This document discusses hormones and their relationship to cancer development. It defines cancer and different types of tumors, and notes that over half of cancers in the US could be prevented through lifestyle changes. Tables show the most common cancers among men and women. The document discusses how hormones like estrogen can promote the growth of hormone-sensitive tumors through various mechanisms, including stimulating cell proliferation and producing genotoxic metabolites. It also discusses how hormones like insulin may increase cancer risk by influencing cell signaling pathways and metabolism.
This document provides information about cancer including:
1. Cancers are abnormal cell growth that can invade other parts of the body and form tumors. All tumor cells show six hallmarks of cancer like uncontrolled growth.
2. Signs and symptoms include local effects from tumors like coughing up blood, and systemic effects like weight loss and fever. Cancer can metastasize or spread to distant sites.
3. Causes of cancer include chemicals, diet/obesity, infections, radiation, heredity, physical agents, hormones, and autoimmune diseases. A list of anti-cancer drugs and their uses and side effects is also provided.
Endometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha ElbaregDr. Aisha M Elbareg
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. It peaks between 50-70 years of age and is more common in postmenopausal women. The main risk factors are older age, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, early menarche, late menopause, and use of unopposed estrogen therapy. Endometrial carcinoma is classified into Type I and Type II tumors based on clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. Type I tumors are estrogen-dependent and usually endometrioid adenocarcinomas, while Type II tumors are not related to estrogen exposure and include serous and clear cell carcinomas. Endometrial hyperplasia is a precursor lesion where the endome
11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cellsBenitoSumpter862
1
1
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer.
Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.
An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is g ...
11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cellsSantosConleyha
1
1
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer.
Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.
An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is g ...
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease. In India, an estimated 2.25 million people are living with cancer, with over 11 lakh new cases registered annually. Some key statistics for India include one woman dying of cervical cancer every 8 minutes and two women dying of breast cancer for every one diagnosed. Tumor markers are substances produced by cancerous tissues or the body in response to cancer that can help detect or monitor cancer. Some common tumor markers are CEA, AFP, CA125, and PSA. Tumor markers can be used for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and monitoring treatment effectiveness and recurrence. Characteristics of ideal tumor markers include cancer specificity, high sensitivity and specificity for detection
1. Endometrial carcinomas are the most common gynecologic malignancies in Western countries, affecting mostly elderly Caucasian women. The incidence has risen over the last 40 years without a corresponding increase in survival rates.
2. Endometrial carcinomas are classified into Type 1 and Type 2 based on characteristics like estrogen dependency. Type 1 is estrogen-dependent and less aggressive, while Type 2 is not estrogen-dependent and more aggressive.
3. The role of follicle stimulating hormone is unknown, but evidence suggests luteinizing hormone may be involved in the development of endometrial carcinomas in elderly women through elevated levels causing hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
This document discusses various factors that cause cancer. It begins by defining cancer and outlining Hanahan's six hallmarks of cancer. It then provides an outline to discuss tobacco, cancer susceptibility syndromes, DNA/RNA viruses, inflammation, chemical factors, physical factors like radiation, dietary factors, and obesity. Tobacco is identified as the leading cause of cancer, responsible for 25-30% of cases. Diet and physical activity related factors also account for 30-35% of cancers. 60-65% of cancers could be prevented through lifestyle modifications. Vaccines should be emphasized to prevent virus-related cancers, and screening and genetic counseling should target genetically linked cancers like breast and colon.
The document discusses endometrial carcinoma (cancer of the uterus). It is the most common gynecologic cancer in the US, usually occurring in postmenopausal women. Risk factors include excess estrogen exposure due to obesity, hormone therapy without progestin, anovulation, and tamoxifen use. The document covers epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, histopathology, and classifications of endometrial carcinoma.
This document provides information about cancer including:
1. Cancers are abnormal cell growth that can invade other parts of the body and form tumors. All tumor cells show six hallmarks of cancer like uncontrolled growth.
2. Signs and symptoms include local effects from tumors like coughing up blood, and systemic effects like weight loss and fever. Cancer can metastasize or spread to distant sites.
3. Causes of cancer include chemicals, diet/obesity, infections, radiation, heredity, physical agents, hormones, and autoimmune diseases. A list of anti-cancer drugs and their uses and side effects is also provided.
Endometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha ElbaregDr. Aisha M Elbareg
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. It peaks between 50-70 years of age and is more common in postmenopausal women. The main risk factors are older age, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, early menarche, late menopause, and use of unopposed estrogen therapy. Endometrial carcinoma is classified into Type I and Type II tumors based on clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. Type I tumors are estrogen-dependent and usually endometrioid adenocarcinomas, while Type II tumors are not related to estrogen exposure and include serous and clear cell carcinomas. Endometrial hyperplasia is a precursor lesion where the endome
11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cellsBenitoSumpter862
1
1
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer.
Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.
An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is g ...
11Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cellsSantosConleyha
1
1
Cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the human body. It is defined by a malfunction in cellular mechanisms that control cell growth. Cells evade checkpoint controls and begin growing uncontrollably which resulting in an increase in abnormal cells, cancer cells. These cancer cells form a mass tissue known as a tumor. In the United States of America, cancer has been determined to be among the leading causes of mortality rates after cardiovascular conditions, where one in every four deaths is caused by cancer. The most common types of cancer include prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Risk factors for cancer include excess smoking, radiation exposure, genetics, and environmental pollution. Colon cancer, or colorectal cancer, affects the distal third of the large intestine, the colon, as well as the rectum, chamber in which feces is stored for elimination. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in cancer-related issues in the United States in both males and females (Beadnell et al., 2018). This essay explores the physiology and pathophysiology of colon cancer.
Polyps are tissue growths that generally look like small, flat bumps and are generally less than half an inch wide. They are generally non-cancerous growths that can develop with age on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. There are several types of polyps, such as hyperplastic. They are common and have a low risk of turning cancerous. Hyperplastic polyps found in the colon will be removed and biopsied. Pseudo polyps also referred to as inflammatory polyps, usually occur in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and are unlike other polyps. This type of polyp occurs due to chronic inflammation as seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. However, a polyp cells which can turn out to be malignant. Villous adenoma or tubulovillous adenoma polyps carry a high risk of turning cancerous. They are sessile and develop flat on the tissue lining the organs. They might blend within the organ, making polyps not easily identifiable and difficult to locate for treatment. Adenomatous or tubular adenoma polyps have a high chance of being cancerous. When a polyp is found, it must be biopsied, and then will regular screenings and polyp removal will follow.
An adenocarcinoma is a cancer formed in a gland that lines an organ. This cancer impacts the epithelial cells, which are spread throughout the human body. Adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum make up ninety-five percent of all colon cancers (Chang, 2020). Colon adenocarcinomas usually begin in the mucous lining the spread to different layers. Two subtypes of adenocarcinomas are mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cells. Mucinous adenocarcinomas contain about sixty percent mucus which can cause cancer cells to spread faster and become more hostile than typical adenocarcinomas. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma is responsible for less than one percent of all colon cancer. It is g ...
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease. In India, an estimated 2.25 million people are living with cancer, with over 11 lakh new cases registered annually. Some key statistics for India include one woman dying of cervical cancer every 8 minutes and two women dying of breast cancer for every one diagnosed. Tumor markers are substances produced by cancerous tissues or the body in response to cancer that can help detect or monitor cancer. Some common tumor markers are CEA, AFP, CA125, and PSA. Tumor markers can be used for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and monitoring treatment effectiveness and recurrence. Characteristics of ideal tumor markers include cancer specificity, high sensitivity and specificity for detection
1. Endometrial carcinomas are the most common gynecologic malignancies in Western countries, affecting mostly elderly Caucasian women. The incidence has risen over the last 40 years without a corresponding increase in survival rates.
2. Endometrial carcinomas are classified into Type 1 and Type 2 based on characteristics like estrogen dependency. Type 1 is estrogen-dependent and less aggressive, while Type 2 is not estrogen-dependent and more aggressive.
3. The role of follicle stimulating hormone is unknown, but evidence suggests luteinizing hormone may be involved in the development of endometrial carcinomas in elderly women through elevated levels causing hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
This document discusses various factors that cause cancer. It begins by defining cancer and outlining Hanahan's six hallmarks of cancer. It then provides an outline to discuss tobacco, cancer susceptibility syndromes, DNA/RNA viruses, inflammation, chemical factors, physical factors like radiation, dietary factors, and obesity. Tobacco is identified as the leading cause of cancer, responsible for 25-30% of cases. Diet and physical activity related factors also account for 30-35% of cancers. 60-65% of cancers could be prevented through lifestyle modifications. Vaccines should be emphasized to prevent virus-related cancers, and screening and genetic counseling should target genetically linked cancers like breast and colon.
The document discusses endometrial carcinoma (cancer of the uterus). It is the most common gynecologic cancer in the US, usually occurring in postmenopausal women. Risk factors include excess estrogen exposure due to obesity, hormone therapy without progestin, anovulation, and tamoxifen use. The document covers epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, histopathology, and classifications of endometrial carcinoma.
Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. It arises due to genetic changes in cells that affect normal cell growth and division. Common symptoms include lumps or swelling, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Risk factors include tobacco use, certain viruses or bacteria, radiation exposure, obesity, and genetic predisposition. Cancer treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. Side effects like fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite can occur due to the disease itself or its treatment and contribute to weight loss and wasting in cancer patients.
The document summarizes key points about human biology and oncology:
1. It defines cancer terminology and distinguishes between characteristics of benign and malignant tumors.
2. It lists the main categories of cancer etiology as environmental factors, viruses, and lifestyle factors like smoking, diet, alcohol, medical drugs and hormones, and heredity.
3. It provides cancer statistics for 2000, noting the most common cancer types and that rates have declined since 1989, in part due to decreased tobacco use.
