Honors geo. ch 9 p.p
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1) The document discusses several theories of how languages have diffused and changed over time, including through conquest, the spread of agriculture, and human migration. 2) It describes Colin Renfrew's theory of a "superfamily" of languages tracing back over 10,000 years to ancient culture hearths in Anatolia. 3) The diffusion of Austronesian languages from China through the Pacific is discussed, including the emergence of three main dialects. 4) The Greenberg hypothesis proposing three main language families of indigenous Americas languages is outlined, though not all linguists agree. 5) The proliferation of early human languages is linked to lost contact between non-literate language groups, and the Middle Ages
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Language shift occurs when a minority language is displaced by the majority language over time through factors like economic pressures, social status, and intermarriage. This can lead to language death if maintenance efforts are not successful. Language maintenance aims to preserve minority languages through practices like families living together and using their native tongue, as well as institutional support through education. Without maintenance, languages retreat from public domains into private use until they are lost. An example is provided of the Dyirbal language in Australia, which is becoming less used as younger speakers adopt English.
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Franz Boas was an anthropologist in the early 20th century who argued against racist theories claiming the existence of primitive languages and cultures. He believed that all humans were essentially equal. His student Edward Sapir built upon his work, arguing that language strongly influences thought and culture by shaping how speakers view and understand the world. Benjamin Lee Whorf further developed these ideas, formulating what became known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - the theory that the language one speaks can predispose them to think and engage in cultural practices in certain ways. However, others argue that the relationship between language, thought, and culture is multidirectional and complex rather than a strictly testable hypothesis.
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This document discusses language maintenance and shift that can occur when speakers are exposed to a second language. There are three main outcomes: 1) language maintenance, where speakers maintain their mother tongue, 2) language shift, where speakers shift to the new second language as their main or only language, or 3) bilingualism. Typically, a full language shift takes around three generations, though it can be slower or faster depending on factors like the use of a standardized written language or arranged marriages keeping the original language alive. Studies have found language shift can occur through five stages from monolingualism in the minority language to monolingualism in the majority language over multiple generations.
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Sapir whorf hypothesis
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis proposes that the language we speak influences the way we think. It consists of two principles: linguistic determinism, which claims language determines thought patterns, and linguistic relativity, which claims different languages lead to different conceptualizations of the world. While it suggests translation between languages can be difficult or impossible, universalists argue we can translate ideas between any languages. Moderate versions of the hypothesis state language influences but does not determine thought, and both language and culture influence each other. Studies have explored how different languages categorize concepts like time, color, and counting systems.
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This document discusses the relationship between language and culture. It makes three key points:
1) Language is the primary means of transmitting culture from one generation to the next and helps establish shared cultural identities.
2) The structure of a language influences how its speakers view and categorize the world, as demonstrated by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Different languages encourage different conceptualizations.
3) Culture strongly influences language acquisition and use, affecting vocabulary, social conventions around self-reference, and high- versus low-context communication styles. Language both shapes and is shaped by the cultures of its speakers.
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The sapir whrof
The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview or cognition. It describes Benjamin Whorf observing that people's behaviors correlated with the labels used in their language. For example, signs labeled "EMPTY" prompted people to carelessly toss cigarettes in gasoline drums. The document also discusses debates around strong vs. weak versions of the hypothesis and examples showing how language can influence associations and categorization.
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This document discusses the evolution and changes that occur in living languages over time. It notes that languages require constant influx of new words from other tongues to remain vibrant and avoid stagnation. The document then outlines some of the historical influences on the English language from Latin, Germanic dialects, and French. It also lists some common reasons for language change, such as cultural influences, borrowings, new words, media, technology, and geographical factors. Finally, it examines specific areas of language that undergo change, including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation patterns.
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Language is part of the environment where we live, it is to be speculated in accordance with this environment. And as language enters into almost every aspect of human life, many disciplines dealing with various aspects of human life can be used in correspondence with linguistic study.
Ecolinguistics also investigates the role of language in the development and possible solution of ecological and environmental problems (Fill, 1993 in Al-Gayoni, 2012:28). In the other words ecolinguistics is a study of preservation of linguistic diversity.
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Group 04 presented on the topic of endangered languages. The document defined language death as occurring when a language loses its last native speaker. It noted that over 7,000 languages are currently spoken but many are endangered and being replaced by more dominant languages. The types of language death were described as gradual, bottom-to-top, top-to-bottom, radical, and linguicide. Factors that can help preserve endangered languages were also discussed, such as strong ethnic identity, school programs in the language, and community involvement.
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Endangered languages
The document discusses the threat facing endangered languages around the world. It estimates that as many as half of the approximately 6,000 languages currently spoken may become extinct by the end of the 21st century. Several factors are contributing to this decline, including nation-state building processes, universal education, and the spread of dominant languages like English, French, Spanish, and Arabic. While documentation of endangered languages is important, long-term preservation requires communities where the language is spoken and transmitted between generations.
