How can cells precisely measure time-varying external signals? - Giulia Malaguti
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This document discusses how cells can precisely measure time-varying external signals. It summarizes that cell sensing systems are surprisingly accurate, but are limited by noise and cellular resources. The key resources that limit sensing precision are the number of receptors on the cell surface, readout molecules inside the cell, and available chemical energy like ATP. The document argues that the optimal allocation of these limited cellular resources determines the fundamental precision limit of concentration measurements by cells of time-varying signals.
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4d9896c3e3cf7c3e0f35eac6aa4d85db_MITMAS_630F15_Week2.pdf
2016 Presentation at the University of Hawaii Cancer Center
2016 Presentation at the University of Hawaii Cancer Center
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Using High-Density Electrophysiological Recordings to Investigate Neural Mech...
More from Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
Electromagnetic counterparts of Gravitational Waves - Elena Pian
Electromagnetic counterparts of Gravitational Waves - Elena PianLake Como School of Advanced Studies
1) The document discusses multi-messenger astronomy and the detection of electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational waves, neutrinos, and cosmic rays.
2) It provides background on neutrino astronomy, gravitational wave detections from binary neutron star mergers, and kilonova emissions from such mergers.
3) The merger of GW170817 and its association with GRB170817A and kilonova AT2017gfo provided the first direct evidence that neutron star mergers are the origin of short gamma-ray bursts and produce r-process nucleosynthesis.LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter III: Probing massive black hole binary with...
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter III: Probing massive black hole binary with...Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
1) Pulsar timing arrays are searching for gravitational waves from massive black hole binaries in the nanohertz frequency range.
2) Current pulsar timing array efforts have not detected a gravitational wave signal but are placing increasingly stringent upper limits.
3) Future and more sensitive radio telescopes like FAST, MeerKAT, and the Square Kilometre Array will improve the prospects for a direct detection of gravitational waves from massive black hole binaries within the next decade.LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter II: Massive black hole binary cosmic evolut...
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter II: Massive black hole binary cosmic evolut...Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
1) Massive black hole binaries form during galaxy mergers and evolve through dynamical friction and 3-body interactions with stars until reaching separations of ~0.01 pc where gravitational wave emission takes over.
2) Gas dynamics may also drive black hole binaries to smaller separations for coalescence.
3) Black hole binary coalescence timescales are typically long, on the order of billions of years, which has implications for gravitational wave detection and triple black hole interactions.LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter I: Overview of LISA sources - Alberto Sesana
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter I: Overview of LISA sources - Alberto SesanaLake Como School of Advanced Studies
1. The document discusses potential low frequency gravitational wave sources that could be detected by LISA, including galactic white dwarf binaries, massive black hole binaries, and extreme mass ratio inspirals.
2. LISA could detect thousands of massive black hole binaries and provide precise measurements of their parameters like mass and spin, enabling tests of general relativity and learning about black hole formation mechanisms.
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Space based Gravitational Wave Observations I – M Hewitson from Lake Como Sch...
Space based Gravitational Wave Observations I – M Hewitson from Lake Como Sch...Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
Martin Hewitson is a physicist who has worked on projects including GEO600 calibration, LISA Pathfinder data analysis, and the LISA mission. In his lectures, he discusses why space-based gravitational wave observations are needed at lower frequencies than ground-based detectors can achieve. Lower frequencies allow observation of mergers of larger black hole and neutron star systems. The main challenges for low-frequency detection are isolating test masses from external forces and displacements, which is achieved through free-fall in space versus suspended masses on the ground. LISA will use interferometry between test masses in separate spacecraft to precisely measure gravitational waves.Space based Gravitational Wave Observations II - M Hewitson
The document discusses the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission and its goal of achieving a strain sensitivity of around 10^-20 1/√Hz to measure distance changes of around 25 picometers per √Hz. It notes that frequency noise is currently around 0.9 millimeters per √Hz and aims to reduce this. LISA will consist of three spacecraft in an equilateral triangle formation with 2.5 million km sides to perform gravitational wave observations from space.
Space based Gravitational Wave Observations III - M Hewitson
The document summarizes the LISA Pathfinder mission to test technologies needed for the future LISA gravitational wave observatory. It describes how LISA Pathfinder contains two test masses inside a spacecraft to test keeping the masses in near-perfect free fall, similar to individual LISA spacecraft. The document outlines the various sensors and actuators used to control the test masses and spacecraft, the goal of demonstrating positioning of test masses to less than 10 picometers. It concludes by detailing the multi-step control process used to keep the test masses and spacecraft stabilized based on sensor readings.