The document discusses how certain hormones can cause cancer by encouraging cell proliferation. It notes that hormones are an important factor in sex-related cancers like breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Both genetic and non-genetic factors determine an individual's hormone levels. Sex hormones drive the growth of cancers in hormonally responsive tissues, and hormone therapy aims to block the effects of these hormones. The document provides details on specific hormone-related cancers and potential hormone-based treatments.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and can invade other organs, potentially leading to death. Theories of cancer development include mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. Most cancers are caused by mutations in somatic cells from external agents or randomly, though some are hereditary. Cancers are classified by their cell of origin and some show genetic tendencies. Incidence and mortality of certain cancers like lung, breast, colorectal, and stomach are provided. Prevention strategies include controlling risk factors like tobacco, diet, and environment as well as screening and early diagnosis.
A Review on Protein and Cancer ; Etiology, Metabolism and ManagementAbdulrahman Ragab
Altered metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Cell cycling and protein synthesis are both key
physiological tasks for cancer cells. In recent years, interest has been renewed as clear that many of the signaling
pathways that are affected by genetic mutations and the tumor microenvironment have a profound effect on core
metabolism of cancer cells. Metabolic alterations in cancer cells are numerous and include aerobic glycolysis,
reduced oxidative phosphorylation and the increased generation of biosynthetic intermediates needed for cell
growth and proliferation. Furthermore, accelerated protein turnover seen in many cancer patients and whole body
protein turnover is increased with advancing stage of disease. Cancer cells alter their consumption and the way
they process sugars, fats, amino acids and other energy sources to satisfy the demands of continuous proliferation.
The possible effects of specific amino acid, methionine, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine and glutamine, etc. on
protein cancer metabolism are discussed. Evidences confirm a contribution of proteins in all cancer stages and
describe metabolism of protein in cancer and how amino acids can be targeted to management or initially prevent
different types of cancer. Several studies suggest that people who eat more red meat have higher risk for
developing colorectal cancer than those who eat less red meat, but avoiding processed meats is even more
important for cancer prevention. In this review we summarize the role of proteins in cancer etiology, metabolism,
its complication, prevention and treatments.
The document discusses obesity's links to cancer from preclinical studies, noting that obesity impacts cancer-related processes like inflammation, growth signaling, and metabolism. It summarizes research in mouse models showing how factors like IGF-1, adipokines, calorie restriction, and mTOR signaling influence tumor growth under different obesity conditions. The presentation concludes by outlining opportunities for translational research to identify targets and strategies for breaking the links between obesity and cancer risk in humans.
This document discusses neoplasia and cancer. It defines key terms like neoplasm, tumor, benign and malignant tumors. It explains that neoplasia is abnormal cell growth, and tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are able to invade other tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. The document also discusses cancer risk factors, carcinogenesis (the process of cancer development), common carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) like chemicals, radiation and viruses, and the process of metastasis (cancer spreading).
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and proliferation that can spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by both external factors like chemicals, radiation, viruses and internal factors such as genetic mutations. Cancer development is driven by changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer that can be detected in bodily fluids or tissues and used to diagnose certain cancer types. Some common tumor markers are CEA for colon cancer, AFP for liver cancer, and PSA for prostate cancer.
This document discusses risk factors for various cancers in menopausal and postmenopausal women. It notes that factors like age, prolonged exposure to risks like tobacco and obesity, and menopause itself can increase cancer risks. Certain cancers like cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers peak during peri- and postmenopausal periods. Lifestyle factors like diet, weight management, screening and limiting hormone replacement therapy can help reduce cancer risks for menopausal women.
Cancer biochemistry involves biochemical alterations in cancer cells. Specific objectives include listing protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and explaining their roles and mechanisms of action. Protooncogenes become oncogenes through activation mechanisms like mutations. Tumor suppressor genes like p53 regulate cell proliferation and their mutation leads to cancer. Cyclins and cell cycle phases are also discussed. Standard cancer treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy using antimetabolite drugs. Tumor markers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, localization, and treatment monitoring and are classified based on their type.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the spread of abnormal cells. It is caused by somatic mutations and disruptions to oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Many factors like environment, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption can influence cancer risk. Researchers are studying the cancer genome to better understand carcinogenesis at the molecular level and identify new targeted therapies.
This document discusses potential molecular targets for breast cancer treatment. It begins with an introduction to breast cancer and anatomy. It then discusses several potential targets including receptors like HER2, VEGF, estrogen and progesterone receptors. It also discusses signaling pathways and proteins involved in cancer growth like mTOR, PI3K, PARP, CDK4/6 and EZH2. Finally, it discusses tumor microenvironment factors like tumor associated macrophages. In summary, the document provides an overview of many molecular-level targets that could be exploited for more targeted breast cancer therapies.