Sapir whorf
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview or cognition. Kay and Kempton conducted two experiments testing this hypothesis. In the first experiment, English speakers exaggerated differences between colors near the blue-green boundary in their language, while speakers of Tarahumara did not, supporting the hypothesis. However, their second experiment eliminating the potential "name strategy" found no such effect, suggesting language effects are smaller than the strong Sapir-Whorf version proposes. While language likely has some influence, it does not determine thought as the strongest hypothesis claimed.
whorfian hypothesis
1. The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which claims that the structure of a language influences how its speakers think and experience reality.
2. It presents the hypothesis as having both a strong version of linguistic determinism, where language completely determines thought, and a weaker version of linguistic relativity, where language influences but does not determine thought.
3. While widely criticized, the hypothesis highlights the complex relationship between language, thought, and culture, and that speakers of different languages may experience the world in different ways.
Sociolinguistics linguistic relativity
This document provides a summary and analysis of the linguistic relativity hypothesis (LRH). It begins with a brief history of LRH and definitions of key terms like thought, culture, language, and worldview. It then discusses the stronger and weaker forms of LRH, known as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. The document considers evidence for and against each form. A key point discussed is how the modern, globalized world is different than when LRH was originally proposed, with implications for if the hypothesis remains tenable today. The document aims to evaluate LRH in this contemporary context.
Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. It examines the cognitive and neural processes underlying language production, comprehension, and acquisition. The three primary processes investigated are language comprehension (understanding language), language production (generating spoken or written language), and language acquisition (how humans learn language). Psycholinguistics emerged as a field in the late 1950s and 1960s and combines the disciplines of psychology and linguistics.
Sapir Whorf hypothesis
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition. It includes two principles: 1) Linguistic determinism, that language determines thought, and 2) Linguistic relativity, that different languages encourage different ways of understanding the world. Debate exists around whether language truly determines thought or just influences it. While some studies support the hypothesis, others have found universal patterns of thought across languages. The hypothesis remains an area of interest in linguistics but is seen as too extreme in its strongest claims.
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This document provides tips for teaching culture and language. It discusses the relationship between culture, language and thought. Some key points made are that language expresses, embodies and symbolizes cultural reality. It also discusses identifying different speech communities, the influence of gender on language, differences between spoken and written language, understanding meaning in context, identifying speech acts, understanding the concept of "face", and recognizing communication styles and registers. The document provides research and suggestions for what teachers can do to help students understand these concepts.
Language Shift and Language Maintenance
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. It provides examples of language shift occurring among Coptic speakers in Egypt and Hungarian speakers in Austria. Language shift happens for various social, economic, political and demographic reasons, and it can ultimately lead to language loss or even death if a language is no longer spoken. Maintaining positive attitudes about a minority language and frequent use of it can help prevent language shift.
Language death and language loss
Languages are dying at an alarming rate, with approximately half of the world's 6,500 languages endangered or extinct. A language dies when no one speaks it anymore. As a language's domains of use shrink and its speakers become less proficient, the language gradually dies, as seen in the case of Annie and her Aboriginal language Dyirbal. When the current generation of speakers passes away, the language will likely become extinct if not revitalized. Gradual language loss and death occurs as communities shift to majority languages in more social contexts over time.
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Kinship systems are a universal feature of language because kinship is important for social organization. For example, one's father's father and mother's father are both called grandfather. People use folk taxonomies rather than scientific classifications to categorize aspects of their world in a way that makes sense to them and shows how systematic their language use is. The terms used to describe color provide insight into the relationships between languages and cultures. All languages have basic color terms, which are single words like blue or yellow rather than combinations like light blue. Concepts are best viewed as prototypes, such as defining a bird by a robin rather than its characteristics. Taboo prohibits behavior in a society believed to cause anxiety, embarrassment, or shame through
Martinique Glass - 04141903 - Assignment 3
This document discusses language preservation and the threats faced by many heritage languages. It defines key terms like sociolinguistics, linguistic genocide, and categories of language health. It also analyzes a chosen text about a woman's regret at not learning her native Arabic from her grandmother as a child. The document explores how over 2,000-3,000 languages are endangered or moribund. Language death contributes to significant loss of cultural ideas that may not be translatable. Efforts are needed from parents and governments to document and revitalize at-risk languages to avoid language death and maintain cultural identity.
Language maintenance and shift.
Reference :
" http://nongnia.blogspot.com/2013/04/sociolinguistic-language-maintenance.html "
" and other sources "
Language
Language plays an important role in culture. This chapter discusses what languages are, how they develop and spread, and how they shape places and identities. It explores how languages form language families over time through sound shifts. The Proto-Indo-European language is used as a case study to show how linguists reconstruct ancestral languages and trace their diffusion. The chapter also examines how multilingualism, dialects, and global languages develop and impact geopolitics. Finally, it analyzes how place names can change due to factors like decolonization, revolution, and commercialization.
Linguistics
The document discusses the origins and evolution of human language. It presents several hypotheses for how language originated, such as imitative sounds, emotional expressions, and rhythmic grunts. While these proposed origins cannot be scientifically verified, language most likely evolved gradually with the human species through genetic and neurological changes that allowed for learning language. The development of language was enabled by the strengthening of vocal organs and the growing complexity of the brain. However, the exact process remains unclear as research continues in linguistics, biology, and neuroscience.