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
This document summarizes a lecture on using gravitational wave waveform models to test general relativity and probe the nature of compact objects through gravitational wave observations. It discusses how waveform models can be used to bound post-Newtonian coefficients, constrain phenomenological merger-ringdown parameters, and probe the quasi-normal modes of black hole ringdowns. Measuring multiple modes could verify the no-hair theorem and black hole uniqueness properties. Future observations from LIGO and Virgo at design sensitivity may allow high-precision black hole spectroscopy and tests of general relativity in the strong, dynamical gravity regime.The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
The document discusses using gravitational wave waveform models to infer astrophysical properties from observations of gravitational wave events. It describes how waveform models encode information about binary black hole parameters like mass and spin, and how Bayesian inference can be used to estimate these parameters from the detected gravitational wave signal. It also addresses assessing confidence in detections and evaluating potential modeling systematics by comparing waveform models to numerical relativity simulations.The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
Alessandra Buonanno gave a lecture on the analytical and numerical relativity approaches used to model gravitational waveforms from inspiraling binary systems. She discussed how post-Newtonian theory, effective one body theory, and numerical relativity are used to approximately and exactly solve Einstein's field equations. She emphasized the crucial synergy between analytical and numerical relativity approaches to develop accurate gravitational waveform models like EOBNR and Phenom that have been used to infer astrophysics from LIGO/Virgo detections.Binary Black Holes & Tests of GR - Luis Lehner
This document summarizes a lecture on binary black holes and tests of general relativity. The lecture covers topics from current gravitational wave detections, including parameters inferred from detections like GW150914, GW151226, and others. It discusses using observations of binary black hole mergers to test predictions of general relativity like the existence of an innermost stable circular orbit and properties of the final black hole like its mass and spin.
Ground based GW dedetctors - Giovanni Losurdo
This document discusses the challenges of developing ground-based gravitational wave detectors with improved sensitivity at low frequencies. It focuses on the issues of seismic noise, suspension thermal noise, and experimental approaches to address these issues. Specifically, it explores the Virgo monolithic suspension failures and finds excess hydroxyl groups in the fused silica fibers used, which could cause fragility. The goal is to understand failure mechanisms and improve detector sensitivity down to 10 Hz and below.
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (4) - Thibault Damour
1) The document discusses using the effective one body (EOB) formalism to model gravitational wave templates for LIGO and LISA. It summarizes the number and type of templates used in LIGO's first two observing runs.
2) It also discusses using EOB, post-Newtonian theory, numerical relativity simulations, and quantum field theory to model gravitational wave emission from binary black hole and binary neutron star mergers across different mass ratio and velocity regimes.
3) The document focuses on recent work extending EOB models to higher post-Minkowskian orders and including the effects of spin and tidal interactions, with the goal of more accurate gravitational wave template modeling.
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (3) - Thibault Damour
- The document discusses gravitational waves and binary systems, including perturbative computations of gravitational wave flux from binary systems up to order v7/c7.
- It covers the effective one body (EOB) method for modeling binary coalescence, including resummations of post-Newtonian results and the addition of ringdown effects. This provides the first complete waveforms for binary black hole coalescences.
- Developments are discussed such as extending EOB to include spinning bodies, comparisons to numerical relativity results, and using gravitational self-force calculations to improve EOB modeling.
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (2) - Thibault Damour
1) Gravitational waves are predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity and are generated by accelerating masses like binary star systems.
2) Modeling the motion and gravitational wave emission of compact binary systems like neutron stars and black holes requires using techniques like post-Newtonian theory, effective field theory approaches, and numerical relativity simulations.
3) Understanding strong gravitational fields like those near black holes requires tools from general relativity like multipolar expansions, matched asymptotic expansions, and analytic continuation techniques.
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (1) - Thibault Damour
The document discusses gravitational waves and binary systems. It provides context on the history of gravitational wave detection, from Einstein's early work developing the theory of gravitational waves to Joseph Weber's pioneering efforts to detect them in the 1960s. It also summarizes the development of laser interferometer gravitational wave detectors by researchers in the US, Germany, Italy, and the UK beginning in the 1970s and 1980s. Key detections by LIGO and Virgo are noted, including GW150914 in 2015. Theoretical work on modeling gravitational waveforms from coalescing compact binaries is summarized, from early perturbative approaches to more recent analytical methods like the effective one-body formalism.
Econophysics VII: Credits and the Instability of the Financial System - Thoma...