Breast Cancer Causes, Types, Symptoms, Signs, Stages and TreatmentOddwayInternational
Signs and symptoms of breast cancer include a lump in the breast, a rash, discharge from the nipple or pain in the breast area. Read more @ https://www.oddwayinternational.com/blog
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States, with over 54,000 new cases and 10,000 deaths estimated in 2015. Risk factors include nulliparity, late menopause, obesity, diabetes, and use of unopposed estrogen therapy. The majority of cases are endometrioid adenocarcinomas associated with estrogen stimulation of the endometrium. About 3-5% of cases are caused by Lynch syndrome which is associated with mutations in mismatch repair genes. Prognosis is best for early stage localized disease, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 81.5%.
As an Obstetrics & Gynaecology, member of National Breast Cancer Foundation and a woman I find it very important to raise awareness about the importance of early detection of Breast Cancer. Make a difference! Spread the word about mammograms and encourage communities, organisations, your friends and family memebrs to get involved! Your help matters...
As an Obstetrics & Gynaecology, member of National Breast Cancer Foundation and a woman I find it very important to raise awareness about the importance of early detection of Breast Cancer. Make a difference! Spread the word about mammograms and encourage communities, organisations, your friends and family memebrs to get involved! Your help matters...
As an Obstetrics & Gynaecology, member of National Breast Cancer Foundation and a woman I find it very important to raise awareness about the importance of early detection of Breast Cancer. Make a difference! Spread the word about mammograms and encourage communities, organisations, your friends and family memebrs to get involved! Your help matters...
Suvorexant, branded as Belsomra, is an insomnia medication that works by blocking orexin receptors in the brain. Orexin is a neuropeptide that promotes wakefulness, so blocking its receptors promotes sleep. Suvorexant is thought to exert its therapeutic effects for insomnia by inhibiting the wakefulness-promoting effects of orexin. A current study is investigating whether long-term use of suvorexant can slow the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The results so far suggest suvorexant may be able to temporarily reduce levels of these proteins.
Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. It arises due to genetic changes in cells that affect normal cell growth and division. Common symptoms include lumps or swelling, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Risk factors include tobacco use, certain viruses or bacteria, radiation exposure, obesity, and genetic predisposition. Cancer treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. Side effects like fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite can occur due to the disease itself or its treatment and contribute to weight loss and wasting in cancer patients.
The document summarizes key points about human biology and oncology:
1. It defines cancer terminology and distinguishes between characteristics of benign and malignant tumors.
2. It lists the main categories of cancer etiology as environmental factors, viruses, and lifestyle factors like smoking, diet, alcohol, medical drugs and hormones, and heredity.
3. It provides cancer statistics for 2000, noting the most common cancer types and that rates have declined since 1989, in part due to decreased tobacco use.
The document discusses how certain hormones can cause cancer by encouraging cell proliferation. It notes that hormones are an important factor in sex-related cancers like breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Both genetic and non-genetic factors determine an individual's hormone levels. Sex hormones drive the growth of cancers in hormonally responsive tissues, and hormone therapy aims to block the effects of these hormones. The document provides details on specific hormone-related cancers and potential hormone-based treatments.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and can invade other organs, potentially leading to death. Theories of cancer development include mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. Most cancers are caused by mutations in somatic cells from external agents or randomly, though some are hereditary. Cancers are classified by their cell of origin and some show genetic tendencies. Incidence and mortality of certain cancers like lung, breast, colorectal, and stomach are provided. Prevention strategies include controlling risk factors like tobacco, diet, and environment as well as screening and early diagnosis.
A Review on Protein and Cancer ; Etiology, Metabolism and ManagementAbdulrahman Ragab
Altered metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Cell cycling and protein synthesis are both key
physiological tasks for cancer cells. In recent years, interest has been renewed as clear that many of the signaling
pathways that are affected by genetic mutations and the tumor microenvironment have a profound effect on core
metabolism of cancer cells. Metabolic alterations in cancer cells are numerous and include aerobic glycolysis,
reduced oxidative phosphorylation and the increased generation of biosynthetic intermediates needed for cell
growth and proliferation. Furthermore, accelerated protein turnover seen in many cancer patients and whole body
protein turnover is increased with advancing stage of disease. Cancer cells alter their consumption and the way
they process sugars, fats, amino acids and other energy sources to satisfy the demands of continuous proliferation.
The possible effects of specific amino acid, methionine, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine and glutamine, etc. on
protein cancer metabolism are discussed. Evidences confirm a contribution of proteins in all cancer stages and
describe metabolism of protein in cancer and how amino acids can be targeted to management or initially prevent
different types of cancer. Several studies suggest that people who eat more red meat have higher risk for
developing colorectal cancer than those who eat less red meat, but avoiding processed meats is even more
important for cancer prevention. In this review we summarize the role of proteins in cancer etiology, metabolism,
its complication, prevention and treatments.
The document discusses obesity's links to cancer from preclinical studies, noting that obesity impacts cancer-related processes like inflammation, growth signaling, and metabolism. It summarizes research in mouse models showing how factors like IGF-1, adipokines, calorie restriction, and mTOR signaling influence tumor growth under different obesity conditions. The presentation concludes by outlining opportunities for translational research to identify targets and strategies for breaking the links between obesity and cancer risk in humans.
