RNA sequence,supported by genome sequence of
slug DNA, failed to give an evidence for such LGT events later on. So by this, it is clear that
there is no proof that the evolution of kleptoplasty in photosynthetic slugs involves LGT events,
where they depend purely on nuclear genes.
In some of the photosynthetic slugs, plastids sequestered from algae can continue to
photosynthesize for weeks, or even months, in the absence of algal nuclei. Therefore, in
conclusion, some isolated algal plastids are by nature more robust than those of land plants and
there is no evidence that any of these require the expression of slug genes of algal origin.
2. Plastids have effective photoprotection mechanisms.
Slugs acquiring robust plastids will not automatically retain them long-term and endure
starvation.
Slugs are physiologically adapted and require to retain them functionally..
Comparecontrast the following classes of hormones by identifying thr.pdfSIGMATAX1
Compare/contrast the following classes of hormones by identifying three similarities and four
differences among/between them. In addition, be able to list several specific examples of each.
AMINE vs. PEPTIDE vs. STEROID
Solution
Three similarities between the three hormones-
1. Being hormones, the site of synthesis and the site of action of all the three hormones are
different.
2. They are all organic molecules and rich in carbon and hydrogen.
3. They are all released directly into the blood stream.
Differences
Peptide
Steroid
Amine
Composition
Made of few to many amino acids(3-200), synthesized from mRNA
Derived from cholesterol (from pregnenolone, a steroid precursor)
Derived from amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan
Solubility in lipid bilayer
Not soluble
soluble
Not soluble
Nature
Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors( except- thyroid hormones are lipid soluble)
Lipophillic with intracellular receptors
Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors
Mode of Action
Through secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP etc by cascading effect
Once inside the cell it binds DNA and modifies transcription
Through binding to beta adrenergic receptors, by secondary messengers (signal transduction) or
calcium or phosphoinositides
Examples
ADH, calcitonin, Insulin, Pituitary Hormones (LH,FSH, ACTH, TSH,GH)
Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol
Epinephrine, nor epinephrine, melatonin, dopamine
Peptide
Steroid
Amine
Composition
Made of few to many amino acids(3-200), synthesized from mRNA
Derived from cholesterol (from pregnenolone, a steroid precursor)
Derived from amino acids tyrosine or tryptophan
Solubility in lipid bilayer
Not soluble
soluble
Not soluble
Nature
Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors( except- thyroid hormones are lipid soluble)
Lipophillic with intracellular receptors
Hydrophillic with cell surface receptors
Mode of Action
Through secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP etc by cascading effect
Once inside the cell it binds DNA and modifies transcription
Through binding to beta adrenergic receptors, by secondary messengers (signal transduction) or
calcium or phosphoinositides
Examples
ADH, calcitonin, Insulin, Pituitary Hormones (LH,FSH, ACTH, TSH,GH)
Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol
Epinephrine, nor epinephrine, melatonin, dopamine.
Why does the incidence of acute disease decrease with ageSoluti.pdfSIGMATAX1
Why does the incidence of acute disease decrease with age?
Solution
Incidence of acute diseases decrease with age because the body which is through all the worst
times have gained enough resistance though the immunity decreases with age still the body will
be ready to fight with acute infections and go over that due to the resistance developed in course
of lifetime. i hope this is a brief answer and would help you. Thank you.
White eye color in Drosophila was discovered to be sex linked by Tho.pdfSIGMATAX1
White eye color in Drosophila was discovered to be sex linked by Thomas Hunt Morgan, who
observed that:
White eye color in Drosophila was discovered to be sex linked by Thomas Hunt Morgan, who
observed that:A. reciprocal crosses produced different results, which is not true for most
autosomal traits.B. the inheritance pattern depended on the sex of the individuals.C. the white-
eyed flies were sterile, in contrast to the red-eyed flies.D. A and B.E. All of the above
statements apply.
Solution
The answer is D. A and B.
A. reciprocal crosses produced different results, which is not true for most autosomal traits.
B. the inheritance pattern depended on the sex of the individuals..
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded .pdfSIGMATAX1
Which of the following protons would you NOT expect to find embedded in the cytoplasmic
membrane of any bacteria? Primary active transport proteins. ATP synthase. Enzyme I complex
of the Group translocation system. Basel body protein rings of flagella. Which of the following is
true? Both photosystem I and photosystem II rely on light bombarding chlorophyll. Photosystem
II donates electrons to photosystem I in a linear electron transport chain. Photosystem I only (not
photosystem II) directly produces NADPH utilized for the Calvin cycle. All of the above are
true. None of the above are true. Which one of these prokaryotic characteristics can\'t co-exist in
a single cell? Mesospheric and acidophil. Aero-tolerant and basophilic. Thermophiles and
psychrophilic. Fermentative and Anaerobic. If a population of 4 bacterial cells in log phase, how
many cells can we expect to see in an hour\'s time if the cell has a generation time of 30 minutes?