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Language death
Language death occurs when a language's native speakers abandon it and shift to speaking another language instead. Many factors can drive this language shift, including education, employment opportunities, media influence, modernization, globalization, and urban migration away from rural communities. Over 6,000 of the original 10,000-15,000 human languages are now endangered or extinct as their native speaker populations dwindle and adopt dominant languages. Linguists argue that language diversity should be preserved and that recording grammars and dictionaries of endangered languages, teaching children in their native tongues, and developing educational materials can help prevent further language deaths.
Language and culture
This document discusses the relationship between language and culture. It makes three key points:
1) Language is the primary means of transmitting culture from one generation to the next and helps establish shared cultural identities.
2) The structure of a language influences how its speakers view and categorize the world, as demonstrated by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Different languages encourage different conceptualizations.
3) Culture strongly influences language acquisition and use, affecting vocabulary, social conventions around self-reference, and high- versus low-context communication styles. Language both shapes and is shaped by the cultures of its speakers.
Sociolinguistics
This document provides information about a student named Nikunj Bhatti enrolled in the 3rd semester of an M.A. program in 2014-2016. It discusses several key topics in sociolinguistics, including how language use varies based on social factors like age, gender, and profession. It also examines how language changes spread between groups and styles, and how these changes can be studied through apparent time studies, real time studies, and analyses of social status and gender. The document further distinguishes between micro-sociolinguistics, which focuses on dialect and style variation, and macro-sociolinguistics, which explores issues like language retention in immigrant communities.
The sapir whrof
The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview or cognition. It describes Benjamin Whorf observing that people's behaviors correlated with the labels used in their language. For example, signs labeled "EMPTY" prompted people to carelessly toss cigarettes in gasoline drums. The document also discusses debates around strong vs. weak versions of the hypothesis and examples showing how language can influence associations and categorization.
Language change
This document discusses the evolution and changes that occur in living languages over time. It notes that languages require constant influx of new words from other tongues to remain vibrant and avoid stagnation. The document then outlines some of the historical influences on the English language from Latin, Germanic dialects, and French. It also lists some common reasons for language change, such as cultural influences, borrowings, new words, media, technology, and geographical factors. Finally, it examines specific areas of language that undergo change, including vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation patterns.
Ecolinguistics
Ecolinguistics is the study of language is relevant to many other fields of inquiry. Ecolinguistics is the study of language according to the environment it is used in (Derni, 2008).
Language is part of the environment where we live, it is to be speculated in accordance with this environment. And as language enters into almost every aspect of human life, many disciplines dealing with various aspects of human life can be used in correspondence with linguistic study.
Ecolinguistics also investigates the role of language in the development and possible solution of ecological and environmental problems (Fill, 1993 in Al-Gayoni, 2012:28). In the other words ecolinguistics is a study of preservation of linguistic diversity.
language death
Group 04 presented on the topic of endangered languages. The document defined language death as occurring when a language loses its last native speaker. It noted that over 7,000 languages are currently spoken but many are endangered and being replaced by more dominant languages. The types of language death were described as gradual, bottom-to-top, top-to-bottom, radical, and linguicide. Factors that can help preserve endangered languages were also discussed, such as strong ethnic identity, school programs in the language, and community involvement.
Endangered languages
This document discusses endangered languages and provides examples of languages that are extinct or nearing extinction. It notes that many of the world's smallest languages are disappearing, with estimates that half of the world's approximately 6,000 languages could be extinct within 100 years. Examples are provided of some of the last speakers of languages like Kayardild, Aka-Bo, and various Great Andamanese languages. Factors that endanger languages are discussed, including assimilation, lack of transmission to younger generations, and globalization. Responses to language endangerment include documentation efforts and revitalization programs for languages like Chitimacha and Navajo.
Endangered languages
The document discusses the threat facing endangered languages around the world. It estimates that as many as half of the approximately 6,000 languages currently spoken may become extinct by the end of the 21st century. Several factors are contributing to this decline, including nation-state building processes, universal education, and the spread of dominant languages like English, French, Spanish, and Arabic. While documentation of endangered languages is important, long-term preservation requires communities where the language is spoken and transmitted between generations.
Sapir whorf
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview or cognition. Kay and Kempton conducted two experiments testing this hypothesis. In the first experiment, English speakers exaggerated differences between colors near the blue-green boundary in their language, while speakers of Tarahumara did not, supporting the hypothesis. However, their second experiment eliminating the potential "name strategy" found no such effect, suggesting language effects are smaller than the strong Sapir-Whorf version proposes. While language likely has some influence, it does not determine thought as the strongest hypothesis claimed.
whorfian hypothesis
1. The document discusses the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which claims that the structure of a language influences how its speakers think and experience reality.
2. It presents the hypothesis as having both a strong version of linguistic determinism, where language completely determines thought, and a weaker version of linguistic relativity, where language influences but does not determine thought.
3. While widely criticized, the hypothesis highlights the complex relationship between language, thought, and culture, and that speakers of different languages may experience the world in different ways.