This document discusses neoplasia and cancer. It defines key terms like neoplasm, tumor, benign and malignant tumors. It explains that neoplasia is abnormal cell growth, and tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are able to invade other tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. The document also discusses cancer risk factors, carcinogenesis (the process of cancer development), common carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) like chemicals, radiation and viruses, and the process of metastasis (cancer spreading).
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and proliferation that can spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by both external factors like chemicals, radiation, viruses and internal factors such as genetic mutations. Cancer development is driven by changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Tumor markers are substances produced by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer that can be detected in bodily fluids or tissues and used to diagnose certain cancer types. Some common tumor markers are CEA for colon cancer, AFP for liver cancer, and PSA for prostate cancer.
This document discusses risk factors for various cancers in menopausal and postmenopausal women. It notes that factors like age, prolonged exposure to risks like tobacco and obesity, and menopause itself can increase cancer risks. Certain cancers like cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers peak during peri- and postmenopausal periods. Lifestyle factors like diet, weight management, screening and limiting hormone replacement therapy can help reduce cancer risks for menopausal women.
Cancer biochemistry involves biochemical alterations in cancer cells. Specific objectives include listing protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and explaining their roles and mechanisms of action. Protooncogenes become oncogenes through activation mechanisms like mutations. Tumor suppressor genes like p53 regulate cell proliferation and their mutation leads to cancer. Cyclins and cell cycle phases are also discussed. Standard cancer treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy using antimetabolite drugs. Tumor markers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, localization, and treatment monitoring and are classified based on their type.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the spread of abnormal cells. It is caused by somatic mutations and disruptions to oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Many factors like environment, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption can influence cancer risk. Researchers are studying the cancer genome to better understand carcinogenesis at the molecular level and identify new targeted therapies.
This document discusses potential molecular targets for breast cancer treatment. It begins with an introduction to breast cancer and anatomy. It then discusses several potential targets including receptors like HER2, VEGF, estrogen and progesterone receptors. It also discusses signaling pathways and proteins involved in cancer growth like mTOR, PI3K, PARP, CDK4/6 and EZH2. Finally, it discusses tumor microenvironment factors like tumor associated macrophages. In summary, the document provides an overview of many molecular-level targets that could be exploited for more targeted breast cancer therapies.
Breast Cancer Causes, Types, Symptoms, Signs, Stages and TreatmentOddwayInternational
Signs and symptoms of breast cancer include a lump in the breast, a rash, discharge from the nipple or pain in the breast area. Read more @ https://www.oddwayinternational.com/blog
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States, with over 54,000 new cases and 10,000 deaths estimated in 2015. Risk factors include nulliparity, late menopause, obesity, diabetes, and use of unopposed estrogen therapy. The majority of cases are endometrioid adenocarcinomas associated with estrogen stimulation of the endometrium. About 3-5% of cases are caused by Lynch syndrome which is associated with mutations in mismatch repair genes. Prognosis is best for early stage localized disease, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 81.5%.
As an Obstetrics & Gynaecology, member of National Breast Cancer Foundation and a woman I find it very important to raise awareness about the importance of early detection of Breast Cancer. Make a difference! Spread the word about mammograms and encourage communities, organisations, your friends and family memebrs to get involved! Your help matters...
As an Obstetrics & Gynaecology, member of National Breast Cancer Foundation and a woman I find it very important to raise awareness about the importance of early detection of Breast Cancer. Make a difference! Spread the word about mammograms and encourage communities, organisations, your friends and family memebrs to get involved! Your help matters...
As an Obstetrics & Gynaecology, member of National Breast Cancer Foundation and a woman I find it very important to raise awareness about the importance of early detection of Breast Cancer. Make a difference! Spread the word about mammograms and encourage communities, organisations, your friends and family memebrs to get involved! Your help matters...
Suvorexant, branded as Belsomra, is an insomnia medication that works by blocking orexin receptors in the brain. Orexin is a neuropeptide that promotes wakefulness, so blocking its receptors promotes sleep. Suvorexant is thought to exert its therapeutic effects for insomnia by inhibiting the wakefulness-promoting effects of orexin. A current study is investigating whether long-term use of suvorexant can slow the accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The results so far suggest suvorexant may be able to temporarily reduce levels of these proteins.
The document discusses the relationship between hormones and behavior. It covers several topics:
- The endocrine system and its role in maintaining homeostasis, growth and development, and reproduction.
- Studies showing connections between sex hormones and cognitive functioning, aggression, mood, and sleep. Removing or adding hormones can impact behaviors.
- Early experiments by Berthold demonstrating changes in rooster behavior and appearance based on castration and testis transplantation.
- Conditions like Kallmann syndrome, Turner syndrome, and 5α-reductase deficiency that impact sexual development and behaviors due to hormone deficiencies or insensitivities.