8 cells. 16 cells. 64 cells. 128 cells. The classification of ribosomes in bacteria would be:
Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria contain 70s versions. Ribosomes are proteins and bacteria
contain 80s versions. Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 70s versions.
Ribosomes are membrane lipids and bacteria contain 80s versions. Where do The Calvin Cycle
and Glycolysis converge? Only after the \"prep step\" once acetyl CoA is formed, leading to the
Calvin Cycle Only when NADH is utilized in the electron transport chain At Glyceraldehyde 3
Phosphate. None of the above are correct.
Solution
8.a primary active transport proteins
The basal body of a bacterial flagellum is a rod and a system of rings embedded in the cell
envelope.Gram-negative flagella usually have an L ring in the plane of the lipopolysaccharide in
the outer membrane,a periplasmic P ring in the plane of the peptidoglycan around the flagellar
rod and a M S ring that is located within and above the cytoplasmic membrane.A ,C ring extends
into the cytoplasm.
Enzyme I transfers phosphate from PEP to HPr.PEP group translocation is a distinct method
used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).It is known as multicomponent system that always involves enzymes of the plasma
membrane and those in the cytoplasm.
ATP synthase is located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane
in bacteria.
9.d all are true.
In photosystem I energy is absorbed by a pair of P700 chlrophyll a molecules raise to an excited
energy level.From there they pass onto FeS4,then onto ferrodoxin,and finally onto ferrodoxin-
NADP reductase.After 2 electrons have reduced ferrodoxin-NADP reductase they are transferred
to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH and a H+.Photosystem II works with Photosystem I and two
series of enzymes imbedded in the thylakoid membrane to transfer energy from the form of light
to that stored in chemical bands and gradients which the plant can use in a process called
noncyclic photophosph.
Which of these characteristics distinguishes angiosperms from other .pdfSIGMATAX1
Which of these characteristics distinguishes angiosperms from other seed plants?
roots
Which of these characteristics distinguishes angiosperms from other seed
plants?flowersseedstracheids
roots
Solution
1. Only angiosperms bear true fruit and have flowers.
2.sporophyte and gametophyte generations, swimming sperm and desiccation tolerance
3. monocots (ie cereals)
4. mechanical support (in form of stem and root anchored to the soil)
5. the diploid gametophyte
6. Pollen grains contain the male gametes of gymnosperms, and seeds contain the female
gametes called ovules..
Which of the following is MOST responsible for maintaining the doubl.pdfSIGMATAX1
Which of the following is MOST responsible for maintaining the double-stranded structure of
DNA?
A. Attractive interactions between positively charged purines and negatively charged
pyrimidines.
B. Hydrogen bonding between the 3\'-OH of deoxyribose and purine and pyrimidine ring
nitrogens.
C. Hydrophobic interactions between contiguous base pairs and hydrogen bonding between
complementary bases on opposite strands.
D. Interactions between the phosphate groups in separate chains.
E. Hydrophilic interactions between the pentoses in separate chains.
Solution
A. Attractive interactions between positively charged purines and negatively charged
pyrimidines.
Explanation- Attractive interactions between partial positive charge on purines and partial
negative charge on pyrimidines is responsible for maintaining stability of DNA.
Hydrogen bonds in the DNA strands are individually weak but are collectively strong. These
bonds between complementary base pairs stabilize the helical structure of DNA.
Adenine is paired through two hydrogen bonds with thymine. Guanidine is paired through three
hydrogen bonds with cytosine..
What are the role of environmental factors on transpiration and h.pdfSIGMATAX1
What are the role of environmental factors on transpiration and how plants defend themselves
against water loss?
What are the role of environmental factors on transpiration and how plants defend themselves
against water loss?
Solution
Role of environmental factors on transpiration
1. Relative humidity
The loss of water vapour from stomata occurs by simple diffusion. When the atmosphere is very
humid, the rate of loss of water vapour is lowered.
Wind:
When the wind velocity is high, rate of transpiration also increases.
Temperature:
Warm air hold more water vapour so the rate of loss of water increases with increase in
temperature.
Light:
Opening and closing of stomata is regulated by light. More light result in high degree of
transpiration.
