In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
This PowerPoint is from a seminar originally presented at the 2010 Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
Stress, Poultry, heat and Cold Stress, Thermoregulation in Poultry, Behavioral Changes in Poultry, Housing Management, Feeding, Breeding Management in Stress, Diseases in Stress
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
This PowerPoint is from a seminar originally presented at the 2010 Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
Stress, Poultry, heat and Cold Stress, Thermoregulation in Poultry, Behavioral Changes in Poultry, Housing Management, Feeding, Breeding Management in Stress, Diseases in Stress
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
31. Some Horse Marking Examples blaze snip and lip marking bald face star stockings sock and fetlock coronet
32. Grading Requirement for this class Every Student must submit 15 photos (hang them on the horse lab facebookpage) 5 pictures of markings 10 pictures of colors Note: No more than 5 of the pictures can be from Campbell arena
Tobiano CharacteristicsTobianos almost always have a 'war shield' spot of color over the chest and shoulders plus a spot on each flank; occasionally only one flank spot is seen and rarely, none. Tobianos usually but not always have facial markings like a solid horse: star, stripe, snip, etc. (Bonnet and apron faces may suggest the horse is actually a tovero.) Most tobianos have mixed white and colored manes and tails or one of the two. The spots usually have even, non-jagged edges. They're usually smoother looking than overo patterns; however, this isn't always the case. The majority--but not all--tobianos have white extending over the backboneOvero characteristics:Although the classic frame has white on its sides, many frames have white spots that spread from the belly up to the back. Ninety-nine percent of all frame overos have solid color over the backbone from the withers to the tail bone. The majority of frames have clean, jagged-edged spots that often have spots within. Facial markings on frame overos are usually like normal face markings: star, strip, snip, blaze, bald, etc., but can also have bonnet and apron faces. The edges of these markings are usually smooth like regular markings. Most frames have solid manes and tails. Occasionally one will have white in its mane where a spot crossed over the neck, but only rare individuals will have wild half and half manes like tobianos; these horses are probably sabino-frames or toveros expressing their tobiano gene.
Sorrel is an alternative word for one of the most common equine coat colors in horses. While the term is usually used to refer to a copper-red shade of chestnut, in some places it is used generically in place of "chestnut" to refer to any reddish horse with a same-color or lighter mane and tail, ranging from reddish-gold to a deep burgundy or chocolate shade.Sorrel or chestnut coloration can be distinguished from dun by the fact that a dun horse has a gene that causes slightly washed-out yellowish color, with a darker mane and tail than the rest of its coat, may have areas of darker color on the shoulder and forelegs, and also possesses a narrow, dark line down the middle of the back.
Facial markings. Top row, L-R: Blaze, Stripe, Stripe (or thin blaze) and snip, Irregular blaze, Interrupted stripe, bald face. Bottom row, L-R: Faint star, Star, Star and strip, irregular star, snip, lip marking
Leg markings. Top row, L-R: Stocking – extending to knee or hock , Sock or half stocking or Boot- extends part way up cannon bone, Fetlock or Sock or anklet (includes fetlock). Bottom row, L-R: Pastern white to the bottom of the Fetlock, Coronet- white around coronet, Partial Pastern
Ermine Marks
Clydesdale horse has a belly spot. It also has a blaze and three stockings
Bald Face, Blaze snip and lip marking, star, coronet, stockings on all four legs, sock on left and fetlock right or sock.