- Evidence that testosterone levels relate to traits like aggression and can change based on
Puberty is initiated by increases in hormones like leptin and kisspeptin which activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, triggering the release of sex hormones and setting off physical changes. In females, puberty involves breast development, pubic hair growth, menarche, and ovarian and uterine maturation over 3-5 years starting around age 10. In males, it involves testicular growth, pubic hair growth, penis growth, voice deepening, and a growth spurt over 3-5 years starting around age 11. Throughout puberty, sex hormones influence brain development and increase emotional volatility and risk-taking behavior.
The document discusses population growth and food production since Thomas Malthus predicted that population growth would outpace food production, leading to catastrophe. It notes that while population has grown rapidly, food production has grown even faster. The summary also mentions that debates continue about the relationship between population growth, resource consumption, and environmental degradation.
The document discusses the placenta and its functions. It begins by defining the placenta and its origins from Latin. It then discusses:
1) Companies in Japan that produce extracts from human placenta to treat conditions like menopause and hepatitis.
2) The placenta's roles in transporting nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother and fetus. It has endocrine functions and produces hormones to maintain pregnancy and support fetal development.
3) The development of the placenta from the blastocyst stage through implantation and formation of the chorion and villi to facilitate exchanges between mother and fetus.
This document discusses gestational diabetes. It provides information on:
1. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who do not have diabetes otherwise. It is caused by pregnancy hormones and/or insulin deficiency.
2. While gestational diabetes usually resolves after delivery, it increases the mother's risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. It can also increase risks for the baby if not well controlled, such as being too large or jaundice.
3. Screening all pregnant women for gestational diabetes is recommended, as prior selective screening missed some cases. Screening and treatment can help reduce risks for both mother and baby.
The document discusses aging and the endocrinology of aging. It notes that several hormone levels change with age: thyroid secretion decreases, the thymus gland involutes, cortisol levels decrease, and the pancreas decreases secretion of enzymes and hormones. Overall, some hormone levels like aldosterone, growth hormone, and estrogen decrease with age, while others like LH and FSH may increase, and still others like cortisol remain unchanged. These hormonal changes can lead to physical, sexual, and psychological symptoms in older individuals. The effects of declining testosterone and DHEA levels are also examined.
This document discusses hormones involved in obesity and weight regulation. It describes how leptin signals fullness, while the set point is the weight maintained without effort to gain or lose. A higher set point occurs with more eating, lowering basal metabolism. Environmental factors, genetics, stress and chemicals can influence weight homeostasis by altering hormones. Obesity is associated with reduced testosterone in men and increased cancer risk. Ghrelin signals hunger opposite to leptin. The hypothalamus regulates food intake through a set point model to maintain a constant mass.
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
The "Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips" offers essential guidance for navigating rainy weather conditions. It covers strategies for staying safe during storms, flood prevention measures, and advice on preparing for inclement weather. This advisory aims to ensure individuals are equipped with the knowledge and resources to handle the challenges of the rainy season effectively, emphasizing safety, preparedness, and resilience.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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Call : 052 987 1315
Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdfDharma Homoeopathy
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
Key Areas Covered:
Texting and Email Communication: Understand the compliance requirements for electronic communication.
Encryption Standards: Learn what is necessary and what is overhyped.
Medical Messaging and Voice Data: Ensure secure handling of sensitive information.
IT Risk Factors: Identify and mitigate risks related to your IT infrastructure.
Why Attend:
Expert Instructor: Brian Tuttle, with over 20 years in Health IT and Compliance Consulting, brings invaluable experience and knowledge, including insights from over 1000 risk assessments and direct dealings with Office of Civil Rights HIPAA auditors.
Actionable Insights: Receive practical advice on preparing for audits and avoiding common mistakes.
Clarity on Compliance: Clear up misconceptions and understand the reality of HIPAA regulations.
Ensure your compliance strategy is up-to-date and effective. Enroll now and be prepared for the 2024 HIPAA audits.
Enroll Now to secure your spot in this crucial training session and ensure your HIPAA compliance is robust and audit-ready.
https://conferencepanel.com/conference/hipaa-training-for-the-compliance-officer-2024-updates
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
2. Definition of cancer : A Progressive,
purposeless, pathologic proliferation of cells
characterized by loss of control over cell
division.
Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no purpose
and grows more rapidly than surrounding
tissue.
Malignant tumor: cancerous tumor; can invade
surrounding tissues. Some cancers don’t
produce a tissue mass, such as leukemia
(cancer of the blood), but are considered
cancer because they are characterized by rapid,
uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
Benign tumor: noncancerous tumor; mass of
cells usually enclosed in a membrane that
prevents their penetration of other tissues.
Cancer causes more than 550,000 deaths in the
U.S. annually. While scientists struggle finding
cures for various cancers, evidence indicates
that more than half the cancers in the U.S.
could be prevented by changes in lifestyle
behaviors.