Sociolinguistics linguistic relativity
This document provides a summary and analysis of the linguistic relativity hypothesis (LRH). It begins with a brief history of LRH and definitions of key terms like thought, culture, language, and worldview. It then discusses the stronger and weaker forms of LRH, known as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. The document considers evidence for and against each form. A key point discussed is how the modern, globalized world is different than when LRH was originally proposed, with implications for if the hypothesis remains tenable today. The document aims to evaluate LRH in this contemporary context.
Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. It examines the cognitive and neural processes underlying language production, comprehension, and acquisition. The three primary processes investigated are language comprehension (understanding language), language production (generating spoken or written language), and language acquisition (how humans learn language). Psycholinguistics emerged as a field in the late 1950s and 1960s and combines the disciplines of psychology and linguistics.
Sapir Whorf hypothesis
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition. It includes two principles: 1) Linguistic determinism, that language determines thought, and 2) Linguistic relativity, that different languages encourage different ways of understanding the world. Debate exists around whether language truly determines thought or just influences it. While some studies support the hypothesis, others have found universal patterns of thought across languages. The hypothesis remains an area of interest in linguistics but is seen as too extreme in its strongest claims.
Language and Culture
This document provides tips for teaching culture and language. It discusses the relationship between culture, language and thought. Some key points made are that language expresses, embodies and symbolizes cultural reality. It also discusses identifying different speech communities, the influence of gender on language, differences between spoken and written language, understanding meaning in context, identifying speech acts, understanding the concept of "face", and recognizing communication styles and registers. The document provides research and suggestions for what teachers can do to help students understand these concepts.
Language Shift and Language Maintenance
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. It provides examples of language shift occurring among Coptic speakers in Egypt and Hungarian speakers in Austria. Language shift happens for various social, economic, political and demographic reasons, and it can ultimately lead to language loss or even death if a language is no longer spoken. Maintaining positive attitudes about a minority language and frequent use of it can help prevent language shift.
Language death and language loss
Languages are dying at an alarming rate, with approximately half of the world's 6,500 languages endangered or extinct. A language dies when no one speaks it anymore. As a language's domains of use shrink and its speakers become less proficient, the language gradually dies, as seen in the case of Annie and her Aboriginal language Dyirbal. When the current generation of speakers passes away, the language will likely become extinct if not revitalized. Gradual language loss and death occurs as communities shift to majority languages in more social contexts over time.
Word and culture
Kinship systems are a universal feature of language because kinship is important for social organization. For example, one's father's father and mother's father are both called grandfather. People use folk taxonomies rather than scientific classifications to categorize aspects of their world in a way that makes sense to them and shows how systematic their language use is. The terms used to describe color provide insight into the relationships between languages and cultures. All languages have basic color terms, which are single words like blue or yellow rather than combinations like light blue. Concepts are best viewed as prototypes, such as defining a bird by a robin rather than its characteristics. Taboo prohibits behavior in a society believed to cause anxiety, embarrassment, or shame through
Martinique Glass - 04141903 - Assignment 3
This document discusses language preservation and the threats faced by many heritage languages. It defines key terms like sociolinguistics, linguistic genocide, and categories of language health. It also analyzes a chosen text about a woman's regret at not learning her native Arabic from her grandmother as a child. The document explores how over 2,000-3,000 languages are endangered or moribund. Language death contributes to significant loss of cultural ideas that may not be translatable. Efforts are needed from parents and governments to document and revitalize at-risk languages to avoid language death and maintain cultural identity.
Language maintenance and shift.
Reference :
" http://nongnia.blogspot.com/2013/04/sociolinguistic-language-maintenance.html "
" and other sources "
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This document provides a summary of chapters from a book on the origins and development of language. It discusses early theories on the origins of language, including Darwin's idea that humans first developed musical ability to attract mates before developing language. It also summarizes theories that language developed through physical adaptations in the human body that allowed for speech production, or that early humans developed gestures before language. The document then discusses properties of human language like duality of sound and meaning. It also summarizes research on teaching language to animals and differences between animal and human language ability.
Oral presentation
This document provides a summary of chapters from a book on the origins and development of language. It discusses early theories on the origins of language, including Darwin's idea that humans first developed musical ability to attract mates before developing language. It also summarizes theories that language developed through physical adaptations in the human body that allowed for speech production, or that early humans developed gestures before language. The document then discusses properties of human language like duality of sound and meaning. It also summarizes research on teaching language to animals and differences between animal and human language abilities.
Language and culture, s w hypothesis
Language and culture have a close relationship. Language allows culture to be transmitted between generations and helps establish communities through shared identities. While culture can influence the structure and vocabulary of a language, language also shapes thought and perceptions of reality according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Different languages categorize concepts like time, kinship, colors and animals in distinct ways according to their cultures. The document provides examples of how vocabulary and meanings of words vary between cultures and languages.
Sujay Rao Mandavilli Sujay On the origin of spoken language final final final...