Econophysics VII: Credits and the Instability of the Financial System - Thoma...Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
The document discusses econophysics and the instability of the financial system caused by credit risk. It outlines the topics to be covered, including a structural model of credit risk, numerical simulations, and a random matrix approach. The conclusions discuss how risk reduction through diversification in credit portfolios is limited by correlations between credit exposures and the presence of jumps in the economic variables modeling the credit risks. Large portfolios do not necessarily converge to a Gaussian loss distribution due to these effects.Econophysics VI: Price Cross-Responses in Correlated Financial Markets - Thom...
Econophysics VI: Price Cross-Responses in Correlated Financial Markets - Thom...Lake Como School of Advanced Studies
1) The document analyzes price formation and cross-responses between correlated financial markets using empirical data from NASDAQ stocks. It finds long-memory correlations between the trades and prices of different stocks.
2) Specifically, it measures the cross-response of one stock's price changes to the trades of other stocks, and the cross-correlation between stocks' trade signs. It finds these cross-responses and cross-correlations decay slowly over time, indicating long-range correlations.
3) Averaging the cross-responses and cross-correlations across stocks reduces noise and more clearly reveals their long-memory nature. The analysis provides evidence that liquidity and trading in one stock can have prolonged impacts on price formationEconophysics V: Market States and Subtleties of Correlations - Thomas Guhr
Econophysics V: Market States and Subtleties of Correlations - Thomas GuhrLake Como School of Advanced Studies
This document discusses market states and correlations between financial time series. It begins by introducing the Epps effect, where measured correlations decrease with smaller time intervals, and describes compensating for this using asynchronity and tick size corrections. Non-Gaussian dependencies are then covered, showing correlations can misrepresent relationships. Market states are identified using similarity measures between correlation matrices over time. Eight distinct market states are found for the US market between 1992-2010 based on industrial sector correlations.More from Lake Como School of Advanced Studies (20)
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Electromagnetic counterparts of Gravitational Waves - Elena Pian
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter III: Probing massive black hole binary with...
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter III: Probing massive black hole binary with...
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter II: Massive black hole binary cosmic evolut...
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter II: Massive black hole binary cosmic evolut...
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter I: Overview of LISA sources - Alberto Sesana
LOW FREQUENCY GW SOURCES: Chapter I: Overview of LISA sources - Alberto Sesana
Gravitational waves data analysis - Walter Del Pozzo
Gravitational waves data analysis - Walter Del Pozzo
Space based Gravitational Wave Observations I – M Hewitson from Lake Como Sch...
Space based Gravitational Wave Observations I – M Hewitson from Lake Como Sch...
Space based Gravitational Wave Observations II - M Hewitson
Space based Gravitational Wave Observations II - M Hewitson
Space based Gravitational Wave Observations III - M Hewitson
Space based Gravitational Wave Observations III - M Hewitson
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
The Analytical/Numerical Relativity Interface behind Gravitational Waves: Lec...
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (4) - Thibault Damour
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (4) - Thibault Damour
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (3) - Thibault Damour
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (3) - Thibault Damour
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (2) - Thibault Damour
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (2) - Thibault Damour
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (1) - Thibault Damour
Gravitational Waves and Binary Systems (1) - Thibault Damour
Econophysics VII: Credits and the Instability of the Financial System - Thoma...
Econophysics VII: Credits and the Instability of the Financial System - Thoma...
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Econophysics VI: Price Cross-Responses in Correlated Financial Markets - Thom...
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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- 2. Cell sensing system is surprisingly accurate ligand molecules receptors cell surface readout molecules ATP
- 3. ligand molecules receptors cell surface readout molecules Cell sensing system is surprisingly accurate NOISE NOISE ATP
- 4. Cell sensing system is surprisingly accurate ligand molecules receptors cell surface readout moleculesNOISE NOISE What is the fundamental limit on the precision of concentration measurements? ATP
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- 6. Cell sensing system is surprisingly accurate ligand molecules receptors cell surface readout moleculesNOISE NOISE What is the fundamental limit on the precision of concentration measurements? When measuring time-varying ligand concentrations! Timevarying! ATP
- 7. Cell resources fundamentally limit the sensing precision t
- 8. t unbound bound N samples Cell resources fundamentally limit the sensing precision unbound bound N samples unbound bound N samples
- 9. t unbound bound N samples # receptors Cell resources fundamentally limit the sensing precision
- 10. t unbound bound N samples ATP # receptors Cell resources fundamentally limit the sensing precision
- 11. t unbound bound N samples ATP # receptors # readout molecules Cell resources fundamentally limit the sensing precision
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