Men
20500
12000
10600
3700
3400
2800
2300
2300
2100
1800
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal
Bladder
NHL
Kidney
Melanoma
Leukemia
Oral
Stomach
Women
21600
10200
9000
3900
3000
2400
2400
2000
1750
1700
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Breast
Lung
Colorectal
Uterus
NHL
Thyroid
Ovary
Melanoma
Pancreas
Leukemia
New cases in Canada
3. Loss of Normal Growth Control
Cancer cell division
Fourth or
later mutation
Third
mutation
Second
mutation
First
mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—no repair
Normal cell division
Metastasis:Definition:
the spreading of cancer
cells, occurs because
cancer cells do not stick
to each other as strongly
as normal cells. Cells
break away from
primary tumor and
invade surrounding
tissues or travel through
the blood and lymphatic
system. Secondary
tumor or metastases
Secondary Messenger
or Secondary Signal
Cellular
Trafficking
Enzymes
Activated Inhibited
Nucleus DNA Synthesis
RNA Synthesis
Protein
Synthesis
Membrane
Effects
Receptor
Effector
Plasma
Membrane
Hormone
4.
5. Types:
Benign
• slow growing
• capsulated
• non-invasive
• do not metastasize
• well differentiated
Malignant
• fast growing
• non capsulated
• invasive
• metastasize
• poorly differentiated
6. Meningioma Hepatic Adenoma
Male Female
most common (by
occurrence)
most common (by
mortality)
most common (by
occurrence)
most common (by
mortality)
prostate cancer (33%) lung cancer (31%) breast cancer (32%) lung cancer (27%)
lung cancer (13%) prostate cancer (10%) lung cancer (12%) breast cancer (15%)
colorectal cancer (10%) colorectal cancer (10%) colorectal cancer (11%) colorectal cancer (10%)
bladder cancer (7%) pancreatic cancer (5%) endometrial cancer (6%) ovarian cancer (6%)
Cutaneous melanoma (5%) leukemia (4%) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (4%) pancreatic cancer (6%)
7. سينه سرطان فاكتورهاي ريسك
Breast cancer cells may contain receptors, or binding sites, for the
hormones estrogen and progesterone. Cells containing these binding sites
are known as hormone receptor-positive cells.
About 75% of breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive, or
ER+).
Hormone receptor-positive cancer is also called "hormone sensitive"
because it responds to hormone therapy such as tamoxifen or aromatase
inhibitors.
Women have a better prognosis if their tumors are hormone receptor-
positive because these cells grow more slowly than receptor-negative cells.
In addition, women with hormone receptor-positive cancer have more
treatment options. (Hormone receptor-negative tumors can be treated
only with chemotherapy.) Recent declines in breast cancer mortality rates
have been most significant among women with estrogen receptor-positive
tumors, due in part to the widespread use of post-surgical hormone drug
therapy.
Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain why this causes
tumorigenesis ,and the available evidence suggests that both mechanisms
contribute:
Firstly, binding of estrogen to the ER stimulates proliferation of mammary
cells ,with the resulting increase in cell division and DNA replication leading
to mutations .
Secondly, estrogen metabolism produces genotoxic waste .
The result of both processes is disruption of cell cycle ,apoptosis and DNA
repair and therefore tumour formation.
ERα is certainly associated with more differentiated tumours, while
evidence that ERβ is involved is controversial.
8. 1. High fat diet
2. Induced abortions
3. Breast implants
4. Environmental chemical exposure (e.g. pesticides)
5. Tobacco smoke
6. Night shift work
7. Human mammary tumor virus ?
1.Oral contraceptives - remains controversial
2.Hormone replacement therapy - >5 years of
therapy with combined estrogen and
progesterone may increase risk
3.Not breast feeding
4. Obesity, lack of physical activity
5. Alcohol - 2-5 drinks/day can increase risk x
1.5 over non-drinkers.
Factors with uncertain, controversial or unproven effects on risk of developing breast cancer
9. Cancer Etiology
1. Genetic Predisposition &
Oncogens
2. Chemical Carcinogenesis
3.Hormone:Some are
effective in the
development of cancer by
promoting cell
proliferation. Hormones
are important agents in
sex-related cancers such
as cancer of the breast,
endometrium, prostate,
ovary, and testis, and also
of thyroid cancer and
bone cancer
4. Physical Carcinogenesis
5. Viral carcinogeneis
6.Traum, Inflammation
7. Parasites
1. Estrogens Promotes the G1 to S and G0 to Mitosis phase
2. Progestron and Estrogen are synergistic in DNA replication
3. Testostrone reduced the cell cycle time and DNA synthesis
4. Glucocorticoids Delayed G1, inhibit S phase and DNA synthesis
5. Prolactin increased the DNA synthesis conform with insulin
6. Insulin effect on bottom of G1 phase also.
7. Glucagon increased the DNA synthesis in S phase
8. Thyroids hormones decreased all phases except S and are
Mitogenic
Effects of Hormones on Cell Cycle
-The role of hormones as a marker in Cancers:
Β-HCG in Testis cancer, ovarian cancer and as a tumor marker is in gestational trophoblastic disease and
germ cell tumors.