Soil water content:
When there is less water content in the soil , the leaf droops / get dehydrated making the stomata
to close resulting in less rate of transpiration.
Carbon dioxide concentration
When the concentration is high, stomata closes resulting in low rate of transpiration and vice
versa.
Plants defense mechanism against water loss
Plants require water for it\'s survival. So it will have to regulate water loss ( especially during
drought) .
Several leaf adaptations help to combat water loss.
Leaf arrangements play important role, transversely arranged leaves loss more water than
perpendicularly arranged ones.
Other anatomical features of the leaves such as sunken/vestigial stomata and closely arranged
mesophyll cells reduces transpiration.
Presence of hair, cuticle(waxy) , gums, mucilage etc on leaf surface help reducing transpiration.
During drought, plant hormone abscisic acid play an important role by closing the stomata
reducing water loss..
What will be quantization step size in numbers and in voltage for th.pdfSIGMATAX1
What will be quantization step size in numbers and in voltage for this Arduino Code? Using 5V
const int led1 = 2;
const int led2 = 3;
const int led3 = 4;
void setup() {
pinMode(led1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led3, OUTPUT);
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
int dataConv = sensorValue*(8.0/1024);
//write analog equvivalant data on led pins
switch(dataConv)
{
case 0: {
digitalWrite(led1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led3,LOW);
break;
}
case 1: {
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led3,LOW);
break;
}
case 2: {
digitalWrite(led1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3,LOW);
break;
}
case 3: {
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3,LOW);
break;
}
case 4: {
digitalWrite(led1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
break;
}
case 5: {
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
break;
}
case 6: {
digitalWrite(led1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
break;
}
case 7: {
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
break;
}
}
Serial.println(sensorValue); // print out the value you read:
Serial.println(dataConv);
delay(1000); // delay in between reads for stability
}
const int led1 = 2;
const int led2 = 3;
const int led3 = 4;
void setup() {
pinMode(led1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led3, OUTPUT);
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
int dataConv = sensorValue*(8.0/1024);
//write analog equvivalant data on led pins
switch(dataConv)
{
case 0: {
digitalWrite(led1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led3,LOW);
break;
}
case 1: {
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led3,LOW);
break;
}
case 2: {
digitalWrite(led1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3,LOW);
break;
}
case 3: {
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3,LOW);
break;
}
case 4: {
digitalWrite(led1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
break;
}
case 5: {
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2,LOW);
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
break;
}
case 6: {
digitalWrite(led1,LOW);
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
break;
}
case 7: {
digitalWrite(led1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(led3,HIGH);
break;
}
}
Serial.println(sensorValue); // print out the value you read:
Serial.println(dataConv);
delay(1000); // delay in between reads for stability
}
Solution
// Random LED Dots - from noise source
// Ed Nisley - KE4ANU - September 2015
//----------
// Pin assignments
const byte PIN_HEARTBEAT = 8; // DO - heartbeat LED
const byte PIN_SYNC = A3; // DO.
What is the need for a shadow page table (One or two brief sentences.pdfSIGMATAX1
What is the need for a shadow page table? (One or two brief sentences please)
Solution
Virtualization allows multiple operating system instances to run concurrently on a single
computer. Virtualization is the creation of a virtual rather than actual version of something, such
as an operating system, a server, a storage device or network resources.
Virtualization is where the framework divides the resource into one or more execution
environments Even something as simple as partitioning a hard drive is considered virtualization
because you take one drive and partition it to create two separate hard drives.
Types of virtualization:
Storage virtualization: is the pooling of physical storage from multiple network storage devices
into what appears to be a single storage device
Data virtualization: is abstracting the traditional technical details of data and data management,
such as location, performance or format..
Network virtualization: is a method of combining the available resources in a network by
splitting up the available bandwidth into channels, each of which is independent from the others.
Server virtualization: the partitioning a physical server into smaller virtual servers.
Shadow Tables are objects used to improve the way machines, networks and programs handle
information.
Shadow page tables are used by the hypervisor to keep track of the state in which the guest
thinks its page tables should be.
The guest can\'t be allowed access to the hardware page tables because then it would essentially
have control of the machine. So, the hypervisor keeps the \"real\" mappings guest virtual -> host
physical in the hardware when the relevant guest is executing, and keeps a representation of the
page table..
What step of protein synthesis is shown in the figure elongation st.pdfSIGMATAX1
What step of protein synthesis is shown in the figure? elongation stage of transcription
termination stage of translation mRNA processing elongation stage of translation initiation
stage of transcription
Solution
elongation stage of transcription
Explanation: newly synthesized mRNA separates from the DNA template as the RNA plymerase
continues elongation. multiple RNA plymerases transcribe simultaneously..
Water is forced through a contraction causing low pressure. The wat.pdfSIGMATAX1
Water is forced through a contraction causing low pressure. The water is observed to boil at a
pressure of -13.01 psi. If atmospheric pressure is 14.70 psi, what is the temperature, in °F, of the
water?
Solution
the water is start boiling at 212 °F
it means the temperature of water at 14.70psi is 212 °F +239.538 °F =451.53 °F.
Using a PIC 18 Write a time overflow interrupt routine that detects .pdfSIGMATAX1
Using a PIC 18 Write a time overflow interrupt routine that detects the interrupt source if it
overflows, increments the timer overflow counter, and finally clears the interrupt flag
Solution
ORG 00H
GOTO MAIN
ORG 0X08H
MOVLW 01H
ADDWF TMR0L
BCF INTCON,TMR0IF
RETIF
MAIN
ORG 100H
BCF INTCON,TMR0IF
BSF T0CON,TMR0ON
BSF INTCON,TMR0IE
BSF INTC0N,GIE
HERE GOTO HERE
END.
The three types of mixtures are and The weak bond forming a bridge .pdfSIGMATAX1
The three types of mixtures are and The weak bond forming a bridge between a hydrogen atom
and nitrogen or oxygen is a bond. A is an inorganic compound which has a bitter taste, feels
slipper and is a proton acceptor.
Solution
10. Three types of mixtures are suspensions, solutions and colloids
11.answer is hydrogen bond.
A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a
hydrogen (H) atom covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N),
oxygen (O), or fluorine (F) experiences the electrostatic field of another highly electronegative
atom nearby.
12.answer is Base..
Some commercial airplanes recirculate approximately 50 of the cabin .pdfSIGMATAX1
Some commercial airplanes recirculate approximately 50% of the cabin air in order to increase
fuel efficiency. The researchers studied 1096 airline passengers, among which some traveled on
airplanes that recirculated air and others traveled on planes that did not recirculate air. Of the 515
passengers who flew on planes that did not recirculate air, 106 reported post-flight respiratory
symptoms, while 112 of the 581 passengers on planes that did recirculate air reported such
symptoms. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of passengers with post-
flight respiratory symptoms differs for planes that do and do not recirculate air? Test the
appropriate hypotheses using a = 0.05. You may assume that it is reasonable to regard these two
samples as being independently selected and as representative of the two populations of interest.
(Use a statistical computer package to calculate the P-value. Use Pdo not recirculate - Pdo
recirculate- Round your test statistic to two decimal places and your P-value to four decimal
places.)
Solution
Null , There Is No Significance between them Ho: p1 = p2
Alternate , There Is Significance between them H1: p1 != p2
Test Statistic
Sample 1 : X1 =106, n1 =515, P1= X1/n1=0.206
Sample 2 : X2 =112, n2 =581, P2= X2/n2=0.193
Finding a P^ value For Proportion P^=(X1 + X2 ) / (n1+n2)
P^=0.199
Q^ Value For Proportion= 1-P^=0.801
we use Test Statistic (Z) = (P1-P2)/(P^Q^(1/n1+1/n2))
Zo =(0.206-0.193)/Sqrt((0.199*0.801(1/515+1/581))
Zo =0.54
| Zo | =0.54
Critical Value
The Value of |Z | at LOS 0.05% is 1.96
We got |Zo| =0.54 & | Z | =1.96
Make Decision
Hence Value of |Zo | < | Z | and Here we Do not Reject Ho
P-Value: Two Tailed ( double the one tail ) -Ha : ( P != 0.5403 ) = 0.589
Hence Value of P0.05 < 0.589,Here We Do not Reject Ho
No sufficient evidence to condude that the proportion of passengers
with post-flight respratory symptoms differs for planes that do and do not recirculate air
ANS:
Z = 0.54
P = 0.589.
Solve for 02 sin 2+sin 5=0. Separate your answers with commas.pdfSIGMATAX1
Solve for 0??<2?: sin 2?+sin 5?=0. Separate your answers with commas.
?= Solve for 0 lessthanorequalto theta
Solution
Use formula : sinx +siny = 2sin(x+y)/2cos(x-y)/2
So, sin 2+sin 5=0.
2sin(7)/2cos(3/2) =0
sin(7)/2 =0
= 0, 2pi/7 , 4pi/7, 6pi/7 , 8pi/7 , 10pi/7 , 12pi/7 ,
cos(3)/2 =0
= pi/3 , pi , 5pi/3.
Required 1. Briefly describe different computer controls available .pdfSIGMATAX1
Required: 1. Briefly describe different computer controls available to an organization.
a. Identify how these controls help to maintain system security and reduce risk.
b. Do companies need a formal internal policy that addresses security violations? Why/why not?
c. Consider what type of actions a company should take against employees that circumvent
computer
Solution
Security Controls:
Administrative Controls, Technical or Logical Controls, Physical Controls
The constituents of Security:
Vulnerability, Threat, Risk, Exposure, Countermeasure or Safeguard
The data vendor grants access needs or may choose to give this function to business unit
managers. And it is the data owner who will contract with security violations pertaining to the
data he is liable for defending.
Subjects that should be measured when developing a security policy:
Classification Controls:
Qualitative Risk Analysis Techniques:.
a. What is Snort [1]b. According to “Snort Users Manual” (downloa.pdfSIGMATAX1
a. What is Snort? [1]
b. According to “Snort Users Manual” (downloadable under “Docs” menu), what are the three
modes in which Snort operates and how it behaves under each mode? Show an example
command to put Snort in each mode. [6]
c. Explain the difference between the rule headers and rule options [2]
d. List 8 different types of actions Snort may take upon a rule match. Describe what each action
type does. [2]
Solution
a. Snort: Snort is an open source network capable of performing real-time traffic study and
packet-logging on IP networks. It can transmit the protocol analysis, content searching &
matching and is used to detect a range of attacks and investigates, such as buffer run over,
cautious port scans, OS fingerprinting efforts.
d. Types of snort actions:.
Proponents of decentralized forms of socialism usually supportA co.pdfSIGMATAX1
Proponents of decentralized forms of socialism usually support
A command economy
Control of the economy by a vanguard party of intellectuals
Control of the economy by various local groups of workers
State control of the economy
The Phoenix Suns
A command economy
Control of the economy by a vanguard party of intellectuals
Control of the economy by various local groups of workers
State control of the economy
The Phoenix Suns
Solution
Proponents of decentralized forms of socialism usually support the following things such a
1.A command economy.
2.Control of the economy by a vanguard party of intellectuals.
3.Control of the economy by various local groups of workers.
4.State control of the economy.
5.The phoenix suns..
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How is the energy transferred from the source to the load in any elec.pdf
1. How is the energy transferred from the source to the load in any electromagnetic circuit? Does
the magnitude of the reflection coefficient increase, decrease, or stay the same as you move away
from the load on a lossless transmission line? Why?
Solution
Wave’ is a common term for a number of different ways in which energy is transferred:
Waves transfer energy but not mass
When we watch surf waves coming into shore, it’s easy to think that individual water particles
are moving towards us, but that’s not actually the case. The particles involved in waves move
back and forth perpendicularly to the way the wave is going, but don’t move significantly in the
direction of the wave. The particles ‘take part’ in the wave by bumping into one another and
transferring energy. This is why energy can be transferred, even though the average position of
the particles doesn’t change.
How does this work? It can help to think of a buoy bobbing in the ocean. The buoy is moved up
and down by the waves that pass by it, but doesn’t move directionally across the water.
You could also think about a Mexican wave at a sports match. The wave moves around the
arena, but the audience members don’t move around with it – they only stand up and sit down (a
perpendicular movement to the wave direction).
Particles in a water wave exchange kinetic energy for potential energy
When particles in water become part of a wave, they start to move up or down. This means that
kinetic energy (energy of movement) has been transferred to them. As the particles move further
away from their normal position (up towards the wave crest or down towards the trough), they
slow down. This means that some of theirkinetic energy has been converted into potential energy
– the energy of particles in a wave oscillates between kinetic and potential energy.
Thinking about potential energy can help us understand why tsunamis can be so damaging.
When a tsunami approaches the shore, it shoals (becomes much higher), so the water particles
are displaced further from equilibrium. They acquire a lot of potential energy, and this is released
when the wave interacts with land.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
The magnitude of reflection coefficeint decreases
that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient does not depend on the length of the line, only the
load impedance and the impedance of the transmission line. Also, note that if ZL=Z0, then the
line is "matched". In this case, there is no mismatch loss and all power is transferred to the load.
At this point, you should begin to understand the importance of impedance matching: grossly
2. mismatched impedances will lead to most of the power reflected away from the load.
Note that the reflection coefficient can be a real or a complex number.