Sujay Rao Mandavilli Sujay On the origin of spoken language final final final...Sujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses the origin and spread of languages. It begins by proposing a new "Wholly-independent Multi-Regional hypothesis" for the origin of humans and languages that challenges existing theories. It then examines the origins of spoken and written languages in different historical contexts and proposes an "Epochal Polygenesis" approach. The document also introduces several new concepts to describe the contact-based and non-contact based spread of languages. Finally, it emphasizes the need for continuous reassessment of language dynamics theories to incorporate new lessons learned.Sujay Laws of Language Dynamics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdf
This document provides a historical overview of the development of linguistics as a field of study. It discusses early experiments on language acquisition in ancient Egypt and medieval Europe. It notes that linguistics developed independently in China and India before contact with Western traditions, with important early works in Sanskrit grammar, Tamil grammar, and Chinese dictionaries. The document then outlines key contributions from Greek, Roman, medieval Arabic and European scholars between the 1st century BC and 18th century AD. It concludes by noting the structuralist, formalist and behaviorist shifts in linguistics in the early 20th century.
Sujay Laws of Language Dynamics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdf
This document provides a comprehensive overview of the history of linguistics. It discusses how linguistics evolved from early studies of language dating back to ancient Sumeria and Egypt, through developments in ancient Greece, Rome, China, and India. It outlines some of the earliest known experiments on language acquisition in the 7th century BC. The document then discusses the growth of linguistic studies and key figures throughout the medieval period, Renaissance, 18th century, and 19th century, including important developments like the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European. It concludes by noting the major shift towards structuralism, formalism and behaviorism in linguistics in the early 20th century.
Ch06
The document discusses several topics related to language and culture, including:
1. It provides examples of how language is tied to cultural identity and can be a source of isolation when suppressed, as described by an elder from the Dena'ina Indians.
2. It examines reasons why place names (toponyms) may change, such as after decolonization or political revolution, or to memorialize people or events.
3. It poses questions about deducing the original name of a place in North America based on its naming history by indigenous groups and later Spanish and English speakers, without using the internet.
Teoria linguistica
Linguistic anthropology studies language in cultural contexts and how language relates to human biology, cognition and culture. It analyzes particular languages, especially non-Indo-European ones, and describes them in their sociocultural contexts. Key figures who studied this include Sapir, Whorf and Duranti, with Sapir and Whorf developing the influential Sapir-Whorf hypothesis about how language influences thought.
Sujay On the origin of spoken language final final final.pdf
This document discusses the origin and spread of languages from ancient to modern times. It proposes a new "Epochal Polygenesis" approach to understanding language evolution, which argues that languages originated from multiple independent sources. The document provides an overview of early theories on language origins and the development of linguistics as a field of study over time. It also introduces several new concepts to analyze contact-based and non-contact based scenarios of language spread, including theories about linguistic osmosis and the influence of historical and political factors.
Sujay on the origin of spoken language final final final
This paper purports to be a starting point to revisit existing approaches dealing with the origin and spread of languages in the light of the changed circumstances of the Twenty-first century without in any way undermining their applicability across space and time. The origin of spoken languages is intricately and inseparably interwoven and intertwined with the origin of human species as well, and in this paper, we propose a ‘Wholly-independent Multi-Regional hypothesis of the origin of Homo sapiens’ in response to both the highly-controversial and arguably antiquated ‘Out-of-Africa theory’ which we have stridently and vehemently opposed, along with all its protuberances and the contending Multi-Regional Hypothesis as well. The key tenets of this paper are therefore articulated based on this fundamental premise which is likely to upend existing presumptions and paradigms to a significant degree. Having said that, we must hasten to add that the evolutionary biology of language encompassing physical anthropology or genetics and other related areas of study, are wholly outside the purview of this paper. Structural linguistics and semantics are also outside the scope of this paper. In this paper, we examine the origins of spoken and written languages in pre-historic, proto-historic, historic, pre-globalized and post-globalized contexts and propose an ‘Epochal Polygenesis’ approach. As a part of this paper, we also provide a broad overview of early and current theories of the origin and spread of languages so that readers can compare our approaches with already existing ones and analyse the similarities and differences between the two. We propose and define several new concepts under the categories of contact-based scenarios and non-contact based scenarios such as the autochthonous origin of languages, the spread of properties of languages from key nodes, the ‘Theory of linguistic osmosis’ and the need to take historical and political factors into account while analysing the spread of languages. In this paper, we also propose among others, the ‘Theory of win-win paradigms’ and the ‘Net benefits approach’. We also emphasize the need to carry out a diachronic and synchronic assessment of the dynamics of languages spread and propose that this be made a continuous process so that the lessons learnt can be used to tweak and hone theories and models to perfection. This paper is likely to significantly up the ante in favour of a dynamics-driven approach by undermining the relative torpor now observed in this arguably vital sub-discipline and contribute greatly to the rapidly emerging field of language dynamics. We also hope that synchronic linguistics will finally get its due place under the sun in the post-globalised world, and will become a major driving force in linguistics in the Twenty-First Century.
Confi rming Pages157PART IIILinguistic Anthropolog.docx
Confi rming Pages
157
PART III
Linguistic Anthropology
Language, whether spoken, written, or non-verbal, allows anthropologists to
connect and better understand the human condition across time, space, and cul-
tures. Early in the history of American Anthropology, anthropologists like John
Wesley Powell and Franz Boas embraced linguistics as a critical subfi eld of the
discipline. Powell collected and compared vocabularies from American Indian
languages as part of an effort to racially classify North American Indian Nations.
Because Boas did not believe that culture and language were biologically deter-
mined, he disagreed with Powell’s approach. Instead, Boas trained his students
to use linguistic anthropology to facilitate fi eldwork; in his view, language was a
window into culture. Regardless of their contrasting theoretical positions regard-
ing the nature of language, Powell and Boas considered linguistics a critical com-
ponent of anthropology. European anthropologists like Bronislaw Malinowski
and E. E. Evans-Pritchard also valued language research as a component of cul-
tural anthropology, but only in the U.S. academy did anthropologists incorpo-
rate linguistics as an actual subfi eld of anthropology.
At the dawn of the twentieth century, the transformation of Anthropology
from an armchair pastime to a scientifi c, academic discipline coincided with the
rapid extinction of cultural traditions and languages. When undocumented or
poorly documented languages go extinct, humanity loses the specialized knowl-
edge, histories, and worldviews embedded in these languages. In order to pre-
serve and document “disappearing” cultures, early linguistic anthropologists
focused primarily on documenting the vocabularies and grammars of endangered
cultural traditions. Nevertheless, of an estimated 7,000 languages spoken in the
world today, linguists predict that approximately half of these languages will
become extinct in the twenty-fi rst century. Contemporary anthropologists con-
tinue to document endangered languages, but the fi eld of linguistic anthropology
has grown considerably as researchers have developed new approaches to study
language scientifi cally to explore what it means to be human.
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Confi rming Pages
158 LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
Today, linguistic anthropologists typically divide
their subfi eld into three specializations: Historical
Linguistics, Descriptive Linguistics, and Sociocultural
Linguistics. Historical linguistics includes research
on extinct languages as well as the evolution and
migration of languages. In Selection 23, Bhattacharjee
explains how computer modeling helps linguists see
the infl uence of children and migration on the evolu-
tion of language throughout the history of human-
kind. Because language is not confi n.
Language and Culure.pptx
This ppt is all about Culture and linguistics relativity that is a part of sociolinguistics' subject.
I hope you would find all your quires here and it will help you alot.
Module 1
The document discusses the history and development of the field of historical linguistics. It explains that historical linguistics studies how languages change over time and are related to one another. Traditional historical linguistics focused on documenting past language changes, while modern historical linguistics examines the social and cultural factors that influence language change. The history of the English language reflects the cultural and political influences of groups like the Romans, Vikings, and Normans that have shaped its vocabulary and grammar over many centuries.
Similar to Honors geo. ch 9 p.p (20)
Sujay The Indo-Europeanization of the world Addendum FINAL.pdf
Sujay The Indo-Europeanization of the world Addendum FINAL.pdf
Sujay The Indo-Europeanization of the world Addendum FINAL.pdf
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Sujay Rao Mandavilli Sujay On the origin of spoken language final final final...
Sujay Rao Mandavilli Sujay On the origin of spoken language final final final...
Sujay Laws of Language Dynamics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdf
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Sujay Laws of Language Dynamics FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL.pdf
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Sujay On the origin of spoken language final final final.pdf
Sujay On the origin of spoken language final final final.pdf
Sujay on the origin of spoken language final final final
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Confi rming Pages157PART IIILinguistic Anthropolog.docx
Confi rming Pages157PART IIILinguistic Anthropolog.docx
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Honors geo. ch3 (pt. 3b) p.p
The document discusses the difficulty of convincing Americans about the impending environmental crisis due to the US being the world's largest consumer and polluter. It will take US leadership to build international consensus on addressing this issue. The document also provides background on the El Nino phenomenon and its worldwide climatic effects.
Honors geo. ch3 (pt. 3a) p.p
The document discusses three environmental issues of interest to geographers: ozone depletion, greenhouse warming effect, and El Nino. It provides details on the causes and effects of ozone depletion, including the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1975. The production and use of CFCs is identified as the main cause of ozone depletion. The document also discusses the phenomenon of global warming, noting the hottest years on record and trends of rising global temperatures, glacial melting, higher sea levels, and more severe droughts.
A.p. ch 39 power point
Kennedy came into office promising a "New Frontier" and change after a complacent 1950s. His youth and vigor inspired Americans. Key programs included the Peace Corps, pushing to put a man on the moon, and proposals to aid education and the elderly. However, Kennedy faced challenges like a weak economy and tensions with the Soviet Union over Berlin and Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis in particular brought the world close to nuclear war. Kennedy also had to navigate the growing Civil Rights movement and calls for desegregation amid violence. His assassination in 1963 left America in mourning and Vice President Johnson took over promising to carry on Kennedy's legacy through programs like the Great Society, aimed at reducing poverty.
A.p. ch 38 p.p
The document provides an overview of key events and issues during Dwight Eisenhower's presidency from 1952-1960. Some highlights include:
- Eisenhower was elected in 1952 on a message of ending the Korean War and bringing calm after years of global conflict.
- He had to deal with the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy and communism fears. The Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954 helped turn public opinion against McCarthy.
- The Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board decision requiring school desegregation was a landmark, but met strong resistance in the South. Eisenhower had to send troops to integrate schools in Little Rock in 1957.
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A.p. ch 37 p.p
The document discusses post-World War II economic anxieties in the United States. It describes how the GI Bill helped veterans reintegrate into civilian life and boosted the economy. It also discusses how the Truman administration took steps like the Employment Act of 1946 and VA loans to prevent another Great Depression. The economy remained shaky in the initial postwar years but then experienced unprecedented growth from the 1950s to 1970s, fueled by factors like defense spending, shifts in the workforce, and increased consumerism.
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Pennsylvania has a rich history dating back over 200 years. Key events include William Penn receiving a charter for the land, its role in the Revolutionary War and hosting the Constitutional Convention. Pittsburgh grew as a center for the steel industry in the late 19th century, though faced environmental challenges. While steel declined, the city has rebounded through healthcare, education and being recognized twice as the most livable city. Famous Pittsburgh eats include Primanti Bros. and Denny's Beer Barrel Pub's massive burgers.
Presentation
Studying geography is important because the world is facing unprecedented global challenges. Events happening in different parts of the world like famine in Somalia, the Arab Spring uprisings, and civil war in Syria influence each other and have worldwide impacts. The global economy is also interconnected - the debt crisis in Greece spread to other European Union countries and affects the U.S. economic recovery as well. Understanding these global economic, environmental, and political connections is key as problems anywhere in the world can negatively impact people everywhere.
Honors geo. ch 25 p.p.
1) Germany was divided into East and West after WWII due to disagreements between the Allied powers. Berlin was also divided.
2) The division became firmly established in 1949 when the US, UK, and France formed West Germany, and the Soviet Union formed East Germany in response.
3) The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin, and became a powerful symbol of the Cold War division between communist East and capitalist West.
Honors geo. ch 21 p.p.
The document discusses key differences between developed and developing countries across several categories:
- Developed countries have older populations while developing countries have younger populations, creating different challenges for each.
- Developed economies are dominated by services while developing rely more on agriculture and industry.
- Health indicators like life expectancy are higher in developed nations due to better healthcare and nutrition.
Honors geo. ch 10 p.p
The document discusses the history and development of Esperanto, an artificial language created in the late 19th century to foster international harmony. It was invented by Dr. Ludovic Zamenhof, a Polish ophthalmologist, who hoped it would become the first or second language of all people. Esperanto incorporated elements from major European languages and had simpler grammar rules than natural languages. The first World Congress of Esperanto speakers was held in 1905 in France but the language initiative ultimately failed to gain widespread adoption. The document also examines the emergence of lingua francas throughout history to enable trade between groups speaking different languages, using Swahili in East Africa as a modern example.
Honors geo. ch 8 p.p
The passage discusses the Navajo code talkers during World War 2 and their contribution to the war effort. It notes that the Navajo people were a preliterate society, yet their language skills made them heroes in using their native language to create secure codes that the Japanese were never able to decipher. Their unwritten language, which was very difficult for non-Navajos to learn, proved to be a decisive factor in the battle of Iwo Jima and other key battles in the Pacific theater. The passage also discusses the definition of language and dialects, the major language families around the world and in different regions, and issues around standard languages versus many local dialects.
A.p. ch 34 pt. 4
The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was a New Deal agency established to stimulate the economy through a combination of relief, recovery, and reform efforts aimed at assisting industry, labor, and the unemployed. The NRA would establish codes of fair competition for each industry and provide work for the unemployed, but it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935.
A.p. ch34 pt. 2
FDR passed new banking legislation to stabilize the financial system and regulate banks. This included giving the president power over banking transactions and foreign exchange to reopen solvent banks. FDR also sought to protect gold reserves and stabilize the dollar against "panicky hoarding". Unemployment was also a major issue, so FDR used federal funds to create programs like the CCC to employ young men in conservation work and send most of their wages home to support families. The WPA was also created to provide useful public works projects and part-time jobs to address continued unemployment and quiet critics like Huey Long and Father Coughlin.
A.p. ch 34 pt. 3
The New Deal established policies like the Federal Housing Administration, U.S. Housing Authority, and Social Security Act to provide housing, unemployment benefits, and retirement support. Labor unions grew in power through legislation like the Wagner Act, organizing previously unskilled workers under leaders like John Lewis and the Committee for Industrial Organization within the American Federation of Labor, despite resistance from business owners. Franklin Roosevelt was reelected in a landslide in 1936 on a platform supporting the New Deal, as the election results showed public support for reforms despite Republican charges of "class warfare".
A.p. ch34 Pt. 1
FDR seized the offensive in the 1932 presidential campaign with attacks on the Republican policies and vague promises of a "New Deal." He was elected in a landslide as voters demanded change from Hoover and the Great Depression. As president, FDR took decisive action, declaring a banking holiday and calling a special session of Congress. During the "Hundred Days" from March to June 1933, Congress passed an unprecedented amount of New Deal legislation at FDR's direction to provide relief, promote recovery, and reform the economy. FDR asserted strong executive leadership and was given broad powers by a Congress eager to address the national crisis.
A.p. ch 33 pt. 4
Hoover faced a cruel dilemma as president during the Great Depression crisis. While his reputation as an efficiency expert crashed along with the stock market, he tried to compromise between a hands-off philosophy and direct relief. He supported businesses in hopes the economy would improve but faced criticism for not directly aiding Americans as other nations did. By 1932, Hoover had started expanding the government's role in assistance despite his small government views, though he still resisted what he saw as socialism. This set the stage for FDR to further expand the welfare state.
A.p. ch 33 pt. 3
The Great Crash of 1929 marked the end of the prosperous Roaring Twenties era in the United States. Few sensed the looming economic troubles caused by overproduction and excessive credit. The stock market crash in October 1929 was partially triggered by foreign investors and led to widespread panic. As the depression took hold over the next few years, unemployment skyrocketed to over 4 million by 1930 and over 12 million by 1932 as businesses closed and banks collapsed. Families struggled as breadwinners lost their jobs and savings through no fault of their own.
A.p. ch 33 pt. 2
Herbert Hoover was nominated by the Republican party for president in 1928 after President Coolidge decided not to run for re-election. Hoover defeated Democrat Alfred Smith in a landslide victory, becoming the first Republican since the 1920 election to carry a state that had seceded. As the new president, Hoover aimed to help struggling farmers and wage earners through programs like the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, but his high tariff policies, like the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930, ultimately harmed the economy.
A.p. ch 33 pt. 1
Three Republican presidents from 1920-1929, Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover, oversaw a period of American prosperity and isolationism. During this time, the US economy boomed until crashing in the Great Depression. The Republican leadership dismantled wartime regulations and favored business interests. Scandals erupted during Harding's presidency involving the Veterans Bureau and Teapot Dome affairs. Upon Harding's death, Coolidge continued policies favoring business while maintaining an honest, frugal image. Farmers struggled with low prices and new machinery. Coolidge was easily reelected in 1924. The US remained isolationist in foreign policy and insisted on debt repayment after WWI, worsening relations with Europe.
A.p. ch 32 pt. 3
The document discusses Prohibition in the United States during the 1920s. It began with the 18th Amendment in 1919 and banned the sale and consumption of alcohol nationwide. Prohibition was naively implemented and poorly enforced due to understaffed agencies and corruption. As a result, illegal alcohol sales flourished, funding the rise of organized crime. Gang violence increased substantially in major cities. Prohibition was ultimately repealed in 1933 with the 21st Amendment as it failed to achieve its goals and spurred criminal activity.
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Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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Honors geo. ch 9 p.p
- 1. CHAPTER NINE THE DIFFUSION of LANGUAGE I. THE LANGUAGE TREE 1. DIVERGENCE: Mid-19th century theory of comparing the world’s language families to the branches of a tree. It is the basic process of language formation over time and space and how differences occur. (August Schleicher) 2. CONVERGENCE: Diffusion of languages through human mobility. This can complicate the task for researchers because the rules of reconstruction may not apply or may be unreliable. 3. REPLACEMENT: Languages of invaders/conquerors have replaced and/or modified languages of traditional, smaller, and technolog- ically less advanced people. Has occurred throughout human history.
- 2. THEORIES of LANGUAGE DIFFUSION CONQUEST THEORY: Present-day Russia, an early cradle, spread westward, over- powering earlier inhabitants and imposing their vocabulary.
- 3. AGRICULTURAL THEORY: It was the spread of agriculture, not conquest, that diffused language through Europe. The source of ancient language had to lie in an agricultural hearth, and not in Russia and Ukraine. The source area is believed to be the area of Anatolia in modern Turkey. This theory has both supporters and opponents. Explain both perspectives.
- 4. The agricultural theory, proposed in 1984, has as its main point, one culture hearth as the origin of diffusion for the Indo-European language.
- 5. THE SEARCH for a SUPERFAMILY The evolution and diffusion of Proto-Indo-European occurred over a period of, at most, 9,000 years. But language development and divergence have been occurring for more than ten times as long. Describe Colin Renfrew’s theory. How is it different from the agricultural theory? Identify the culture the culture hearths.
- 6. DIFFUSION to the PACIFIC To study language diffusion in the Pacific, geographers studied the migration (diffusion) of people through the region. The diffusion of peoples and their languages into the Pacific north of Indonesia began in China (Fig. 9-6). Identify the emergent language family and the three distinct dialects that evolved. Despite geographic barriers, the process of diffusion took place remarkably quickly.
- 7. DIFFUSION in the AMERICAS The current language map of the Americas is dominated by Indo-European languages. These have engulfed the languages of Native Americans. Because of their small populations and the fact that there were not any preexisting people, it was assumed that the Indian linguistic situation would be fairly simple. How many Native languages have been discovered versus Old World languages? So what conclusion can be drawn? Describe the Greenberg hypothesis & identify the 3 language families. Do all linguists agree with Greenberg? Explain.
- 8. INFLUENCES on INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGES Each of the languages in the world’s language families has its own story of origin and dispersal. We can’t hope to tell the story of even a fraction of these languages, but we can identify some of the critical influences of individual tongues. Explain the premise that speakers of non-written languages will not retain the same language very long if they lose contact with one another. How might this relate to the early proliferation of languages in human history? What was the significance of the Middle Ages to language diffusion?