Calcitonin in Medullary Thyroid Cancer.
Glucagon and insulin in pancreatic tumors.
POMC & ACTH in some of carcinomas
Catecholamines by pheochromocytoma
Prolactin in Pituitary Adenoma
PTHRP in several tumors which resulted malignant hypocalcaemia
Ectopic production of PTH in Pituitary adenoma and Pancreas, Pheochromocytoma and Medullary
Thyroid ,17-alfa-hydroxy-progesterone; deoxycorticosterone, DHEAS and Cortisol in Adernocortical
Carcinoma. ACTH and ADH by lung cancers
insulin production by islet cell tumor, calcitonin by medullary thyroid carcinoma, and catecholamines by
pheochromocytoma
10. 1) its role in stimulating breast cell division
2) its activity during the critical periods of breast growth
and development
3) its effect on other hormones that stimulate breast cell
division
4) its support of the growth of estrogen-responsive
tumors
About 1/3 to 2/3 of all breast tumours have estrogen
receptors and depend on estrogen for growth
1.DNA error causes uncontrolled proliferation of breast
cells upon binding of estrogen to its receptor
2.Estrogen turns into reactive metabolite (estradiol 4-
OH) and binds to DNA, causing depurination mutation
Estrogen role in breast cancer Role of ER and estrogen metabolites in breast cancer
11. Mass or pain
in the axilla
Palpable mass
Thickening
Pain
Nipple discharge
Nipple retraction
Edema or erythema
of the skin
BREAST CANCER Signs and symptoms at presentation
Self and Physical Examination
Manual breast examination
Mammograms
X-ray photograph of breast
Biopsy
If breast cancer suspected
Sample tissue examines
12. Diabetes is cause of following cancers:
Pancreatic Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Liver Cancer
Endometrial Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Renal Cancer
Germline mutations in relevant tumor-suppressor genes
accelerate the transformation to the malignant phenotype
18. Reduces the amount of hormone circulating in the body .Blocks the hormone receptors on cancer cell membrane .Drugs and/or
removal of organs that secrete hormones
• Aromatase inhibitors are an important class of drugs used for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Letrozole
and anastrozole are aromatase inhibitors
• Aminoglutethimide inhibits both aromatase and other enzymes critical for steroid hormone synthesis in the adrenal glands. It was
formerly used for breast cancer treatment, but has since been replaced by more selective aromatase inhibitors. It can also be used
for the treatment of hyperadrenocortical syndromes, such as Cushing's syndrome and hyperaldosteronism in adrenocortical
carcinoma
• Analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) like Leuprolide and goserelin are used primarily for the treatment of hormone-
responsive prostate cancer.
• Hormone Receptor Antagonists bind to the normal receptor for a given hormone and prevent its activation. Antiandrogens are a class of
drug which bind and inhibit the androgen receptor, blocking the growth- and survival-promoting effects of testosterone on certain
prostate cancers: Flutamide and bicalutamide .
• Progestagens: in advanced breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and prostate cancer.
• Androgens: Fluoxymesterone is occasionally used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer.
• The estrogen agonist: Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is occasionally used to treat prostate cancer through suppression of testosterone
production.
• Somatostatin analogs: Octreotide is an analog of the peptide hormone somatostatin, which inhibits the production of the growth
hormone as well as numerous peptide hormones of the gastrointestinal system, including insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide,
gastic inhibitory polypeptide, and gastrin. Octreotide is used for suppression of the hormonal syndromes which accompany several
pancreatic islet cell tumors, including the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome of gastrinoma and the chronic hypoglycemia of insulinoma.
Hormonal therapy is used for several types of cancers derived from hormonally
responsive tissues, including the breast, prostate, endometrium, and adrenal cortex.
19. Anti cancer property of Melatonin (MT) :Is secreted from pineal
gland which is polymer of Trp is produced after 90min after one falls
asleep and darkness and inhibited when light on.It inhibits the
release of Estrogen and suppresses the development of breast
cancer .Melatonin increase the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells
,suppressed prolactin , EGF and increase the anti-tumor activity of
vitamin D..
Adrenocorticosteroid Are frequently used in combination
regimen for the treatment of lymphocytic leukemia and
lymphoma.
They function by binding to glucocorticoid-specific receptors
present in lymphoid cells and initiate programmed cell
death
They most commonly used agent are prednisone,
methylprednisone,dexamethosone
پروستات سرطان به ابتالئ ريسك
50
-
30
در بيشتر برابر
نمايند مي زندگي غرب در كه مردان
.
غربي مردان در سرطان اثر در مرگ عامل دومين
و ها آن سازهاي پيش ،جنسي هورمون افزايش بر دال مدركي
ندارد وجود پروستات سرطان با ها آن حامل هاي پروتئين يا
.
Editor's Notes
NCI Web site: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer