How does traffic analysis work Internet data packets have two parts.pdf
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How does traffic analysis work? Internet data packets have two parts: a data payload and a header used for routing. The data payload is whatever is being sent, whether that\'s an email message, a web page, or an audio file. Even if you encrypt the data payload of your communications, traffic analysis still reveals a great deal about what you\'re doing and, possibly, what you\'re saying. That\'s because it focuses on the header, which discloses source, destination, size, timing, and so on. A basic problem for the privacy minded is that the recipient of your communications can see that you sent it by looking at headers. So can authorized intermediaries like Internet service providers, and sometimes unauthorized intermediaries as well. A very simple form of traffic analysis might involve sitting somewhere between sender and recipient on the network, looking at headers. But there are also more powerful kinds of traffic analysis. Some attackers spy on multiple parts of the Internet and use sophisticated statistical techniques to track the communications patterns of many different organizations and individuals. Encryption does not help against these attackers, since it only hides the content of Internet traffic, not the headers. Solution How does traffic analysis work? Internet data packets have two parts: a data payload and a header used for routing. The data payload is whatever is being sent, whether that\'s an email message, a web page, or an audio file. Even if you encrypt the data payload of your communications, traffic analysis still reveals a great deal about what you\'re doing and, possibly, what you\'re saying. That\'s because it focuses on the header, which discloses source, destination, size, timing, and so on. A basic problem for the privacy minded is that the recipient of your communications can see that you sent it by looking at headers. So can authorized intermediaries like Internet service providers, and sometimes unauthorized intermediaries as well. A very simple form of traffic analysis might involve sitting somewhere between sender and recipient on the network, looking at headers. But there are also more powerful kinds of traffic analysis. Some attackers spy on multiple parts of the Internet and use sophisticated statistical techniques to track the communications patterns of many different organizations and individuals. Encryption does not help against these attackers, since it only hides the content of Internet traffic, not the headers..
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TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR NETWORK FORENSICS
Network forensics deals with the capture, recording and analysis of network events in order to discover evidential information about the source of security attacks in a court of law. This paper discusses the different tools and techniques available to conduct network forensics. Some of the tools discussed include: eMailTrackerPro – to identify the physical location of an email sender; Web Historian – to find the duration of each visit and the files ploaded and downloaded from the visited website; packet sniffers like Ethereal – to capture and analyze the data exchanged among the different computers in the network. The second half of the paper presents a survey of ifferent IP traceback techniques like packet marking that help a forensic investigator to identify the true sources of the attacking IP packets. We also discuss the use of Honeypots and Honeynets that gather intelligence about the enemy and the tools and tactics of network intruders.
A Mobile Messaging Apps: Service Usage Classification to Internet Traffic and...
The rapid adoption of mobile
messaging Apps has enabled us to collect massive
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The rapid adoption of mobile
messaging Apps has enabled us to collect massive
amount of encrypted Internet traffic of mobile
messaging. The classification of this traffic into
different types of in-App service usages can help for
intelligent network management, such as managing
network bandwidth budget and providing quality of
services. Traditional approaches for classification of
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parsing HTTP headers. However, messaging Apps are
increasingly using secure protocols, such as HTTPS
and SSL, to transmit data. This imposes significant
challenges on the performances of service usage
classification by packet inspection. To this end, in this
paper, we investigate how to exploit encrypted Internet
traffic for classifying in-App usages. Specifically, we
develop a system, named CUMMA, for classifying
service usages of mobile messaging Apps by jointly
modeling user behavioral patterns, network traffic
characteristics, and temporal dependencies. Along this
line, we first segment Internet traffic from trafficflows
into sessions with a number of dialogs in a
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features of traffic data from two perspectives: (i)
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service usage predictor to classify these segmented
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we design a clustering Hidden Markov Model (HMM)
based method to detect mixed dialogs from outliers
and decompose mixed dialogs into sub-dialogs of
single-type usage. Indeed, CUMMA enables mobile
analysts to identify service usages and analyze enduser
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RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION POST BASED ON THE TOPIC Compare and co.docx
RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION POST BASED ON THE TOPIC “
Compare and contrast the different types of IDPS technology and describe any prior experience using any of the tools.”
1.
VC).
I have found four different types of IDPS technologies but for this discussion board I decided to just compare two. The first IDPS technology is network-based. A network-based technology “monitors network traffic for particular network segments or devices and analyzes the network and application protocol activity to identify suspicious activity.” (Scarfone, 2007) A network based system is used to capture and analyze packets from various IP addresses, websites, and TCP/UDP layers. One benefit of having a network-based detection system in place is getting real time alerts. Also, companies can decide which type of network based system they would like to go with. There are two major types: signature-based which compares attacks with previous attacks the system has seen. The second type is anomaly-based which compares packets with a baseline and then decides which steps should be taken. Overall, a network-based IDPS can be expensive and difficult to configure.
The second type of IDPS is known as a network behavior analysis system which “examines network traffic or statistics on traffic to identify unusual traffic slows, and policy violations.” (Scarfone, 2007) Unlike a network-based IDPS the NBA system is delayed in identifying attacks. Although an NBA system can analyze and reconstruct an attack in hopes to prevent the same type of attack from happening again. Also, NBA systems are used to monitor the network flow or malware rather than monitoring the actual network itself. Using Snort for this week’s lab will be my first time using an intrusion detection software.
2TD).
I really like this topic although it can be a very extensive one. There are many forms of IDPS systems. "
. “Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is meant to be a software application which monitors the network or system activities and find if any malicious operations occur.” (1) Unlike firewalls that block any connections that it finds harmful, this software alerts the administrator if any connections that were harmful still get passed through. There are three types of Intrusion Detection Systems: Network Based, Host Based and Application Based.
“Network-based intrusion detection systems monitor the network traffic and use these raw network packet’s content to analyze network, transport, and application protocols to identify suspicious activity.” (2) This system collects all the packets through the network and analyzes them for any malicious intent. One advantage of using this method is the “operating system independence.” The data packets “also independent on OS platform. This method is to provide faster notification and response…” (2)
Another type of Intrusion Detection Systems is the Host based. “Host-based IDS monitors a single machine and audits data traced by the hosting operating system. ...
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Computer networks fall into two main types: client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks.
For More Information:Dr. Jayarama Reddy, Professor, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous)36, Langford Road, Bengaluru-27. India. Director, Centre for Molecular and Computational Biology.
Editor in Chief, International Journal of Biological Research -ISSN-2321-0524.
www.biovistas.org www.sjc.ac.in drjayaramreddy@sjc.ac.in
Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jayarama_Reddy2
www.ArtPal.com/drjayaramreddy
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Master Programme in Law and Information Technology, Stockholm University, 25 February 2010
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Deciphering Malware’s use of TLS (withoutDecryption)Blak.docx
Deciphering Malware’s use of TLS (without
Decryption)
Blake Anderson
Cisco
[email protected]
Subharthi Paul
Cisco
[email protected]
David McGrew
Cisco
[email protected]
Abstract—The use of TLS by malware poses new challenges
to network threat detection because traditional pattern-matching
techniques can no longer be applied to its messages. However,
TLS also introduces a complex set of observable data features
that allow many inferences to be made about both the client
and the server. We show that these features can be used to
detect and understand malware communication, while at the same
time preserving the privacy of benign uses of encryption. These
data features also allow for accurate malware family attribution
of network communication, even when restricted to a single,
encrypted flow.
To demonstrate this, we performed a detailed study of how
TLS is used by malware and enterprise applications. We provide
a general analysis on millions of TLS encrypted flows, and a
targeted study on 18 malware families composed of thousands
of unique malware samples and ten-of-thousands of malicious
TLS flows. Importantly, we identify and accommodate the bias
introduced by the use of a malware sandbox. The performance
of a malware classifier is correlated with a malware family’s use
of TLS, i.e., malware families that actively evolve their use of
cryptography are more difficult to classify.
We conclude that malware’s usage of TLS is distinct from
benign usage in an enterprise setting, and that these differences
can be effectively used in rules and machine learning classifiers.
I. INTRODUCTION
Encryption is necessary to protect the privacy of end users.
In a network setting, Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the
dominant protocol to provide encryption for network traffic.
While TLS obscures the plaintext, it also introduces a complex
set of observable parameters that allow many inferences to be
made about both the client and the server.
Legitimate traffic has seen a rapid adoption of the TLS
standard over the past decade, with some studies stating that
as much as 60% of network traffic uses TLS [1]. Unfortunately,
malware has also adopted TLS to secure its communication. In
our dataset, ∼10% of the malware samples use TLS. This trend
makes threat detection more difficult because it renders the
use of deep packet inspection (DPI) ineffective. It is important
to determine whether encrypted network traffic is benign or
malicious, and do so in a way that preserves the integrity of
the encryption. And while 10% of malware samples utilizing
TLS seems low, we make the assumption that this number will
increase as the level of encryption in network traffic increases.
Along these lines, we have seen a slight, but statistically
significant, increase in malicious, encrypted traffic over the
past 12 months.
To further motivate the need for a study exposing mal-
ware’s use of TLS, we consider the limitations of a pattern-
matching approach when faced with TLS, .
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Abstract: The main aim of this project is secure the user login and data sharing among the social networks like Gmail, Facebook and also find anonymous user using this networks. If the original user not available in the networks, but their friends or anonymous user knows their login details means possible to misuse their chats. In this project we have to overcome the anonymous user using the network without original user knowledge. Unauthorized user using the login to chat, share images or videos etc This is the problem to be overcome in this project .That means user first register their details with one secured question and answer. Because the anonymous user can delete their chat or data In this by using the secured questions we have to recover the unauthorized user chat history or sharing details with their IP address or MAC address. So in this project they have found out a way to prevent the anonymous users misuse the original user login details.
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This presentation is as per the prescribed syllabus of the Chapter 'Networking' in Class XII 083 CBSE board Paper.
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We should know what is Networking,the different aspects of Networking and data management.
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During the 1980s, most digital forensic investigations consisted of "live analysis", examining digital media directly using non-specialist tools. In the 1990s, several freeware and other proprietary tools (both hardware and software) were created to allow investigations to take place without modifying media. This first set of tools mainly focused on computer forensics, although in recent years similar tools have evolved for the field of mobile device forensics.[1] This list includes notable examples of digital forensic tools.
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RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION POST BASED ON THE TOPIC Compare and co.docx
RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION POST BASED ON THE TOPIC “
Compare and contrast the different types of IDPS technology and describe any prior experience using any of the tools.”
1.
VC).
I have found four different types of IDPS technologies but for this discussion board I decided to just compare two. The first IDPS technology is network-based. A network-based technology “monitors network traffic for particular network segments or devices and analyzes the network and application protocol activity to identify suspicious activity.” (Scarfone, 2007) A network based system is used to capture and analyze packets from various IP addresses, websites, and TCP/UDP layers. One benefit of having a network-based detection system in place is getting real time alerts. Also, companies can decide which type of network based system they would like to go with. There are two major types: signature-based which compares attacks with previous attacks the system has seen. The second type is anomaly-based which compares packets with a baseline and then decides which steps should be taken. Overall, a network-based IDPS can be expensive and difficult to configure.
The second type of IDPS is known as a network behavior analysis system which “examines network traffic or statistics on traffic to identify unusual traffic slows, and policy violations.” (Scarfone, 2007) Unlike a network-based IDPS the NBA system is delayed in identifying attacks. Although an NBA system can analyze and reconstruct an attack in hopes to prevent the same type of attack from happening again. Also, NBA systems are used to monitor the network flow or malware rather than monitoring the actual network itself. Using Snort for this week’s lab will be my first time using an intrusion detection software.
2TD).
I really like this topic although it can be a very extensive one. There are many forms of IDPS systems. "
. “Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is meant to be a software application which monitors the network or system activities and find if any malicious operations occur.” (1) Unlike firewalls that block any connections that it finds harmful, this software alerts the administrator if any connections that were harmful still get passed through. There are three types of Intrusion Detection Systems: Network Based, Host Based and Application Based.
“Network-based intrusion detection systems monitor the network traffic and use these raw network packet’s content to analyze network, transport, and application protocols to identify suspicious activity.” (2) This system collects all the packets through the network and analyzes them for any malicious intent. One advantage of using this method is the “operating system independence.” The data packets “also independent on OS platform. This method is to provide faster notification and response…” (2)
Another type of Intrusion Detection Systems is the Host based. “Host-based IDS monitors a single machine and audits data traced by the hosting operating system. ...
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Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all connected to help their users work together.
A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other.
Computer networks fall into two main types: client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks.
For More Information:Dr. Jayarama Reddy, Professor, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous)36, Langford Road, Bengaluru-27. India. Director, Centre for Molecular and Computational Biology.
Editor in Chief, International Journal of Biological Research -ISSN-2321-0524.
www.biovistas.org www.sjc.ac.in drjayaramreddy@sjc.ac.in
Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jayarama_Reddy2
www.ArtPal.com/drjayaramreddy
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A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other.
Computer networks fall into two main types: client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks.
UM MBA Program: Overview Of Internet Technology
Aging presentation that I developed for use in the University of Miami and Florida Atlantic University MBA programs.
Electronic Surveillance Of Communications 100225
Presentation used in
Master Programme in Law and Information Technology, Stockholm University, 25 February 2010
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Deciphering Malware’s use of TLS (withoutDecryption)Blak.docx
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Decryption)
Blake Anderson
Cisco
[email protected]
Subharthi Paul
Cisco
[email protected]
David McGrew
Cisco
[email protected]
Abstract—The use of TLS by malware poses new challenges
to network threat detection because traditional pattern-matching
techniques can no longer be applied to its messages. However,
TLS also introduces a complex set of observable data features
that allow many inferences to be made about both the client
and the server. We show that these features can be used to
detect and understand malware communication, while at the same
time preserving the privacy of benign uses of encryption. These
data features also allow for accurate malware family attribution
of network communication, even when restricted to a single,
encrypted flow.
To demonstrate this, we performed a detailed study of how
TLS is used by malware and enterprise applications. We provide
a general analysis on millions of TLS encrypted flows, and a
targeted study on 18 malware families composed of thousands
of unique malware samples and ten-of-thousands of malicious
TLS flows. Importantly, we identify and accommodate the bias
introduced by the use of a malware sandbox. The performance
of a malware classifier is correlated with a malware family’s use
of TLS, i.e., malware families that actively evolve their use of
cryptography are more difficult to classify.
We conclude that malware’s usage of TLS is distinct from
benign usage in an enterprise setting, and that these differences
can be effectively used in rules and machine learning classifiers.
I. INTRODUCTION
Encryption is necessary to protect the privacy of end users.
In a network setting, Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the
dominant protocol to provide encryption for network traffic.
While TLS obscures the plaintext, it also introduces a complex
set of observable parameters that allow many inferences to be
made about both the client and the server.
Legitimate traffic has seen a rapid adoption of the TLS
standard over the past decade, with some studies stating that
as much as 60% of network traffic uses TLS [1]. Unfortunately,
malware has also adopted TLS to secure its communication. In
our dataset, ∼10% of the malware samples use TLS. This trend
makes threat detection more difficult because it renders the
use of deep packet inspection (DPI) ineffective. It is important
to determine whether encrypted network traffic is benign or
malicious, and do so in a way that preserves the integrity of
the encryption. And while 10% of malware samples utilizing
TLS seems low, we make the assumption that this number will
increase as the level of encryption in network traffic increases.
Along these lines, we have seen a slight, but statistically
significant, increase in malicious, encrypted traffic over the
past 12 months.
To further motivate the need for a study exposing mal-
ware’s use of TLS, we consider the limitations of a pattern-
matching approach when faced with TLS, .
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S monoclinic is most stable since entropy is the .pdf
S monoclinic is most stable since entropy is the largest
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Option D is correct. B is limiting reagent .pdf
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amount of Ba(OH)2 in the flask which is completely dissociated in form of Ba2+ and OH- ions.
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water while Ba2+ and SO42- form insoluble BaSO4 when enough H2SO4 is added to consume
the Ba(OH)2 completely the conductance of the analyte which is being monitored continuosly
shows a sharp decrease and is at its lowest point. at this point H2SO4 addition is stopped and
titration ends. Now you know the molarity of Ba(OH)2 ...(M1) volume of Ba(OH)2 taken
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Solution
Let us assume the conc of Ba(OH)2 is known to us and initially we have known
amount of Ba(OH)2 in the flask which is completely dissociated in form of Ba2+ and OH- ions.
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water while Ba2+ and SO42- form insoluble BaSO4 when enough H2SO4 is added to consume
the Ba(OH)2 completely the conductance of the analyte which is being monitored continuosly
shows a sharp decrease and is at its lowest point. at this point H2SO4 addition is stopped and
titration ends. Now you know the molarity of Ba(OH)2 ...(M1) volume of Ba(OH)2 taken
initially ...(V1) and volume of H2SO4 consumed ...(V2) use M1V1 = M2V2 only unknown M2
which is molarity of H2SO4 can be calculated !!.
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Methods a, b, c, and e are formal additions of H2O or OH to the double bond, so no
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carbonyl compounds (one in a few cases). So it\'s d).
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Definition of Privacy
Privacy can be defined as an individual condition of life characterized by exclusion from
publicity (Neetling et al., 1996, p. 36). The concept follows from the right to be left alone (Stair,
1992, p. 635; Shank, 1986, p. 12)1 . Shank (1986, p. 13) states that such a perception of privacy
set the course for passing of privacy laws in the United States for the ninety years that followed.
As such privacy could be regarded as a natural right which provides the foundation for the legal
right. The right to privacy is therefore protected under private law.
The legal right to privacy is constitutionally protected in most democratic societies. This
constitutional right is expressed in a variety of legislative forms. Examples include the Privacy
Act (1974) in the USA, the proposed Open Democracy Act in South Africa (1996) and the Data
Protection Act in England. During 1994 Australia also accepted a Privacy Charter containing 18
privacy principles which describe the right of a citizen concerning personal privacy as effected
by handling of information by the state (Collier, 1994, p. 44-45). The Organization for Economic
and Coordination and Development (OECD) also accepted in 1980 the Guidelines for the
Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flow of Personal Data (Collier, 1994, p. 41).
Privacy is an important right because it is a necessary condition for other rights such as freedom
and personal autonomy. There is thus a relationship between privacy, freedom and human
dignity. Respecting a person\'s privacy is to acknowledge such a person\'s right to freedom and to
recognize that individual as an autonomous human being.
Private communications. This category of privacy concerns all forms of personal communication
which a person wishes to keep private. The information exchanged during a reference interview
between t.
The balanced equation is2 H2O2 = 2 H2O + O2SolutionThe bal.pdf
The balanced equation is:
2 H2O2 => 2 H2O + O2
Solution
The balanced equation is:
2 H2O2 => 2 H2O + O2.
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a mutation (abnormal change) in the g.pdf
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a mutation (abnormal change) in the gene that codes for Hex-A,
and it is a recessive trait. This means that people will have the disease if they have two copies of
the defective gene, but they will not have the disease if they have at least one unaffected copy.
People with one normal copy and one defective copy are called carriers, because they can pass
the disease on to their children.
Seizures are sudden altacks of disease, often referring to some type of violent spasms.
Just about anyone can be a carrier of the gene for Tay-Sachs disease. In the general population,
about 1 in 250 people carries the gene.
People inherit Tay-Sachs disease when they inherit a defective gene from both parents, resulting
in two defective genes that make the body unable to produce Hex-A correctly. People who have
only one defective gene are called carriers. Carriers do not have the disease, because they have
inherited one healthy gene to code for Hex-A, but they may pass the defective gene on to their
children. If both parents are carriers, each child born to them has a 1 in 4 liklihood of having the
disease.
However, some populations of people include more carriers than others. For example, 1 in 27
people of eastern European Jewish (Ashkenazi) descent in the United States is a carrier. People
of French-Canadian ancestry from one part of Quebec and the Cajunpopulation in Louisiana also
have a higher than usual risk of carrying the Tay-Sachs gene.
Solution
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a mutation (abnormal change) in the gene that codes for Hex-A,
and it is a recessive trait. This means that people will have the disease if they have two copies of
the defective gene, but they will not have the disease if they have at least one unaffected copy.
People with one normal copy and one defective copy are called carriers, because they can pass
the disease on to their children.
Seizures are sudden altacks of disease, often referring to some type of violent spasms.
Just about anyone can be a carrier of the gene for Tay-Sachs disease. In the general population,
about 1 in 250 people carries the gene.
People inherit Tay-Sachs disease when they inherit a defective gene from both parents, resulting
in two defective genes that make the body unable to produce Hex-A correctly. People who have
only one defective gene are called carriers. Carriers do not have the disease, because they have
inherited one healthy gene to code for Hex-A, but they may pass the defective gene on to their
children. If both parents are carriers, each child born to them has a 1 in 4 liklihood of having the
disease.
However, some populations of people include more carriers than others. For example, 1 in 27
people of eastern European Jewish (Ashkenazi) descent in the United States is a carrier. People
of French-Canadian ancestry from one part of Quebec and the Cajunpopulation in Louisiana also
have a higher than usual risk of carrying the Tay-Sachs gene..
E.) is less acidic in other A ,B triple bond an.pdf
E.) is less acidic in other A ,B triple bond and double bond are responsible for
acidity In C,D steric hinderance from -CH3 is responsible for more acidicity than rest thus E is
the answer
Solution
E.) is less acidic in other A ,B triple bond and double bond are responsible for
acidity In C,D steric hinderance from -CH3 is responsible for more acidicity than rest thus E is
the answer.
Solution when user sending the email, then user should select eithe.pdf
Solution
: when user sending the email, then user should select either POP3 or IMAP protocol to send the
mails. Some of the differences are giving below.
POP3 e-mail protocol:
IMAP e-mail protocol:
SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol):
SMTP is not normally used as intermediate mail servers for sending mail. Because SMTP cannot
transmit the executable files or any binary objects.
Similarly it cannot transmit the text data that contains the national language characters. It will
have certain size limit to have an e-mail. So if the mail size is over the limit then it will be
rejected..
publicclass Date {privatestatic String DATE_SEPARATOR = ;pr.pdf
publicclass Date {
privatestatic String DATE_SEPARATOR = \"/\";
privatestaticintDAYS_PER_WEEK = 7;
//Attributes
privateint day;
privateint month;
privateint year;
/**
* Default Constructor
* Instantiates an object of type Date to 1/1/2000
*/
public Date() {
this.day = 1;
this.month = 1;
this.year = 2000;
}
/**
* Constructs a new date object to represent the given date.
* @param day
* @param month
* @param year
*/
public Date(int day, int month, int year) {
if(isValid(day, month, year)) {
this.day = day;
this.month = month;
this.year = year;
} else
System.out.println(\"Invalid Date.\");
}
/**
* Returns the day value of this date for example, for the date 2006/07/22, returns 22.
* @return
*/
publicint getDay() {
return day;
}
/**
* Returns the month value of this date ,for example, for the date 2006/07/22, returns 7.
* @return
*/
publicint getMonth() {
return month;
}
/**
* Returns the year value of this date, for example , the date 2006/07/22, returns 2006.
* @return
*/
publicint getYear() {
return year;
}
/**
* @param day the day to set
*/
publicvoid setDay(int day) {
this.day = day;
}
/**
* @param month the month to set
*/
publicvoid setMonth(int month) {
this.month = month;
}
/**
* @param year the year to set
*/
publicvoid setYear(int year) {
this.year = year;
}
/**
* Returns true if the year of this date is a leap year.
* A leap year occurs every 4 years , except for multiples of 100 that are not multiples of 400.
* For example, 1956,1844,1600,and 2000 are leap years, but 1983,2002,1700,and 1900 are not.
* @return
*/
publicboolean isLeapYear(){
if(((this.year % 400) == 0) || (((this.year % 4) == 0) && ((this.year % 100) != 0)))
returntrue;
else
returnfalse;
}
/**
* Checks if the date is valid
* @param day
* @param month
* @param year
* @return
*/
publicboolean isValid(int day, int month, int year) {
if((month < 1) || (12 < month))
returnfalse;
else {
if(((month == 1) || (month == 3) || (month == 5) || (month == 7) ||
(month == 8) || (month == 10) || (month == 12)) && ((day < 1) || (31 < day)))
returnfalse;
elseif(((month == 4) || (month == 6) || (month == 9) || (month == 11)) && ((day < 1) || (30 <
day)))
returnfalse;
elseif(month == 2) {
if(isLeapYear() && ((day < 1) || (29 < day)))
returnfalse;
elseif((day < 1) || (28 < day))
returnfalse;
}
}
returntrue;
}
/**
* Returns the maximum number of days in a month
* @return
*/
publicint maxMonthDays() {
if(this.month == 2) {
if(isLeapYear())
return 29;
else
return 28;
} elseif((this.month == 1) || (this.month == 3) || (this.month == 5) || (this.month == 7) ||
(this.month == 8) || (this.month == 10) || (this.month == 12))
return 31;
else
return 30;
}
/**
* Checks if this dat is same as other date
* @param other
* @return
*/
publicboolean isEqual(Date other) {
if((this.day == other.day) && (this.month == other.month) && (this.year == other.year))
returntrue;
else
returnfalse;
}
/**
* Moves this Date object forward in time by the given number of days .
* @param days
*/
publicvoid addDays(int days).
please give me points as nobody ecen noticed the qusetion as it is u.pdf
please give me points as nobody ecen noticed the qusetion as it is ununderstandable
Solution
please give me points as nobody ecen noticed the qusetion as it is ununderstandable.
Part-IQuestion 1. What is Dr. Warren’s hypothesis regarding the ba.pdf
Part-I
Question 1. What is Dr. Warren’s hypothesis regarding the bacteria he found in the stomach?
Give at least three alternative hypotheses that could explain these findings.
Answer: Dr. Warren\'s hypothesis was that there was a definite correlation between active,
chronic gastritis and the presence of the bacteria found in stomachs.
hypothesis 1. Dr. Warren noticed a thin blue line on the surface of the tissue.
hypothesis 2: Warren found numerous spiral shaped bacteria when stained with a Warthin-Starry
silver stain of the histological section.
hypothesis 3: Dr. Warren also observed that the number of bacteria observed seemed to correlate
with the degree of inflammation of the stomach lining—the more severe the inflammation, the
more abundant the bacteria.
Question 2.What should Dr. Warren do next?
Answer: Dr. Warren started Warthin-Starry silver stain for all the gastric biopsies he examined.
Part-II:
Question: At this stage of the story, what type(s) of data do Warren and Marshall have on the
spiral bacteria found in stomachs? Is it quantitative or qualitative? Is it experimental of
observational?
Answer: Dr. Warren and Marshall had the quantitative data based on the observations made by
various researchers, such as Italian pathologist Giulio Bizzozero, Polish clinical researcher, Dr.
W. Jaworski. The results that obtained from the previous reports are purely observational, not
experimental.
Part-III:
Question: At this stage of the study, what type(s) of data do Warren and Marshall have on the
spiral bacteria found in stomachs? Is it quantitative or qualitative? Is it experimental of
observational?
Answer: Now, at this stage, Warren and Marshall had electron microscopy data of the bacteria
that was colonized in the lab culture media, and therefore, the data was now experimentally
proven qualitative data.
Question: What other information would you like to have about this bacterium now that it can be
successfully cultured in the lab?
Answer: The bacteria that was isolated from the biopsy of patient\'s stomach for lab culture, was
a slow grower, and it took 5-6 days for colonization instead of 2 days which has taken by many
identified bacteria.
Part IV:
Question: At this stage of the study, what type(s) of data do Warren and Marshall have on the
spiral bacteria found in stomachs? Is it quantitative or qualitative? Is it experimental of
observational?
Answer: The data was generated by pilot studies from 100 patients and the data was
experimental and also statistically analyzed, therefore it was qualitative as well as quantitative
data.
CANNOT SEE FIGURE 3. UNABLE TO ANSWER FURTHER.
Solution
Part-I
Question 1. What is Dr. Warren’s hypothesis regarding the bacteria he found in the stomach?
Give at least three alternative hypotheses that could explain these findings.
Answer: Dr. Warren\'s hypothesis was that there was a definite correlation between active,
chronic gastritis and the presence of the bacteria found in stomachs.
hypothesis 1. Dr. W.
Peru is not a part of the Southern South America.SolutionPeru .pdf
Peru is not a part of the Southern South America.
Solution
Peru is not a part of the Southern South America..
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equatio.pdf
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equation for the combustion of glucose
is: C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) --> 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) Essentially, sugar (C6H12O6) is burned, or
oxidized, down to CO2 and H2O, releasing energy (ATP) in the process. Why do cells need
ATP? ALL cellular work -all the activities of life - requires energy, either from ATP or from
related molecules. A lot of oxygen is required for this process! The sugar AND the oxygen are
delivered to your cells via your bloodstream. This process occurs partially in the cytoplasm, and
partially in the mitochondria. The mitochondria is another organelle in eukaryotic cells. like the
chloroplast, the mitochondria has two lipid bilayers around it, and its own genome (indicating
that it may be the result of endosymbiosis long ago). In some ways similar to the chloroplast, the
mitochondria also has two main sites for the reactions: The matrix, a liquidy part of the
mitochondrion, and the christae, the folded membranes in the mitochondrion. 1: Glycolysis
(\"splitting of sugar\"): This step happens in the cytoplasm. One Glucose (C6H12O6) is broken
down to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Results in the production of 2 ATPs for every glucose.
(page 113 of your book goes into painful detail about this process, but all YOU need to know is
that glucose is split into to 2 molecules of pyruvate!) 2: Transition Reaction: Pyruvic Acid is
shuttled into the mitochondria, where it is converyed to a molecule called Acetyl CoA for further
breakdown. 3: The Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the
liquid-y part of the mitochondria. In the presence of Oxygen gas (O2), all the hydrogens (H2)
are stripped off the Acetyl CoA, two by two, to extract the electrons for making ATP, until there
are no hydrogens left - and all that is left of the sugar is CO2 - a waste product - and H2O
(exhale). The Krebs cycle results in the production of only ~4 ATPs, but produces a lot of
NADH, which will go on to the next step... Hans Krebs won the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his
discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle. 4: The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis (\"the
big ATP payoff\"). Occurs in the christae of the mirochondria, the folded membranes inside the
chloroplast. Electrons from Hydrogen are carried by NADH and passed down an electron
transport chain to result in the production of ATP. Results in the production of ~32 ATPs for
every glucose. Peter Mitchell won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for his work on energy production in
mitochondria, called the Chemiosmotic Theory.
Solution
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equation for the combustion of glucose
is: C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) --> 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) Essentially, sugar (C6H12O6) is burned, or
oxidized, down to CO2 and H2O, releasing energy (ATP) in the process. Why do cells need
ATP? ALL cellular work -all the activities of life - requires energy, either from ATP or from
related molecules. A lot of oxygen is required for this process! The sugar A.
in truss one...the forces in the member BC and DE have zero.in tru.pdf
in truss one...the forces in the member BC and DE have zero.
in truss two ... the forces in the members EF and GH have zero..
in truss three ... the forces in the members CD and EF have zero..
Solution
in truss one...the forces in the member BC and DE have zero.
in truss two ... the forces in the members EF and GH have zero..
in truss three ... the forces in the members CD and EF have zero...
iam giving you entire process of forensc duplication;the response.pdf
iam giving you entire process of forensc duplication;
the response strategy for forensc duplication is
Decision of when to perform a forensic duplication based is based, in part, on existing response
strategy for the instant situation
For example, many organizations have a policy of creating forensic HD duplicates of all PCs
used by executives that leave the organization.
Forensic Duplicates as Admissible Evidence;
Existing legal standards define minimum criteria for an item to be admitted into evidence
Collection process usually under scrutiny as well
Federal Rules of Evidence ;
Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) 1002 state that the item or information presented in court must
be the original.
Exceptions: Definitions and Duplicates
If data are stored by computer or similar device, any printout or other output readable by sight,
shown to reflect the data accurately, is an original. Admissibility of Duplicates
A duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original unless: • A genuine question is raised
as to the authenticity of the original, or • In the circumstances it would be unfair to admit the
duplicate in lieu of the original
first of all what is forensics duplication
A file that contains every bit of information from the source in a raw bitstream format.
Tools that create forensic duplicates:
1. dd
2. FTK Imager, Access Data
3. Dfcldd, US DOD Computer Forensics Lab version of the dd comand
Qualified Forensic Duplicate?
A file that contains every bit of information from the source, but may be stored in a altered form.
Tools that create qualified forensic duplicate output files:
1. SafeBack
2. EnCase
3. FTK Imager
Restored Image;
A restored image is what you get when you restore a forensic duplicate or a qualified forensic
duplicate to another storage medium.
Mismatched drive geometries can cause problems.
HD Development;
When hard drives grew beyond 512MB, the PC-BIOS needed to be updated (to recognize larger
drives). …software emulated a modern BIOS. Software pushed all of the real data on the drive
down one sector and stored its program and information in sector 2.
The real partition table would be at cylinder 0, head 0, sector2. Safeback, EnCase, FTK Imager,
and dd will create a restored image from the qualified forensic duplicate. EnCase and dd images
may not need to be restored. Treat images as virtual disks, eliminating the need for restoration.
Note, FTK Imager can create images in the EnCase Format
Mirror Image ;
Created from hardware that does at bit for bit copy from one hard drive to another.
Requires two identical hard drives
Doesn’t happen very often.
Tool Requirements: Forensic Duplication ;
Tool must: Create a forensic duplicate or mirror image of the original.
Handle read errors in a robust and graceful manner.
Not make any changes to source medium.
Capable of scientific and peer review.
Results must be third party repeatable and verifiable.
Legal Issues
Tools used for forensic duplication must pass the legal tests for r.
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S monoclinic is most stable since entropy is the .pdf
S monoclinic is most stable since entropy is the .pdf
Let us assume the conc of Ba(OH)2 is known to us .pdf
Let us assume the conc of Ba(OH)2 is known to us .pdf
Methods a, b, c, and e are formal additions of H2.pdf
Methods a, b, c, and e are formal additions of H2.pdf
h2s4 structure is H-S-S-S-S-H there for two middl.pdf
h2s4 structure is H-S-S-S-S-H there for two middl.pdf
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can b.pdf
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can b.pdf
The balanced equation is2 H2O2 = 2 H2O + O2SolutionThe bal.pdf
The balanced equation is2 H2O2 = 2 H2O + O2SolutionThe bal.pdf
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a mutation (abnormal change) in the g.pdf
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a mutation (abnormal change) in the g.pdf
E.) is less acidic in other A ,B triple bond an.pdf
E.) is less acidic in other A ,B triple bond an.pdf
Solution when user sending the email, then user should select eithe.pdf
Solution when user sending the email, then user should select eithe.pdf
publicclass Date {privatestatic String DATE_SEPARATOR = ;pr.pdf
publicclass Date {privatestatic String DATE_SEPARATOR = ;pr.pdf
please give me points as nobody ecen noticed the qusetion as it is u.pdf
please give me points as nobody ecen noticed the qusetion as it is u.pdf
Part-IQuestion 1. What is Dr. Warren’s hypothesis regarding the ba.pdf
Part-IQuestion 1. What is Dr. Warren’s hypothesis regarding the ba.pdf
Peru is not a part of the Southern South America.SolutionPeru .pdf
Peru is not a part of the Southern South America.SolutionPeru .pdf
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equatio.pdf
Combustion of glucose is respiration. The equatio.pdf
in truss one...the forces in the member BC and DE have zero.in tru.pdf
in truss one...the forces in the member BC and DE have zero.in tru.pdf
iam giving you entire process of forensc duplication;the response.pdf
iam giving you entire process of forensc duplication;the response.pdf
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- 1. How does traffic analysis work? Internet data packets have two parts: a data payload and a header used for routing. The data payload is whatever is being sent, whether that's an email message, a web page, or an audio file. Even if you encrypt the data payload of your communications, traffic analysis still reveals a great deal about what you're doing and, possibly, what you're saying. That's because it focuses on the header, which discloses source, destination, size, timing, and so on. A basic problem for the privacy minded is that the recipient of your communications can see that you sent it by looking at headers. So can authorized intermediaries like Internet service providers, and sometimes unauthorized intermediaries as well. A very simple form of traffic analysis might involve sitting somewhere between sender and recipient on the network, looking at headers. But there are also more powerful kinds of traffic analysis. Some attackers spy on multiple parts of the Internet and use sophisticated statistical techniques to track the communications patterns of many different organizations and individuals. Encryption does not help against these attackers, since it only hides the content of Internet traffic, not the headers. Solution How does traffic analysis work? Internet data packets have two parts: a data payload and a header used for routing. The data payload is whatever is being sent, whether that's an email message, a web page, or an audio file. Even if you encrypt the data payload of your communications, traffic analysis still reveals a great deal about what you're doing and, possibly, what you're saying. That's because it focuses on the header, which discloses source, destination, size, timing, and so on. A basic problem for the privacy minded is that the recipient of your communications can see that you sent it by looking at headers. So can authorized intermediaries like Internet service providers, and sometimes unauthorized intermediaries as well. A very simple form of traffic analysis might involve sitting somewhere between sender and recipient on the network, looking at headers. But there are also more powerful kinds of traffic analysis. Some attackers spy on multiple parts of the Internet and use sophisticated statistical techniques to track the communications patterns of many different organizations and individuals. Encryption does not help against these attackers, since it only hides the content of Internet traffic, not the headers.