Things Fall Apart witnesses a series of crimes committed by the protagonist raises a question on the infantile development of the protagonist. The death of Ikemefuna and the native missionary and committing suicide by the protagonist ultimately hits the ethical periphery to Okonkow‟s clan as well as to the world.The death seems to Okonkwo, a kind of solution and sometimes death seems a matter of glorification and selfgratification from the doer‟s own logical point of view. The contradictory relationship between the rigid social structure and his father figure strike the pre-mature stage of Okonkwo‟s life that is ultimately responsibleforproducingan autocratichero before the family and the clan. The aim of this article is to focus on Okonkwo‟s childhood psychology which is responsiblefor committing two murders and suicidal action in his life. For the purpose of investigating the serial intentionalmurders and the suicide, the paper highlights Okonkwo‟s parental bonding, family condition and socialization to have a clear view on the connection between infantile psychology and the reason of homicides and suicide. The further reading of this study presents the causes; those are accused to have Okonkwo‟s disrupt mental setup at the embryonic stage of life.
Ekwefi’s Role in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebeiosrjce
Ekwefi’s character is one of the most significant characters in things fall apart by Chinua Achebe.
She possess the qualities which distinguish her of Okonkwo’s other wives. Even she seems to have less
drawbacks than the protagonist of the novel.
In the novel she has been described as beautiful youth and second wife of Okonkwo. Her bold action
was as she ran from her previous husband and came to live with Okonkwo, in a patriarchcal society. She loved
wrestling and it might be the reason that she liked Okonkwo.
In society, women were dominated by men. They were fated to be satisfied mens’ lust for sex, give birth
to children and bring up them. She had suffered much in married life. Nine of her children died in infancy and
Ezinma was the tenth of them who was the purpose of her life.
Not only she is the most intelligent and confident among Okonkwo’s wives but the most strongest
character in novel. She chased the priest in darkness for the sake of her daughter and sworn even to stand
against the deities.
She had heroic qualities and less weak points in her character through out the novel. Sometimes her
understanding of things and judgment seem more than Okonkwo.
Significance of the title 'Things Fall Apart''Krupali Lewade
The protagonist of the novel starts as a rich and respectable person in a peaceful and organic Igbo society. However, by the end of the novel, the protagonist meets a tragic end and Igbo society falls apart as rituals and culture disappear.
J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls" examines social responsibility through the story of Eva Smith's death. Each member of the upper-class Birling family contributed in some way to Eva's downward spiral, whether it was Mr. Birling firing her, Sheila firing her from another job, Eric impregnating and abandoning her, or Gerald having an affair with her. By the end, the family realizes how their individual actions impacted Eva's life but Mr. Birling refuses to accept responsibility. The play leaves the audience contemplating their own social responsibilities.
Okonkwo as a tragic hero in Things Fall ApartAteeqRana87
The presentation tells about the prerequisites for being a tragic hero and explores the presence of these aspects in central character Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart
The document provides character descriptions and discussion questions for J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls". It includes a character chart to compare Gerald Croft and Eric Birling and their involvement with Eva Smith/Daisy Renton. It also includes discussion points about how Mr. and Mrs. Birling treat Eric and Sheila like children. Finally, it provides a number of comprehension questions to test knowledge about characters, events and quotes from the play.
Psychological Study of Things Fall Apartsolankibinita
1. This document provides biographical information about the author Binita M. Solanki and her paper submitted to Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University on the psychological study of Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe.
2. It analyzes the Igbo culture and cosmology through the lens of Jungian psychology, focusing on how the Igbo strived for individual wholeness.
3. The character of Okonkwo is discussed, including his rise to wealth and status, his tragic flaws of pride and inability to adapt to change, and how his relationship with his father and unconscious desires ultimately led to his tragic demise and suicide at the end
The document provides key quotations from An Inspector Calls that illustrate important themes. [1] The quotations show tensions within the wealthy Birling family as they interact with the inspector who questions their moral responsibility. [2] Many quotations reveal the family's arrogance and lack of care for the working class girl Eva Smith whose death they each contributed to. [3] The inspector's message is that "we are members of one body" and must consider how our actions impact others, contrasting with the family's view of "every man for himself".
The document provides an overview and analysis of the main characters in J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls". It examines each character's role, traits, and how they relate to the key themes of gender stereotypes and social class prejudice in early 20th century England. Mr. Birling is described as traditional, selfish, and overbearing. His wife Sybil is portrayed as snobby and believes herself always right. Their daughter Sheila seems initially spoiled but grows more emotional and able to change. Eric is the black sheep of the family who drinks heavily. Gerald, Sheila's fiancé, represents the next generation of privilege and hypocrisy. Eva Smith, though never seen, is a victim of the
Ekwefi’s Role in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebeiosrjce
Ekwefi’s character is one of the most significant characters in things fall apart by Chinua Achebe.
She possess the qualities which distinguish her of Okonkwo’s other wives. Even she seems to have less
drawbacks than the protagonist of the novel.
In the novel she has been described as beautiful youth and second wife of Okonkwo. Her bold action
was as she ran from her previous husband and came to live with Okonkwo, in a patriarchcal society. She loved
wrestling and it might be the reason that she liked Okonkwo.
In society, women were dominated by men. They were fated to be satisfied mens’ lust for sex, give birth
to children and bring up them. She had suffered much in married life. Nine of her children died in infancy and
Ezinma was the tenth of them who was the purpose of her life.
Not only she is the most intelligent and confident among Okonkwo’s wives but the most strongest
character in novel. She chased the priest in darkness for the sake of her daughter and sworn even to stand
against the deities.
She had heroic qualities and less weak points in her character through out the novel. Sometimes her
understanding of things and judgment seem more than Okonkwo.
Significance of the title 'Things Fall Apart''Krupali Lewade
The protagonist of the novel starts as a rich and respectable person in a peaceful and organic Igbo society. However, by the end of the novel, the protagonist meets a tragic end and Igbo society falls apart as rituals and culture disappear.
J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls" examines social responsibility through the story of Eva Smith's death. Each member of the upper-class Birling family contributed in some way to Eva's downward spiral, whether it was Mr. Birling firing her, Sheila firing her from another job, Eric impregnating and abandoning her, or Gerald having an affair with her. By the end, the family realizes how their individual actions impacted Eva's life but Mr. Birling refuses to accept responsibility. The play leaves the audience contemplating their own social responsibilities.
Okonkwo as a tragic hero in Things Fall ApartAteeqRana87
The presentation tells about the prerequisites for being a tragic hero and explores the presence of these aspects in central character Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart
The document provides character descriptions and discussion questions for J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls". It includes a character chart to compare Gerald Croft and Eric Birling and their involvement with Eva Smith/Daisy Renton. It also includes discussion points about how Mr. and Mrs. Birling treat Eric and Sheila like children. Finally, it provides a number of comprehension questions to test knowledge about characters, events and quotes from the play.
Psychological Study of Things Fall Apartsolankibinita
1. This document provides biographical information about the author Binita M. Solanki and her paper submitted to Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University on the psychological study of Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe.
2. It analyzes the Igbo culture and cosmology through the lens of Jungian psychology, focusing on how the Igbo strived for individual wholeness.
3. The character of Okonkwo is discussed, including his rise to wealth and status, his tragic flaws of pride and inability to adapt to change, and how his relationship with his father and unconscious desires ultimately led to his tragic demise and suicide at the end
The document provides key quotations from An Inspector Calls that illustrate important themes. [1] The quotations show tensions within the wealthy Birling family as they interact with the inspector who questions their moral responsibility. [2] Many quotations reveal the family's arrogance and lack of care for the working class girl Eva Smith whose death they each contributed to. [3] The inspector's message is that "we are members of one body" and must consider how our actions impact others, contrasting with the family's view of "every man for himself".
The document provides an overview and analysis of the main characters in J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls". It examines each character's role, traits, and how they relate to the key themes of gender stereotypes and social class prejudice in early 20th century England. Mr. Birling is described as traditional, selfish, and overbearing. His wife Sybil is portrayed as snobby and believes herself always right. Their daughter Sheila seems initially spoiled but grows more emotional and able to change. Eric is the black sheep of the family who drinks heavily. Gerald, Sheila's fiancé, represents the next generation of privilege and hypocrisy. Eva Smith, though never seen, is a victim of the
The document provides background information on American author Flannery O'Connor. It discusses her upbringing in Georgia, her education, her writing career, and her battle with lupus. It summarizes two of her short stories, "A Good Man is Hard to Find" and "Good Country People", and notes that O'Connor is regarded as a master of the short story form despite her small body of work consisting of only 31 stories and 2 novels. She wrote about spiritual themes shaped by her Catholic upbringing in the Protestant South and continued writing up until her death from lupus at age 39.
Arthur Birling reacts defensively and aggressively during the interrogation, refusing responsibility. Sheila is initially shocked but accepts guilt, remaining impacted. Birling is unchanged after, prioritizing business over people. Sheila grows sympathetic, learning from the experience.
This document provides an overview and summary of key events and quotes from J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls". It is divided into sections for each act. In Act 1, Inspector Goole questions each member of the Birling family about their involvement with a young woman named Eva Smith who later died. It is revealed that Arthur Birling, Gerald Croft, Eric Birling and Sheila Birling each interacted with Eva Smith in some way that negatively impacted her. In Act 2, more details are revealed about each character's role in Eva Smith's downfall. In Act 3, Eric confesses that his actions led directly to Eva Smith's death, causing great distress among the family. The Inspector's final
Things Fall Apart is a 1958 novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe that centers around Okonkwo, a local wrestler and leader of an Igbo village, and depicts the culture of the Igbo people prior to and during the arrival of British colonialism in Nigeria. The title refers to how Okonkwo's personal world falls apart as British colonialism disrupts and eventually destroys his village's traditional way of life. The novel explores themes of faith, tradition, and colonialism through characters like Okonkwo, his family, and British missionaries who arrive to spread Christianity.
The document analyzes gender dynamics and masculinity in Junot Diaz's works Drown and The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. It discusses how the protagonists Yunior and Oscar, despite sharing a Dominican heritage, develop very different senses of masculinity due to their differing paternal influences. Yunior's negative relationship with his father leads him to have unhealthy views of relationships, while Oscar's lack of a father figure and influence from maternal figures in his life allow him to love in a more tender way. The document examines how these varying paternal presences shape the characters' relationships with women and senses of gender.
The document provides character summaries for the main characters in J.B. Priestley's play An Inspector Calls:
1) Arthur Birling is a wealthy businessman who believes himself above the law as a former magistrate. He is unaware of how his actions affect others and has unrealistic views about social and economic issues.
2) Sybil Birling is a snobbish woman who looks down on those less wealthy. She is a hypocrite who judges others more harshly than her own family.
3) Sheila Birling realizes the tragedy of Eva Smith's story most quickly. She feels responsible for Eva's firing and tries to get the others to acknowledge their faults.
4) Eric Birling is portrayed
Flannery O'Connor was a 20th century American author known for her short stories that blended Southern Gothic fiction with Roman Catholic theology. She was born in 1925 in Georgia to an Irish Catholic family and contracted lupus at age 25. Her illness and early death influenced her focus on themes of mortality, sin, and redemption. As a Catholic and Southerner, her work explored the interaction of divine grace with human frailty and the grotesque aspects of human nature. Though praised for her literary talents, some critics found her direct portrayal of religious themes too simplistic for modern readers. Overall, O'Connor developed a unique Southern Gothic style that incorporated her dual identities as a Catholic believer and a writer of
A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O'Connor (American Short Story) Presen...Wafi Badji
The document provides background information on the American short story and analyzes Flannery O'Connor's short story "A Good Man is Hard to Find." It discusses the rise of the short story form in America in the 19th century. It then summarizes the plot of O'Connor's story, which follows a family driving to Florida who have a car accident and encounter an escaped convict known as The Misfit. Key characters like the grandmother and The Misfit are introduced. The story has a tragic ending involving multiple gunshots.
Kindly find this paper useful in all fields, you can as well share the resource with friends in all learning institutions. This is entirely the my original work. The paper will also be useful in fields like medicine, law and social science.
This document provides a summary and analysis of two short stories - "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin and "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It summarizes the key gender roles depicted in both stories during the late 19th century, with men working outside the home and women confined to domestic duties. Both stories illustrate the negative psychological effects of this, as the women protagonists grow increasingly distressed and mentally unstable within the constraints of their roles. The document analyzes how the stories convey that women were essentially trapped and had no freedom of expression or identity outside of serving their husbands.
The document summarizes several short stories from James Joyce's Dubliners collection. It provides plot summaries and highlights key elements like epiphanies, paralysis, and tone for each story. These include themes of being trapped in stagnant lives and societies in Ireland and characters who are paralyzed and unable to escape their circumstances.
This summary analyzes a document that discusses two short stories: "A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner and "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin. Both stories feature dominant female characters - Emily Grierson and Mrs. Mallard - who live in oppressive patriarchal societies in the late 1800s. When faced with the constraints of their prescribed gender roles, both women find death to be the only solution to their situations. The document provides analysis of how each woman's circumstances led to their tragic endings, with Mrs. Mallard unable to return to her old life after tasting freedom, and Emily embracing her patriarchal role to an extreme degree.
The document discusses three pieces of literature - Not a Genuine Black Man by Brian Copeland, Swaddling Clothes by Yukio Mushima, and Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston. It analyzes them through different lenses: as reflections of their social contexts, in their portrayal of social problems, and in their depictions of gender. All three works shine a light on social issues and relate closely to the societies and time periods from which their authors came.
psychoanalysis on the character of bluest eye12116006
Toni Morrison's novel "The Bluest Eye" features the character of Claudia MacTeer. Claudia developed a strong sense of self from a young age through her mirror stage of development and positive relationship with her mother. She questions social norms and expresses hatred towards symbols of white beauty standards. Claudia uses defense mechanisms to process her community's oppression. She makes quick decisions out of concern for others, such as choosing not to hurt Pecola. Claudia stands out as a mentally strong character despite her young age.
This document provides a summary and analysis of William Faulkner's novel Light in August, focusing on the character of Joe Christmas. It discusses how Christmas struggles with his mixed-race identity in the racist American South. He is traumatized by events in his childhood like being abandoned and mistreated in an orphanage. His quest to understand his racial identity is never-ending and torments him throughout his life. The document analyzes how Faulkner depicts Christmas as representing the trauma of the post-Civil War South and its struggles with racial definitions and hierarchies. It examines how Christmas internalizes and challenges the rigid racial classifications of the town of Jefferson. The document argues Faulkner uses Christmas to represent both
This document provides context and summaries of characters and plot points from J.B. Priestley's play An Inspector Calls. The play is set in 1912 and tells the story of the Birling family, a wealthy industrialist family, who are visited one evening by an inspector investigating the suicide of a young working-class woman named Eva Smith. Through his interrogation of the various family members and their fiancé Gerald Croft, it is revealed that each person's individual actions contributed to Eva's downward spiral and eventual death. The document analyzes the characters, their roles and evolution over the course of the play, as well as Priestley's intentions and themes regarding social responsibility.
Flannery O'Connor was a Southern writer known for her Southern Gothic style that relied on regional settings and grotesque characters. She often explored questions of morality and ethics from a Roman Catholic perspective. After graduating from college, she studied at the Iowa Writers' Workshop and later returned to her family farm in Georgia after being diagnosed with lupus. There, she raised over 100 peacocks and incorporated images of them into her two novels and short stories. Although her body of work was small, she is considered an important American regionalist writer of the Southern Gothic tradition.
Norton Scientific: Invisible Man | ONSUGAR bradkepler
ReeseOathmore's OnSugar Site - Invisible Man is a novel written by Ralph Ellison, and the only one that he published during his lifetime (his other novels were published posthumously). It won him the National Book Award in 1953.
Struggle between spirituality and sexualityfatimasultan12
This document provides an analysis of D.H. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers, focusing on the struggle between spirituality and sexuality experienced by the protagonist Paul Morel. Paul develops an unhealthy attachment to his mother Gertrude, which Freud would describe as an Oedipus complex. This attachment prevents Paul from having normal relationships with other women, like Miriam and Clara. Miriam is too spiritual and soul-absorbing, while Clara demands too much physical intimacy. Ultimately, Paul is torn between his mother's spiritual hold over him and his desire for sexual fulfillment, leaving him unable to have a healthy relationship with either woman.
A Probe into the annals of theatre history to explore and document the produc...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper that probes the theatrical history of productions of Gurcharan Das' play "9 Jakhoo Hill". It documents the various productions of the play to understand the nation's wounds from Partition and subsequent remedies. The paper discusses the playwright and play, and focuses on the 1996 production by the theatre group Yatrik. It details how Yatrik crafted the play through workshops with the playwright and actors. It also describes the casting, rehearsals, and key scenes from the premiere performance in Delhi, highlighting how the production brought the play to life from the printed page. The research aims to fill gaps in documenting performances of Indian plays in English.
Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Critique of Christianity in Petals of Bloodinventionjournals
Ngugi wa thiong’o’s Petals of Blood is an interesting study of Kenyan post-colonial context from a socialist perspective. He not only dissects the opportunistic neo-colonial ruling clique, but also exposes the complicity of Church and Empire in the enterprise of Colonialism. Though the novel is seeped with Biblical allusions and a spiritual journey motif, Ngugi questions the white man’s religion and proclaims the necessity for redefining Christianity from a Blackman’s perspective. He rejects both religion and politics as liberating forces, as both are in collusion with capitalism. He rather roots for revolutionary politics as the means of ushering in meaningful change in the socio-politico-economic and cultural conditions of the masses of the Kenyan people, who comprises of peasants, workers and labourers.
The document provides background information on American author Flannery O'Connor. It discusses her upbringing in Georgia, her education, her writing career, and her battle with lupus. It summarizes two of her short stories, "A Good Man is Hard to Find" and "Good Country People", and notes that O'Connor is regarded as a master of the short story form despite her small body of work consisting of only 31 stories and 2 novels. She wrote about spiritual themes shaped by her Catholic upbringing in the Protestant South and continued writing up until her death from lupus at age 39.
Arthur Birling reacts defensively and aggressively during the interrogation, refusing responsibility. Sheila is initially shocked but accepts guilt, remaining impacted. Birling is unchanged after, prioritizing business over people. Sheila grows sympathetic, learning from the experience.
This document provides an overview and summary of key events and quotes from J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls". It is divided into sections for each act. In Act 1, Inspector Goole questions each member of the Birling family about their involvement with a young woman named Eva Smith who later died. It is revealed that Arthur Birling, Gerald Croft, Eric Birling and Sheila Birling each interacted with Eva Smith in some way that negatively impacted her. In Act 2, more details are revealed about each character's role in Eva Smith's downfall. In Act 3, Eric confesses that his actions led directly to Eva Smith's death, causing great distress among the family. The Inspector's final
Things Fall Apart is a 1958 novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe that centers around Okonkwo, a local wrestler and leader of an Igbo village, and depicts the culture of the Igbo people prior to and during the arrival of British colonialism in Nigeria. The title refers to how Okonkwo's personal world falls apart as British colonialism disrupts and eventually destroys his village's traditional way of life. The novel explores themes of faith, tradition, and colonialism through characters like Okonkwo, his family, and British missionaries who arrive to spread Christianity.
The document analyzes gender dynamics and masculinity in Junot Diaz's works Drown and The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. It discusses how the protagonists Yunior and Oscar, despite sharing a Dominican heritage, develop very different senses of masculinity due to their differing paternal influences. Yunior's negative relationship with his father leads him to have unhealthy views of relationships, while Oscar's lack of a father figure and influence from maternal figures in his life allow him to love in a more tender way. The document examines how these varying paternal presences shape the characters' relationships with women and senses of gender.
The document provides character summaries for the main characters in J.B. Priestley's play An Inspector Calls:
1) Arthur Birling is a wealthy businessman who believes himself above the law as a former magistrate. He is unaware of how his actions affect others and has unrealistic views about social and economic issues.
2) Sybil Birling is a snobbish woman who looks down on those less wealthy. She is a hypocrite who judges others more harshly than her own family.
3) Sheila Birling realizes the tragedy of Eva Smith's story most quickly. She feels responsible for Eva's firing and tries to get the others to acknowledge their faults.
4) Eric Birling is portrayed
Flannery O'Connor was a 20th century American author known for her short stories that blended Southern Gothic fiction with Roman Catholic theology. She was born in 1925 in Georgia to an Irish Catholic family and contracted lupus at age 25. Her illness and early death influenced her focus on themes of mortality, sin, and redemption. As a Catholic and Southerner, her work explored the interaction of divine grace with human frailty and the grotesque aspects of human nature. Though praised for her literary talents, some critics found her direct portrayal of religious themes too simplistic for modern readers. Overall, O'Connor developed a unique Southern Gothic style that incorporated her dual identities as a Catholic believer and a writer of
A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O'Connor (American Short Story) Presen...Wafi Badji
The document provides background information on the American short story and analyzes Flannery O'Connor's short story "A Good Man is Hard to Find." It discusses the rise of the short story form in America in the 19th century. It then summarizes the plot of O'Connor's story, which follows a family driving to Florida who have a car accident and encounter an escaped convict known as The Misfit. Key characters like the grandmother and The Misfit are introduced. The story has a tragic ending involving multiple gunshots.
Kindly find this paper useful in all fields, you can as well share the resource with friends in all learning institutions. This is entirely the my original work. The paper will also be useful in fields like medicine, law and social science.
This document provides a summary and analysis of two short stories - "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin and "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It summarizes the key gender roles depicted in both stories during the late 19th century, with men working outside the home and women confined to domestic duties. Both stories illustrate the negative psychological effects of this, as the women protagonists grow increasingly distressed and mentally unstable within the constraints of their roles. The document analyzes how the stories convey that women were essentially trapped and had no freedom of expression or identity outside of serving their husbands.
The document summarizes several short stories from James Joyce's Dubliners collection. It provides plot summaries and highlights key elements like epiphanies, paralysis, and tone for each story. These include themes of being trapped in stagnant lives and societies in Ireland and characters who are paralyzed and unable to escape their circumstances.
This summary analyzes a document that discusses two short stories: "A Rose for Emily" by William Faulkner and "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin. Both stories feature dominant female characters - Emily Grierson and Mrs. Mallard - who live in oppressive patriarchal societies in the late 1800s. When faced with the constraints of their prescribed gender roles, both women find death to be the only solution to their situations. The document provides analysis of how each woman's circumstances led to their tragic endings, with Mrs. Mallard unable to return to her old life after tasting freedom, and Emily embracing her patriarchal role to an extreme degree.
The document discusses three pieces of literature - Not a Genuine Black Man by Brian Copeland, Swaddling Clothes by Yukio Mushima, and Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston. It analyzes them through different lenses: as reflections of their social contexts, in their portrayal of social problems, and in their depictions of gender. All three works shine a light on social issues and relate closely to the societies and time periods from which their authors came.
psychoanalysis on the character of bluest eye12116006
Toni Morrison's novel "The Bluest Eye" features the character of Claudia MacTeer. Claudia developed a strong sense of self from a young age through her mirror stage of development and positive relationship with her mother. She questions social norms and expresses hatred towards symbols of white beauty standards. Claudia uses defense mechanisms to process her community's oppression. She makes quick decisions out of concern for others, such as choosing not to hurt Pecola. Claudia stands out as a mentally strong character despite her young age.
This document provides a summary and analysis of William Faulkner's novel Light in August, focusing on the character of Joe Christmas. It discusses how Christmas struggles with his mixed-race identity in the racist American South. He is traumatized by events in his childhood like being abandoned and mistreated in an orphanage. His quest to understand his racial identity is never-ending and torments him throughout his life. The document analyzes how Faulkner depicts Christmas as representing the trauma of the post-Civil War South and its struggles with racial definitions and hierarchies. It examines how Christmas internalizes and challenges the rigid racial classifications of the town of Jefferson. The document argues Faulkner uses Christmas to represent both
This document provides context and summaries of characters and plot points from J.B. Priestley's play An Inspector Calls. The play is set in 1912 and tells the story of the Birling family, a wealthy industrialist family, who are visited one evening by an inspector investigating the suicide of a young working-class woman named Eva Smith. Through his interrogation of the various family members and their fiancé Gerald Croft, it is revealed that each person's individual actions contributed to Eva's downward spiral and eventual death. The document analyzes the characters, their roles and evolution over the course of the play, as well as Priestley's intentions and themes regarding social responsibility.
Flannery O'Connor was a Southern writer known for her Southern Gothic style that relied on regional settings and grotesque characters. She often explored questions of morality and ethics from a Roman Catholic perspective. After graduating from college, she studied at the Iowa Writers' Workshop and later returned to her family farm in Georgia after being diagnosed with lupus. There, she raised over 100 peacocks and incorporated images of them into her two novels and short stories. Although her body of work was small, she is considered an important American regionalist writer of the Southern Gothic tradition.
Norton Scientific: Invisible Man | ONSUGAR bradkepler
ReeseOathmore's OnSugar Site - Invisible Man is a novel written by Ralph Ellison, and the only one that he published during his lifetime (his other novels were published posthumously). It won him the National Book Award in 1953.
Struggle between spirituality and sexualityfatimasultan12
This document provides an analysis of D.H. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers, focusing on the struggle between spirituality and sexuality experienced by the protagonist Paul Morel. Paul develops an unhealthy attachment to his mother Gertrude, which Freud would describe as an Oedipus complex. This attachment prevents Paul from having normal relationships with other women, like Miriam and Clara. Miriam is too spiritual and soul-absorbing, while Clara demands too much physical intimacy. Ultimately, Paul is torn between his mother's spiritual hold over him and his desire for sexual fulfillment, leaving him unable to have a healthy relationship with either woman.
A Probe into the annals of theatre history to explore and document the produc...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper that probes the theatrical history of productions of Gurcharan Das' play "9 Jakhoo Hill". It documents the various productions of the play to understand the nation's wounds from Partition and subsequent remedies. The paper discusses the playwright and play, and focuses on the 1996 production by the theatre group Yatrik. It details how Yatrik crafted the play through workshops with the playwright and actors. It also describes the casting, rehearsals, and key scenes from the premiere performance in Delhi, highlighting how the production brought the play to life from the printed page. The research aims to fill gaps in documenting performances of Indian plays in English.
Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Critique of Christianity in Petals of Bloodinventionjournals
Ngugi wa thiong’o’s Petals of Blood is an interesting study of Kenyan post-colonial context from a socialist perspective. He not only dissects the opportunistic neo-colonial ruling clique, but also exposes the complicity of Church and Empire in the enterprise of Colonialism. Though the novel is seeped with Biblical allusions and a spiritual journey motif, Ngugi questions the white man’s religion and proclaims the necessity for redefining Christianity from a Blackman’s perspective. He rejects both religion and politics as liberating forces, as both are in collusion with capitalism. He rather roots for revolutionary politics as the means of ushering in meaningful change in the socio-politico-economic and cultural conditions of the masses of the Kenyan people, who comprises of peasants, workers and labourers.
Searching for the relationship between secondary schools students' motivation...inventionjournals
This study aims to search students' science learning motivation in relation with some variables (such as having a separate study room at home and a personal computer) and the effect of motivational factors on students' science achievement. In the study, descriptive corelational survey model has been used to examine students' motivation in relation with some variables and to search the relationship between students' science learning motivation and their TEOG exam scores. The sample of the study consisted of 232 8th grade students attending 3 state secondary schools in Kahramanmaraş during 2013-2014 academic year. Students' motivation level has been determined by administering SMTSL. Students' average scores of the TEOG exam have been considered as their science achievement. The findings show that female students’ motivation level is higher than the male students. In addition, it has been observed that female students’ motivation is higher in sub-categories of active learning strategies, science learning value and achievement goal. There is a direct relationship between the students’ motivation and their TEOG scores. This shows that students with higher levels of motivation have higher success in TEOG.
Handloom Cluster of India: A Case Study Santipur Handloom Clusterinventionjournals
Handloom industry is the largest cottage industry providing widest avenues for employment opportunities, next to agriculture, prime thrust has been given to implementation of schemes for promotion and development of handloom & Khadi sectors. From the beginning „co-operative‟ has been considered to be the ideal infrastructural institution for implementation of various schemes for development of decentralised cottage industry like handlooms. Almost all schemes are therefore formulated co-operative oriented. Emphasis has also been laid upon formation of co-operatives with handloom weavers. Handlooms are a key element of the West Bengal economy. The Handloom Census of 1987-88 indicated West Bengal population of handloom weavers at 1246005, with 3,38,499 looms. Of this, almost 23% were members of the poorer and relatively disadvantaged Scheduled Castes (SC) and Other Backward Class(OBC). Amongst the population of weavers almost 80% worked on a full-time basis as weavers, and the industry provided direct employment to 304845 persons. As per census conducted by the Ministry of Textiles, Govt of India in 1995-96, in West Bengal there are 3,50,994 handlooms providing direct and indirect employment to about 6,66,514 persons. Here the study focused on the emergence of the Santipur Handloom Cluster and how it works, production process, Status of Weavers & Income level are analyzed critically
A Pilot Didactic Unit as a Support to the History Subjectinventionjournals
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RUNNING HEAD SINGLE CHARACTER ANALYSIS Rough Dr.docxjeffsrosalyn
RUNNING HEAD: SINGLE CHARACTER ANALYSIS
Rough Draft and Working Thesis
Jadah Arrington
ENG130-2
Colorado State University – Global Campus
Dr. Stone Meredith
November 2, 2019
1
RUNNING HEAD: SINGLE CHARACTER ANALYSIS
Single Character Analysis
The book “Things Fall Apart” by Chinua Achebe published in 1958 simulates a story
about the pre-colonial life in Nigeria. The story revolves around a strong cultural community
with an individual with bad karma following his way leading to his demise and the penetration
by the White colonists that started eroding the rich culture of the community. The paper will
revolve around Okonkwo who is the main protagonist in the story. The character has the best
interests of the community because he was seeking to become one of the lords of the community
someday … “to become one of the lords of the clan” but his actions did not allow him. The
character is full of pride, hard work, violence and anger (Achebe, 2017). It is evident that in
chapters 14 and 17 Okonkwo is not at peace with his outcomes after having to leave his
community after killing his adopted son. In addition, his other son Nwoye was proving a burden
and failure because he was not following his father’s ways and interests.
The character is one of the most complicated and sophisticated characters with the best
track record. The book portrays Okonkwo as someone who will not back away from a fight as
long as it does not reflect poorly on his character. The individual hated his father and son
because of being poor, lazy and more into the music stuff that were not good for a man of the
society. The activities made it a challenge for the character to have any association to such traits
and instead worked hard and violent believing that it was the way a man should act. The
character comes off as a know it all person that would like to stand tall in all meeting
congregations and be heard just because it would fulfil his ego and those watching.
2
RUNNING HEAD: SINGLE CHARACTER ANALYSIS
The story is reflective to the main character because his actions tend to dictate the
outcome of the book and the whole community. The author lets the story of the main character
and that of the deeper meaning also simulate with the traits of the main character. It is evident in
the chapters; Okonkwo is not satisfactory with the farming and was almost giving up on the
practice because he is used to have his way and almost immediate outcomes …“Okonkwo works
hard on his new farm but with less enthusiasm than he had the first time around (Achebe,
2017)”. On the other hand, he believes he is a failure and it eats him away because his son is not
anything reflective to his character and thus despises him. The book itself focuses on a
community that is losing its culture to the White colonialists despite standing tall and trying to
salvage it and still ended up collaborating.
This document summarizes the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. It discusses that the novel was published in 1958 and chronicles pre-colonial Igbo society in Nigeria and the introduction of British colonialism. It describes the traditional Igbo social structure, gender roles, and religious beliefs centered around natural phenomena. It also analyzes how characters like Okonkwo are driven by fears and how the notion of free will is challenged by events outside of their control.
1. Okonkwo returns to his village of Umuofia after a seven-year exile, but finds that colonial influence has changed his people and culture.
2. A new missionary, Reverend Smith, has replaced the more tolerant Mr. Brown and seeks to aggressively convert the villagers to Christianity.
3. Okonkwo struggles to understand the new ways and resists the colonial influence, seeing it as a threat to all he has worked for in maintaining the traditional Igbo culture.
things fall a part themes and character Chintan Patel
Rigid social structure ; which isolates and sequesters the OSU, those whom the Igbo society cannot contain within its , ‘system of classification ’
The further fragmentation of the igbo community, , owing to the rigid demarcation between a man’s and a woman's role in the tribe
They go wrestle, celebrate festivals , go to war, while women stay at home
The overconfidence of the tribal in his attitude toward the new religion “EVANGELCAL CHRISTIANITY ”
The lack of unity in tribal’s response to threat posed by the new order and religion
Post-structuralist analysis of bluest eyeMahima Zaman
The document analyzes Toni Morrison's novel The Bluest Eye using post-structuralist theories. It discusses how the themes of beauty and ugliness profoundly impact the characters, especially Pecola, who internalizes society's standards of white beauty. Pecola's lack of self-esteem stems from her family's neglect and the community's rejection. The document also provides a Marxist analysis of Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, discussing how Igbo culture emphasized competition and material possessions like yams that determined status, casting out those who failed to conform.
THINGS FALL APART Essay
Things Fall Apart Essay
Things fall apart essay
Things Fall Apart
Things fall apart
Things Fall Apart Essay
Things Fall Apart
Things Fall Apart
Things Fall Apart
The document discusses whether Okonkwo from Things Fall Apart is a tragic hero or a coward. It provides context about Okonkwo's respected status in the tribe. As the colonial government asserts more control, Okonkwo's anxiety and hatred grow. When he kills a messenger, he is imprisoned. In a moment of humiliation, he hangs himself, representing both his personal downfall and the collapse of Umuofia's traditional culture.
The document discusses several themes in Things Fall Apart including:
1) Gender roles which were very structured in traditional Igbo society, with women seen as the weaker sex but also bearing children, while men provided materially and showed prowess in battle.
2) Religion centered around nature gods and ancestral spirits who were consulted for decisions and served as judges, contrasting with Christianity's single God.
3) Respect and reputation being extremely important for men, gained through bravery, wrestling, and large yam harvests, with Okonkwo overly concerned about his reputation.
4) Family being a key unit based on mutual respect, reverence for past fathers, and unity, with defined roles of fathers defending honor
All Quiet on the Western Front Essay - A-Level English - Marked by .... “Paul’s changes through out all Quiet on the Western Front” Essay .... "All Quiet on the Western Front". - A-Level English - Marked by .... essay examples: All Quiet On The Western Front Essay. All Quiet On The Western Front Essays. ᐅ Essays On All Quiet on the Western Front
The document summarizes key themes, motifs, and symbols in Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart. The major themes are: 1) the struggle between tradition and cultural change in the village, 2) varying interpretations of masculinity as seen through Okonkwo's character, and 3) the role of language and cultural differences. Important motifs include chi, animal imagery, and fire symbolizing Okonkwo's anger. Key symbols are locusts representing colonizers and fire representing Okonkwo's destructive rage.
Things Fall Apart is a novel written by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. Published in 1958, its story chronicles pre-colonial life in the south-eastern part of Nigeria and the arrival of the Europeans during the late nineteenth century.
Women’s Victimization in Buchi Emecheta’s ‘The Joys of Motherhood’Anjali Rathod
The document summarizes Buchi Emecheta's novel "The Joys of Motherhood" and analyzes themes of women's victimization. It discusses how Nnu Ego faces oppression through Nigeria's patriarchal traditions which expect her to be a mother. As her first husband takes a second wife due to her inability to conceive, she experiences subjugation within the polygamous system. The difficult working conditions women face in Lagos further victimize Nnu Ego as she does petty trading to support her family. The novel exposes how cultural practices like polygamy gave men power over women.
This document provides an analysis of John Steinbeck's novella "Of Mice and Men" and how it depicts themes of isolation. It discusses how in the novella, certain characters like Candy, Crooks, and Curley's wife experience isolation and loneliness due to factors like their age, race, or gender. These divisions in society are examined as reasons why isolation occurs. The document also contrasts this with the theme of isolation in the song "Alone" by I Prevail, which depicts a more personal emotional isolation following the abandonment of a loved one. Overall, the document analyzes how Steinbeck's novella and the song both explore the universal theme of isolation but in different contexts.
Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is set in 1890s Nigeria and depicts the clash between European colonialism and Igbo culture. The main character, Okonkwo, strives to be the opposite of his father through hard work and masculinity defined by aggression, anger, and violence. However, his tragic flaw leads to his downfall when he kills a clansman, violating the Week of Peace. The novel explores Igbo traditions and oral storytelling, as well as the differing perspectives of Okonkwo, his son Nwoye, and daughter Ezinma on masculinity and the arrival of European missionaries.
Similar to Homicides and Suicide are the Effect of the Embryonic Psychology of the Protagonist in Things Fall Apart. (15)
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
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3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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Homicides and Suicide are the Effect of the Embryonic Psychology of the Protagonist in Things Fall Apart.
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 1 ||January. 2016 || PP.01-11
www.ijhssi.org 1 | P a g e
Homicides and Suicide are the Effect of the Embryonic
Psychology of the Protagonist in Things Fall Apart.
Nusrat Rikza
Lecturer, Dept. of English, North East University, Bangladesh.
Abstract: Things Fall Apart witnesses a series of crimes committed by the protagonist raises a question on the
infantile development of the protagonist. The death of Ikemefuna and the native missionary and committing
suicide by the protagonist ultimately hits the ethical periphery to Okonkow‟s clan as well as to the world.The
death seems to Okonkwo, a kind of solution and sometimes death seems a matter of glorification and self-
gratification from the doer‟s own logical point of view. The contradictory relationship between the rigid social
structure and his father figure strike the pre-mature stage of Okonkwo‟s life that is ultimately
responsibleforproducingan autocratichero before the family and the clan. The aim of this article is to focus on
Okonkwo‟s childhood psychology which is responsiblefor committing two murders and suicidal action in his
life. For the purpose of investigating the serial intentionalmurders and the suicide, the paper highlights
Okonkwo‟s parental bonding, family condition and socialization to have a clear view on the connection between
infantile psychology and the reason of homicides and suicide. The further reading of this study presents the
causes; those are accused to have Okonkwo‟s disrupt mental setup at the embryonic stage of life.
Keywords: embryonic, psychology, weakness, failure, homicide.
I. Introduction
The aim of this paper is to focuson the embryonic psychology of the protagonist in Things Fall
Apartwhich is the cause of the death of Ikemefuna, the adopted son of Okonkwo, a missionary and the
protagonist himself.In this paper the words weakness and failure have been used frequently in order to emphasis
the importance and significance of those words on the premature and mature stage of life of the protagonist. In
other way it can be stated that the protagonist, Okonkwo‘s whole life is confined and threatened for his
nervousness towards weakness and failure. In order to avoid these two features from his life Okonkwo embraces
masculinity and through which ‗His fame rested on solid personal achievement‘ and he becomes an egocentric.
To be a successful man and to display prowess become the main concern of the protagonist in the novel and it is
a personal concept that is intensified gradually in the notionof the protagonistfrom the primary stage of his
life.The effect of the child psychology is so deepened that it becomes the cause of violenceand tragedyin the
novel. The suppression of emotions makes Okonkwo an iron man outwardly and irrational unjustified rage is
responsible for the extreme sufferings of his life and the reason for the death of others. Frustration and
unsecured social life compel the protagonist to mobilize his attitude according to the way of the community.The
Umoufian community, where the protagonist has been brought up, provides social respect and honor to those
who achieve success through hard physical labor and who become financially secured. Because of humiliation
and social desertion of his father in society produces an infirmity in the world of Okonkwo‘s earlier stage of life.
Okonkwo, in his childhood, is unable to mark success and strength in his father‘s character which are socially
desirable and admirable in Umoufia. And his immature early stage of life adopts a decision to generate a life by
suppressing all the features of his father‘s behavior especially weak physical and psychological features because
toOkonkwo,those features are responsible for Unoka‘s failure in community.Consequently since the childhood
revulsion is developed towards weakness and failure and suppressionis traced in Okonkwo‘s personality towards
all womanly sentiments and weakness (physical). Okonkwo‘s hatred towards weakness and failure is so
profound that he fails to repress the irrational rage whenever and wherever he faces these two things in his
life.Okonkwo‘s every action of his daily life is motivated by the thought of avoiding weakness and failure and
establishing machismo.Okonkwo‘schildhood experienceabout his father‘s life strikes the pre-matured mindset of
the protagonist and throughout the following life; he is powerless to break the shackle of anxiety of appearing
weak before weakness and failure. The extreme blast of Okonkwo‘s infantile internal fear becomes the reason of
the extremeviolence in Things Fall Apart. The death of Ikemefune takes place before the pre-colonial era is the
consequence of the uncontrollable temper of the protagonist elevated when he faces a challenge to restore
themotto of life; not to surrender to weakness. The next intentional homicide and suicide occur in the colonial
era at thetime when tribal unity has been started to break downand the tribe becomes weak and frail under the
domination of colonialism. It is dreadful for him to endure a life like poor, coward and a failure like Unoka
whom is hated by Okonkwothroughout his whole life.
2. Homicides and Suicide are the Effect of the Embryonic…
www.ijhssi.org 2 | P a g e
The childhood experience ultimately determines the protagonist‘sactions tothe next phase of his life
and the protagonist takes own logic and rational thought over the incidents. The aim of this article is to
concentrate on the cause of homicides and suicidal action in the novel and highlights the correlated issues
regarding the cause. The further reading of this paper is on the psychological interpretation of the childhood
experience of the protagonist along with concentrationon the father son relationship and impact of rigid social
structure on individual lifecycle.
II. Parental Bonding
Homicides and suicide committed by the protagonist in the novel is deeply predisposed by the thought
of the weak character of his father. Anti-empathized, anti-feminist attitude, ambition, strict determination,
irrational rage and the exhibition of physical strength have been developed in Okonkwo‘s character for his
revulsion to his childhood experience. This revulsion is derived mainly from his father weak personality that he
observes in earlier days. The crimes done in Things Fall Apart when Okonkwo rationalizes, in his own way, the
present situation with the past childhood memories. The memories of Okonkwo‘s earlier stage are prejudiced for
his improper rationalization on equaling the values of his father and tribal standards. He starts to hate what his
father is since Unoka‘s character and his way of life are not properly accepted according to Igbo culture. The
extreme hatred towards his father actually prompts Okonkwo to act the intentional crimes in the novel. It is
important in this paper to have a view on the both characters, namely Okonkwo and Unoka, and their
relationship of the protagonist‘s earlier days of life as Okonkwo‘s extreme rage and violent actions are the
reflection of the infantile remembrance of life.
Unoka, the father of Okonkwo, does not have a good physic. He is tall but lean and thin. Because of his less
physical ability, he is out of occupation. He is lazy and useless. That‘s why; he cannot support his family
financially. Poverty becomes the part and parcel of his family life. He doesn‘t have ambition and future plan of
his life; he is self-satisfied with minimum standards. Igbo traditional strict ethics do not fascinate him,
accordingly he is far away from cultivation of land and production of yam barn, have only one wife and earn no
title in his life. He likes to drink wine and borrowing money from his neighbors. Like his physical structure,
Unoka is also weak psychologically. He is a coward and is afraid of blood-shed. He is never happy when he
comes to hear about wars. He changes the topic and talks about music since he takes much interest in music. On
the other hand, Okonkwo embraces physical and psychological strength unlike his father. He is tall and
courageous and he looks frightening with bushy eyebrows and wide nose. He is a‗flaming fire‘ and whenever he
gets annoyed with someone, he uses his fists out of his rage than his words. Unoka has no contribution to his
son‘s achievements, what Okonkwo gains in his life; he gains through his own accomplishment. He has no
patience with unsuccessful man as he has no patience with his father. Unlike his father, Okonkwo loves war
because he thinks that war is a perfect place to display masculinity and courage and it is a matter of prestige and
means of possessing power in Igbo culture.He is a well-known wrestler throughout the nine villages. He earns
honor and position in society with hard physical labor and is able to have two barns with full of Yams and three
wives and has taken two titles. All things have been possible in Okonkwo‘s life for his indomitable desire to
evade the shadow of his father from his life. But his matured life is influenced by the thought his father weak
physical and lacking of psychological strength. But the indomitable dream of authoritative future life and to
ensure an autocratic vision both in domestic and tribal aspect are the production from the childhood thought as
he believes his father‘s weakness and idealness are responsible for the miseries of his primary stage of life.
Poverty and hardship are accompanied by Okonkwo in infantile to survive in the Igboan rigid social structure.
Hard and rude reality and sufferings during the period of his childhood make Okonkwo determined and
ambitious at the same time. He in his later life becomes a man of high-determined, self-centered and isolated
person. Like physical weakness, Okonkwo hates womanly emotion, to him it is a kind of weakness and it should
be controlled to prove manliness. Anti-empathized is also noticed in his character that Okonkwo considers as
manly quality, so he does not like to show any sympathy towards the victims. It happens because during his
development he sees Unoka is afraid of blood and warfare that mark him a mentally weak person. Gentleness is
a positive abstract quality that Unoka possesses. But Okonkwo begins to hate all the good qualities along with
undesirable qualities that his father has. Rather he adds in his character strictness, boldness and harshness and it
is his own rational thought to increase in the character irrational rage with violent approach. The reason of
exercising all those powers in Okonkwo‘s matured life gradually shapes him irrationalized, narrow minded and
inflexible on the thought of welcoming something new and prove him defenseless when the assassinating have
been taken place . Okonkwo is portrayed as a typical traditional Igbo fellow who learns rude Igbo traditional
values only apart from polite soft manners. This is because Okonkwo determines to overcome his father‘s
lacking of strength and to forget his failure to display competence that he experiences during his boyhood. The
exaggeration of exercising those powers separates him from humanistic qualities and he becomes isolated and
‗flaming fire‘ in Umuofia. Everyone in the clan fears Okonkwo. On the other hand, Okonkwo fears himself lest
he or his family should face evil days as his father does.
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When he is a little boy, he shows no patience to his father‘s weakness and failure. It is an unendurable
experience in his childhood when a playmate regards his father as ‗Agbala‘. So he hates everything what his
father loves. In critical situations at the moment of the death of Ikemefuna and white man‘s messenger and the
thought of suicide arise in his life Okonkwo‘s first target is to protect long nourished ego and the expulsion the
poor father image from his memory, and he never consider the life-value of the victims.
Okonkwo’s Pressurized Childhood and Next Life:
As the elders said if a child washed his hands he could eat with kings. Okonkwo had clearly washed his hands
and so he ate with kings and elders.
(Things Fall Apart, p.6)
Okonkwo seems to be motivated by this code of Igbo culture. Igbo culture emphasizes on individual
achievement, reputation, alternative prestige goals and paths of action, a tendency towards democratic headship,
heritage and clan groups, extended family system, age council, secret societies, etc. Prowess and masculinity are
the symbols ofpower and prideof Igbo culture and Okonkwo is brought upunder this social
structure.Okonkwo‘sinfantile sensibility is challenged when his father‘sfailure are shattered underneath the rigid
communal system because of his less contribution to society. So he becomes a military elder empowered to
suppress his own emotion except anger and fury and displaying physical strength. Forthese two
featuresOkonkwogrows into a terrifying figure to the eyes of his family as well as his community. Weakness
and failure these two things are greatly hated and repressed by the protagonist. It is a type of phobia that
develops in him during his childhood and he cannot avoid anger and fear whenever he faces his masculinity is
being tested because of weakness.The two murders and a suicidal event have been narrated in the novel and both
are responsible for suppressing his internal fear of being weak and meet failure, though the time and
environment are not same. One is happened in the pre-colonial era and the next two are occurred in the colonial
period. But everywhere the cause remains same, not to appear weak and failure. Absconding tendency from
facing weakness and failure, in the novel, compels Okonkwo to killIkemefuna and the messenger and to commit
suicide. Okonkwo is determined to conquer power, pride and prowess (triple p) since his childhood and it grows
stronger day by day when he experiences the futile and dishonored life of this father in Igbo culture. In the
middle of his age, Okonkwo becomes a successful elder in his clan owner a huge farm, having three wives and
two titles and relishing tribal respect. According to the novel, it is possible only because he is able to evade the
shadow of his father from his life. Okonkwo‘s anti-affiliation to his father affects the pre-matured mindset of
the protagonist‘s childhood forms his violent, ambitious and egoistic behavior in the matured level. He wants to
rise above his father‘s legacy of spendthrift, indolent behavior, which he views as weak and therefore
effeminate. In his childhood he sees his father is an identity less clan fellow who gets no power, no respect and
no funeral even after his death. In order to achieve an ambitious life unlike his father, Okonkwo tries hard to be
an iron man both internally and externally with a view to subduing the fear of weakness and a failure life.
In his heart Okonkwo was not a cruel man. But his whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and of
weakness. It was deeper and more intimate than the fear of evil and capricious gods and of magic, the fear of
the forest, and of nature, malevolent, red in tooth and claw. Okonkwo‟s fear was greater than these. It was not
external, but lay deep within himself. It was the fear of himself, lest he should be found to resemble his
father.Even as a little boy he had resented his father‟s failure and weakness, and even now he still remembered
how he had suffered when a playmate had told him that his father was agbala. That was how Okonkwo first
came to know that agbala was not only another name for a woman, it could also mean a man who had taken on
title. And so Okonkwo was ruled by one passion – to hate everything that his father Unoka had loved. One of
those things was gentleness and another was idleness.
(Things Fall Apart, p.9)
He is governed by fear, though he guards consciously not to leak out the tendency of displaying fear -- a
profound fear of being deemed weak and feminine, like his father. Essentially, Okonkwo fears nothing but
himself. Repression respectful attitude towards the traits of womanhood e.g. showing emotions and affections as
his father is called agbala (woman). But he nurtures extreme hatred towards his father and gentleness and
idleness that his father loves, gradually transforms him into hard and cruel outwardly.
In Things Fall Apart, Igbo social structure and Okonkwo‘s father figure areparadoxical forces; Igbo society is
very rude and rigid in its form whereas Unoka, Okonkwo‘s father, is quixotic and impractical in his attitude
towards lifein comparing Igbo culture. In his childhood, Okonkwo is greatly disappointed and dissatisfied with
his father‘s deeds and manners and for that Okonkwo has barely accepted what his father is. He has been grown
up in such a communal environment where an ‗individual‘ gets the less priority, but the social conditions and
values are measured first. Okonkwo‘s childhood thought about his father character is paralyzed and those pre-
matured ideas derive from the communal principles and ultimately firm a stubborn look to a group of people
who possess the features similar to his father. Okonkwo‘s fractional and partial judgment towards his father‘s
life and deedsmotivates him to intensifyhis meditation on masculinity and rudeness to his future personality. His
determination to achieve higher social status in Umuofiacomes to be the object of repression of personal
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emotion and passion. A man enjoys all pleasures in Igbo culture only if the conditions are fulfilled imposed by
the society though it is hard to perform. In Things fall Apart, Achebe paints a vivid picture of the Igbo culture
and its traditional inflexibility and some social exercises like the informal trainingthrough how fathers groom
their boys to grow up as men, bold, courageous, audacious and fearless. But unfortunately in Okonkwo‘s
childhood, he fails to experience those schooling from his father. To his eyes, his father figure becomes a
repugnant image and in his later life, he circumvents tremendously the presence of the image of his father in
other‘s character as well in him. Even he himself prevents extremely showing physical weakness and ‗womanly‘
passion which is characterized by his father, Unoka. In order to avoid being weak, Okonkwo snatches the life of
his adopted son Ikefemuna in the middle of the story and kills a missionary committing suicide by himself at the
end of the story. He is defeated in those actions to weakness and afraid of being catastrophic. The aim of the
article is to open the field on the childhood experiences of the protagonist that affects him psychologically in
later life and destined to act irrationally that caused the death of Ikemafuna, the missionary and killing himself.
A depression is traced in Okonkwo‘s child conviction when he faces that his father is a failure in his life for his
inability to rise in community. The consequence of this depression makes its full expression in his old age when
the protagonist in the novel is extremely concerned with to be a hyper-masculine figure and devalues everything
feminine, leaving him rather unbalanced in his thought and approach. Manliness is the concept that he learns
from his own tribal practice, but he links masculinity with aggression and feels that anger is the only emotion
that should be exhibited. But the tribal masculine concept is misinterpreted in Okonkwo‘s childhood mindset. In
Igbo community the exhibition of masculinity is important for collective strength, to save tribal freedom from
the outside invasions and to secure man‘s position higher than womanhood. But to Okonkwo‘s masculinity is a
kind of personal resistance to guard his iron image in front of the community. Anaspect that hastens the decline
of the traditional Igbo society is the custom of marginalizing some of their people —less status who become
physically weak and keeping subservient in their household and community involvement. But it does not mean
that in Igbo practice masculinity interrupts collective community interest and breaks religious peace that results
compensation a lot as punishment. But masculinity with its envelopment with aggression and repressing
universal emotional features definitely draws someone‘s tragic fate and Ikemefuna is the victim of the violence.
The root of this violence in the novel is the result of the protagonist passed depression that he experiences in his
infantile.
Social rejection of Unoka‘s position in community increases Okonkwo‘s hatred towards his father and that
intensifies his effort of self-imposed military nature. In order to preserve that ‗fake‘ armor around his character
at his matured stage, he continuously pretends to be rude and hard in expression which Okonkwo considers as a
symbol of masculine identities. He consciously preserves masculinity and unconsciously afraid of appearing
weak and failure. So why, wheneverthere is confrontation between reality and intuition, he feels nervous
breakdown and inept to meet up the situation which are responsible for his violent outburst of anger that
destines the extreme crimes of the world.
III. The Death of Ikemefuna:
As the man who had cleared his throat drew up and raised his machete, Okonkwo looked away. He heard the
blow. The pot fell and broke in the sand. He heard Ikemefuna cry, “My father, they have killed me!” as he ran
towards him. Dazed with fear, Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down. He was afraid of being thought
weak.
(Things Fall Apart, p. 43)
It is the most awkward situation in the novel when the protagonist has to establish a firm mindset in order to
secure his lifelong achieved distinctiveness. Okonkwo andIkemefunafeel fear what is about to come when
hearing the man so mysteriously clear his throat.Okonkwofeels like warning through his nerve that this is
something wrong that is going to be happened, but when the moment comes, he kills his adopted son. Ikemefuna
and Okonkwo‘s fears are contrasted here. Ikemefuna fears the men with machetes and death, both of which he
has no control over. Okonkwo, on the other hand, fears losing his sense of masculinity – an internal fear which
he could control, but instead gives into. It intensifies the notion that violent action is the result of surroundings
pressure around him succumb his internal capability of controlling superego. To his self- made personality
becomes the reason of the killing of Ikemefuna. The dominant past memories encounters current demand of
Okonkwo‘s surroundings leads to the ultimate death of his twelve year old adopted son, Ikemefuna.
The UnderscoredFacts at the Moment of the First Thoughtful Homicide:
i) Okonkwo is very conscious about the communitycustomary and the people around it who consider him
worthy and mightier. It is prestigious to Okonkwo to lead tribe in war and chief social involvement with
important issues. It is hard-labor achievement which he does not want to disrupt so easily.He honors and cares
Ikemefuna more than his son because he sees his own shadow in him, but he is ready to sacrifice the father son
bond when he faces challenged to protect his masculinity. That is externally cruel, but inwardly complex part of
Okonkwo‘s character where he is unable to conquer his tremble panic to be weak.
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ii) Okonkwo‘s negative intension of performing weak; the entity he follows from his childhood. During the
time, Okonkwo considers his position in the clan and through the violent action he justifies his own position.
Here he ‗consciously‘ guards his well-developed character, but ‗unconsciously‘ he is defeated by the fear of
weakness.
iii) Okonkwo thinks the situation as a kind of crisis and considers death is the ultimate solution of the crisis.
The crisis appears when Ikemefunahungers forhis life and begsOkonkwo to save his life. Ikemefuna thinks
Okonkwo as his father as well as savior but Okonkwo becomes the savior of his own ‗self‘ and finds death
would be the final solution of this acute moment.
Okonkwo worships nothing else but his masculine power along with his arrogant expression. He makes a shield
around him in order to protect him to be weak and failure. He builds a self-made artificial identity in the clan
and for that he deliberatelywithdraws the emotion and passion in his life. He is aware of hiding those emotional
feelings but it is clear that the internal fear of becoming weak is never insuppressible. In the novel, Okonkwo‘s
childhood is mainly covered up through the description of his father character and the relationship between
father and son. In Okonkwo‘s childhood the author mainly focuses on the father son relationshipin
whichUnoka‘s simple but futile life is portrayed and the author also shows Okonkwo‘shatred towards his father
that develops during his childhood through the reflection of the conflicting reality of idealized social standard
and his father‘s failure to be an idealized according to community culture. He, from that time, decides to be a
successful man of the clan. Successful is the word is misinterpreted in the undeveloped psychology of
Okonkwo. In order to be a successful man, he ignores all the features of his father including good qualities such
as gentleness and tenderness of his life. His extreme hatred towardsthe ‗weaknesses and ‗failure‘ determines his
action inhisfollowing life.
IV. The Death of Missionary:
Again, to Okonkwo, death is the ultimate solution, the solution of avoiding weakness and failure in
front of the colonialism. He believes that the clan‘s unique identity will be disseminated if colonialism continues
long. Basic unit of society, family, at first, suffers a lot because of the colonial bearing. The impact of the
colonial power sweeps away clan‘s family attachment and the collecting manpower through religion and
western schooling by the missionaries actually breaks the basic bone of the society. Again, according to social
pathology, if one part of the society is unable to meet up the changing challenge, eventually it produces an effect
on the other parts of society and imbalances the social structure. Igbo culture is not an exceptional since it is
disturbed extremely by the presence of the colonial power. It hits domestic bonding at first and subsequently the
collective Igbo authority. Okonkwoknows that under the shadow of colonization, the Umuofian unity will be
demolished forever. The Ibo people carry out the various traditions that have been passed down from their
ancestors for centuries ago to everyday lives. These traditions or customs that come in the form of funeral
ceremonies, one‘s manners, rites of passage, and more are the backbone of the Ibo culture. They bring the tribe
closer by allowing the people to come together and take part in activities as a group. Okonkwo knows in the
colonial era, under the supremacy of the colonial power the clan would be fragmented, identity less, broken,
coward, weak because of lacking unity and a ‗failure‘ like his father Unoka who is, to Okonkwo, the symbol of
weakness and failure. His personal frustration deepens on Nwoya‘s acceptance of Christianity and his departure
from his clan and breaks ties with parental bonding. It is unbearable for Okonkwo to see the fragmented
scenario of his family, religion and community. The whole strength or masculinity of Igbo culture gradually
turns into cowardliness. The clan shows its cowardliness through the rejection of involving war against the
white.
‘Worthy men are no more‟, Okonkwo sighed as he remembered those days. „Isike will never forget how we
slaughtered them in that war. We killed twelve of their men and they killed only two of ours. Before the end of
the fourth market week they were suing for peace. Those were days when men were men.‟
(Things Fall Apart, p. 141)
He remembers his former glories in battle and ponders that the nature of man has changed. That is the past
Umuofian vigor on which Okonkwo feels proudfor the community is full of masculinity and strength. They
would not stand behind the war because they ‗were men‘.Okonkwo considers them weakened to the point of
womanliness. His vision of masculinity seems to have no place for anything but rash and aggressive action.
Only in the old glorious days when the Umuofia fearlessly fight wars and kill men of other tribes.He supports
war because war is something extreme form of exposed masculinity and because his father is afraid of war and
blood. In Igbo culture it is a matter of prestige to lead in war and Okonkwo feels proud to ensure his leading
position during inter-tribal war. The source of this commitment again is traced from his childhood memory:
Unoka was never happy when it came to wars. He was in fact a coward and could not bear the sight of blood.
(Things Fall Apart, p. 5)
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This cowardice image of his father that he gets during his infantile eventually revives when the entire clan
outlook seems to be coward and broken like his father.
The greatest obstacle in Umuofia,‟ Okonkwo thought bitterly, „is that coward, Egonwanne. His sweet tongue
can change the fire into cold ash. When he speaks he moves our men to impotence. If they had ignored
womanish wisdom five years ago, we would not have come to this.‟ He ground his teeth. „Tomorrow he will tell
themthat our fathers never fought a „war of blame‟. If they listen to him I will leave them and plan my own
revenge.
(Things Fall Apart, p. 141)
In those lines ‗coward‘ and ‗womanish wisdom‘ are the key words and it is anticipated that because of these
words his temper gradually converts into irrational rage as those words are closely related to his childhood
experience. His father image has been revived through these words like coward and womanish wisdom which
determines him to take ‗death‘ as the final solution. Again spiritless ‗womanish wisdom‘ indicates low vigorous
spirit that lacks the masculine power of the clan. Okonkwo fears of clan‘s submission to the cowardice speech of
Egonwanne reminds him the poor image of his father and to him womanish wisdom is responsible for the
colonial domination in the Igbo culture. War is considered, to the earlier days in Igbo community, a matter of
prestige. While Okonkwo is banned or exiled for seven years, the white missionaries come into his village and
change years of tradition. Tradition clashes with the new changing ways of life and eventually traditional values
begin to change in the village. Traditional culture gradually surrenders to the supremacy of the outsiders and
turns to fragmented and weak. He realizes that Igbo community would be weak like woman and failure like his
father. What is hated by Okonkwo from his very earlier life isrevived in colonial era and it is not possible for
Okonkwo to bear and endure weakness under the domination of foreign culture. When Okonkwo comes back
home from exile, he realizes that things have been changed. The resistance against the colonial domination is
futile as the whole clan is disintegrated and weak; Okonkwoenvisions his own Igbo community and its old
prestigious traditionare infectedby his father image Unoka. The result of the weak communal power re-
energizeshis irrational rage and violent approach leads to the death of the missionary and the decision of
sacrificing his own life.
The Underscored Facts at the Moment of the Second Intentional Homicide:
i) Through this action Okonkwo makes his self-gratification, and reminds the community about the
traditional strength that is the key characteristic of Igbo culture has been lost after the presence of
colonialism.
ii) ‗plan my own revenge‘ shapes his own thought. Utterly Umuofia is dead at the time when the
community unity has been broken and weak, and the notion of submission to failure after colonialism
has expanded in every sphere of Igbo society. Okonkwo makes his plan to take revenge over the death
image of his clan and over the death image of his father on the ground that both images are infected by
the notion of weakness and failure by the murdering the missionary.
iii) Again death is the ultimate solution toOkonkwo when he wants to get rid of the inner crisis of
weakness and failure.
V. The Suicide
Okonkwo is initially known as one of the strongest and most honorable tribesmen in Umuofia. An
important feature of his character is noticed that he cannot grip the change. He is a traditional clan fellow in
Umuofia who loves to enjoy Igbo traditional notion of masculinity and collective vigor. When the missionaries
come in Africa with a new religion and a new ways of thinking, the Igbo culture begins to transform along with
the newly introduced culture. Okonkwo acts according to the old ways and reacts with violence when he realizes
that the whole clan is bewildered and confused and is unable to hold the ethnic and religious harmony in
colonial era.Okonkwo's death was sad but not surprising at the end of the story. The thing startsfrom the time of
his childhood when Okonkwomakes his best effort to be a successful man with respect and honor. He loves
most‗the things‘in his tribe that hold all things together strongly and from the days of his childhood he honors
those ―the things‖ of his culture, but the situation is changedafter the colonialism when he finds the clans find a
new and accurate teaching and they begin to doubt their own religion and the Igbo society is no longer acted like
one.He realizes other clansmen as weak, like he sees his father is weak in his infantile. The thing Okonkwo
fears most in his life is weakness that has been revived in the image of his clan with the coming of colonial
domination. He has passed his entire life trying to live up to his culture's ideals of masculinity. His father has
been such a failure who fails to value Igbo tradition of masculinity,thatOkonkwo's entire life's focus has been to
be someone that his father could not be. By the end of the novel, Okonkwo has tried to remain strong against
the tide of change, but he appears to be the only one who through the violent action reminds his brotherhood
about the past glory of Igbo culture. When he kills the colonial official in the end, it is one last attempt to 'save'
his tribe from the weakness and influence of the white man. Finally, he has taken a firm decision to ‗save‘ his
ego by sacrificing his own life. Okonkwo kills himself because his worst fear is the fear of failure, and he sees
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his tribe as failing. Not to continue with life of failure and weakness, he hangs himself and saves his masculine
vigor.
…….Are you afraid he would convince us not to fight? Says Obierika.
“Afraid? I do not care what he does to you. I despise him and those who listen to him. I shall fight alone if I
choose.”Says Okonkwo.
…………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….
„How do you know he (Egonwanne) will speak against was?‟ Obierika asked after a while.
„Because I know he is a coward‟, said Okonkwo.
(Things Fall Apart, p.142)
The conversation between Okonkwo and Obierikain a tribal assembly is on a decision against the colonial
foundation. Before the second homicide it can be traced on how the words like ‗coward‘ and ‗afraid‘ shapes his
plan and taking revenge. Okonkwo cautiously alert of Egonwanne‘s soft tongue which would diminish the tribal
war spirit.Okonkwo realizes that war is the final option to fight back against the colonial power. But it is the war
which the clan does not support now. Those who are coward and weak will be convinced by the speech of
Egonwanne.Okonkwo now matches the image of Egonwanne with his father to the point of cowardice.
The Underscored Facts at the Moment of Suicide:
i) The ‗revenge‘ that is mentioned previously is the revenge against himself as well who fails to revive
past aggressive image of his tribe.
ii) Again death is a solution to discontinue a weak subordinate life under the foreign domination as this
culture goes always against his principles.
iii) The notion what is cultured since his childhood continues up to his death without a fracture in it.
Essentially, Okoknwo does not like to damage his long lasting ego or ‗self-image‘ those develop since
his earlier days and decide to sacrifice his life.
VI. Psychoanalysis
The novel highlights the individual power play of supremacy through the character Okonkwo. The
suppressions of physical weakness and ‗womanly‘ emotion predominates his character are a type of reaction
against the reflection of his father behavior in infantile. Okonkwo‘s childhood psychological trauma leads to
depressionthat is responsible forsetting up an extreme anger in his character and hatred towards his father
behavioral features. Social response against the status of Okonkwo‘s father builds up an excessive pressure in
Okonkwo‘s infantile world determines him to produce a pseudo-ironic image in his character in front of the
community. The involvement of riskyirrational anger and fear along with violent physical approach brings the
tragic death of Ikemefuna, the missionary and the protagonist himself. The source of the anger and fear is traced
in the childhood experiences of the protagonist that is accountablefor molding a conviction within himin his
later life to secure his masculine identity sincehe faces extreme situations several times in the novel at the time
when there is a confrontation between fear of ‗weakness and failure‘ and self-made personality, but the
problems occur when the unveiled masculinityfrequently outbursts withforceful violence thatfinally ends upto
death. An animalistic expression with the mixture of irrational anger and physical power, without considering
rationality and alternative,animalistic features cover up Okonkwo‘s natural humanistic emotional beauty and
appeal that remains hidden and suppressed within him silently and cautiously. However, animalistic
manifestation is commonlyfound in Okonkwo‘s character which is visiblethrough various religious and
harmonious occasions in Umoufian culture and during the time only his physical masculinity and psychological
strength have beenquestioned.Okonkwo‘s determination of exercising physical and psychological power
develops from the childhood and the fear of appearing weak follows him like a nightmare throughout his whole
life. In the time of Ikemefune‘s death Okonkwohelps joining in carrying out the village‘s order with the strength
valued by the community, disregarding his own relationship with the boy. Umuofia‘s customs and traditions, as
he sees them, overshadow his personal feelings in the situation. Okonkwois mistaken in what the values are in
this situation as they fail to comply with his real desire to partake in killing Ikemefuna, doing what his father
would not have done.Okonkwo‘s confined narrow social outlook compels him to withdraw to enjoy
Umuofiansocial principles and entertainment since he sees his father‘s participation in social entertainment .
When Okonkwo feels weak once again when he returns from Mbanta findsthe soul of Umuofia dies, ―it seemed
as if the very soul of the tribe wept for a great evil that was coming – its own death‖ (172). The newly
introduced culture of the white men fascinatesmembers of Umuofia, specifically those who occupy the lowest
positions and those who question the previous order, rigorously weaken the village‘s values and convictions.
Okonkworealizes that those who acceptnew beliefs imposed by the overseas institutions actually weaken solid
and distinct Igboan tradition like his father Unoka. Umuofian rapid changes in its structure for its new ways are
fundamentally diverse from what Oknonkwo has cultivatedfrom the time of his childhood.
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He has taken ‗death‘ a type of solution over his internal conflicts and a success over his father‘s weak
personality since he sees in his infantile that Unoka fears blood and murder. Though suicide goes against the
Umuofian traditions, Okonkwo does one last thing that his father would never have had the power of conviction
to do. In a way, Okonkwo‘s suicide actually follows the old and prestigious tradition of Umuofia that values and
honors masculinity and leadership. He does not like to live with the weak existence of his clan under the white
domination. The death of Okonkwo and his father Unokahas received almost similar treatment from community
but have different significance. In a literary sense, Unoka gets what he deserves after his death from community
as he has poor social status, less scoring performance and ‗zero‘ contribution to the clan. On the other hand,
Okonkwo establishes himself to the peak of success in the clan through his self-achievement and high ambition.
But he ends up his life by committing suicide only to prove him superior and success which is the opposite
feature of weakness and failure that Unoka possesses. To Okonkwo, it is more prestigious to suicide than to lead
a failure life. It a conscious decision of the protagonist that promotes a positive attitude towards death instead of
thinking suicide as an act of failure and shame, Okonkwo‘s suicide can be seen as his last effort to remind the
Igbo people about the prestigious culture and standards in the face of impending long-lasting colonial authority.
The reason of violent actions of the protagonist in Things fall Apart lay behind on his childhood that affects the
infantile mindset as his beliefs and convictions have been suffered from traumatic experiences and influenced by
psychodynamic perspective.
Childhood is a critical and sensitive period that forms the foundation of theone‘s matured life as children are
persistently growing up, physically and emotionally. Trauma caused by internal or external influences an
individual‘s normal state of well-being. Sometimes these influences affectpsychology by causing emotional
distress and leading to a variety of physiological changes. Minor trauma can help childrento improveabilitiesand
it is also important to adoptthem to new situations and deal with dangerous and threateningcircumstances. But
the situation gets serious when a child facesa continuous and unbearabletraumacreates negative psychological
effects in his later life.
Internal traumas include physiological conditions such as hunger, pain, illness or fatigue. Other internal
sources consist of shyness in a child, emotions, gender, age and intellectual capacity. External stressors include
separation from family, exposure to family conflict, abuse, divorce, a new home or school, illness and
hospitalization, death of a loved one, poverty, natural disasters, and adults‘ negative discipline techniques.[1]
That was ten years ago when he (Okonkwo) was young. Unoka, the group-up, was a failure. He was poor and
his wife and children had barely enough to eat.
(Things Fall Apart, p. 4)
Okonkwo suffers a lot from poverty and hunger during his childhood. The hardship and struggle are traumatic
factors continues for a long time interruptOkonkwo‘s mental setup badly at the growing stage. The long lasting
sufferings promptOkonkwo to think the reality in a crude way.He is unable to accept Unoka‘s failure
ofmaintenance the family financially that makes his life more unsecured and unstipulated. The internal and
external traumas are responsible for shaping a dynamic change in his character which brings the destruction of
the protagonist and shapes his psychology hard and cruel like the reality around him. In his life, he does not like
to get beck the stressors like poverty and hunger,the life of extreme struggle that he tastes in his childhood.
Epidemiological studies and clinical trials on childhood trauma associate this experience with a number of
psychiatric disorders at every stage of development, including bipolar disorder, major depression, post-traumatic
stress disorder, substance abuse, affective problems, anxiety, personality disorders, and suicide [2,3,4].
Okonkwo‘s suicide is the ultimately the reaction of the psychiatric disorder derives from the childhood
memories.
The psychodynamic viewpoints can be introduced in order to comprehend the childhood psychologythattouches
the protagonist‘s consequences actions of the playis mostly based on the revolutionary ideas of Sigmund
Freud.Curt Bartol, in his book Criminal Behaviour: A Psychological Approach, studies on Freudian
psychoanalysis where he mentions that Freud focuses on human behavior, especially the violent behavior, is the
product of ―unconscious‖ forces functioning within a person‘s mind. Freud also feelsthat early childhood
experiencehas a profound impact on adolescent and adult behavior like the protagonist Okonkwo in Things Fall
Apart. Freud believes that conflicts that occur at various psychosexual stages of development might impact an
individual‘s ability to operate normally as an adult. For Freud, aggression was thus a basic (idbased) human
impulse that is repressed in well-adjusted people who have experienced a normal childhood. However, if the
aggressive impulse is not controlled, or is repressed to an unusual degree, some aggression can ―leak out‖ of the
unconscious and a person can engage in random acts of violence. Freud referred to this as ―displaced
aggression‖ [5].
‗Unconsciousness‘ is an importantand silent part of human behavior through which flows normally without any
interruption. And along with other natural features our controlled aggression remains hidden in unconscious
level of behavior.Okonkwo‘s imbalanced childhood indulgences uncontrollable aggressive impulses during the
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period of violent crimes. Okonkwo suppression of emotions and uncontrollable desire in certain situations
actually makes him violent and extremist.The murder of Ikemefuna can be regarded as ‗displaced aggression‘
where Okonkwo fails to comprehend the situation perfectly takes priority to his macho only. It is Okonkwo‘s
long practice to hide womanly emotions like sympathy and affection and to expose violent action to secure his
identity to himself as well as to his clan. Hehabituates this type behavior and it becomes the part of his
unconscious notion which activates to some serious situations like in the case of murdering Ikemefuna, the
white man‘s messenger. Aggression is a part of his masculine culture to Okonkwo, when Okonkwo faces a
challenge to save ‗culture‘, aggression comes outreluctantly.
Freud subdivides the human personality into: the id, the ego and the superego.According to Freud, when the id
will not attempt to consider reason which is considered as extremely dangerous situation for the individual or
society. And to Freud, ―the id to be raw, animalistic and chaotic, it knows no laws, obeys no rule and remains
basic to the individual throughout life‖.[7]According to Freud, the human ego grows from the id and the
impulses of the id are carefully guided by the egoso that superego gets its perfection through governing our
sense of right and wrong and guilt. The super-ego forms a contradiction to the id because of its featuresthat hold
all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society - our sense of
right and wrong, whereas id just wants instant self-gratification and self-indulgence. Unable to control fear and
nervousness and cannot adjust the connection between id and ego, in some situationsOkonkwo surrenders to his
id that remainsunresponsive to reality (ego)and moral judgment (super-ego). In the novel the protagonist‘s id
subdues ego and superego in various situations and it is seen that his reality is often interrupted by the thought
of the fear and anxiety, is dominated by the natural impulses that is responsible to develop an unbending
superego in him that indicates not to surrender to fear failure and weakness. Okonkwo‘sweak ego and
superegomakes no resistance over his animalistic desire (that is id) because of his childhood days which caused
him suffer in a long run and weak and damaged ‗ego‘ that render him unable to deal with stressful
circumstances within conventional society. In those particular situationshe is not afraid of death, he is afraid of
weakness and failure that motivate him to do crimes.
According to Freud, human id speaks up until his or her needs are met, based on our pleasure principle. Within
the next three years, as the child comes closer to reality, the second part of the personality begins to develop, it
is ego based on the reality principle. It is ego‘s job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration
the reality of the situation. At the last age of the phallic stage of development, the superego develops. The
superego is the moral part of us and develops due to moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers
and it dictates our belief of right and wrong. If the superego becomes too strong the person would be driven by
rigid moral, would be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world.[8]
Like Freud, Hans Toch suggests on The Psychology of Crime and Criminal Justicethatviolent criminals as
―iddominated‖ individuals who are unable to control their impulsive, pleasure-seeking drives (Toch, 1979).[9]
Okonkwo‘s superego is unfortunately guarded by natural impulses that id, that‘s why it becomes unprotected
that makes his judgment partial and narrowed ultimately makes him powerless to judge the demand or situation
of reality. That‘s why, without further judgment along with immediate decision he becomes violent and displays
anti- empathized to the victims because his superego is suppressed and isolated and is unable to make a good
logical connection between reality and consequence which bring the tragic ends to the life of the targeted
victims.
August Aichorn is a renowned psychoanalyst who is closely associated with the study of criminality feels that
exposure to stressful social environments do not automatically produce crime or violence. After all, most people
are exposed to extreme stress and do not engage in serious forms of criminality. Aichorn feels that stress only
produces crime in those who has a particular mental state known as latent delinquency. Latent delinquency,
according to Aichorn, results from inadequate childhood socialization and manifests itself in the need for
immediate gratification (impulsivity), a lack of empathy for others, and the inability to feel guilt.[10]
The absence of proper socialization and schooling,Okonkwo shows over confident about his own quality and
worth. He disregards the religious instruction of the ‗Oracle‘, takes laws in his hand where he finds his self-
identity is going to smash for the presence of other person. Unoka fails to provide a correct form of socialization
toOkonkwo in his infantile according to Igbo traditional format.Contrary, a concrete sense of hatred is
developed to his attitude to those who are weak and unsuccessful. Again for improper socialization, Okonkwo‘s
revulsion towards physical and psychological weakness is increased.Every child starts his life as a novice in
Igbo culture and socialization starts with his father or paternal figure from his childhood.
A young boy accompanied his father or uncle to the firm and rendered as much assistance as he could. As he
grew older he learned that marriage, wealth and the acquisition of titles enabled individuals to advance
socially. Until a man was initiated into certain titles, he could not dress in a certain ways or wear hats of
certain colors, or shake hands in certain ways or take a piece of kola nut before other people. [11]
Social schooling is absent fromOkonkwo‘s childhood for Unoka‘s negative social notion. Unoka does not
participate in collective works in community and his lethargic feature fails him to have a good result in his
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life.Unoka‘s zero achievement makes him identity less in his tribe and even after his death. Okonkwo‘smindset
in infantile terminates to have a normal and balance attitude towards the world; he becomes narrow-minded and
harsh regarding his vision of life.
In The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, Andrew and J.Bontafocuses on the fact that because of childhood
neglect or abuse, violence-prone individuals suffer from weak or damaged ―egos‖ that render them unable to
deal with stressful circumstances within conventional society. It is also argued that youth with weak egos are
immature and easily led into crime and violence by deviant peers.[12]
P.P. DiNapoli views a relevant opinion on the ‗damage ego‘ is that in their most extreme form, underdeveloped
egos (or superegos) can lead to ―psychosis‖ and the inability to feel sympathy for the victims of crime (see
DiNapoli, 2002; Seigel and McCormick, 2006)[13].In sum, according to above mentioned psychodynamic
condition, an offender is exaggerated by childhood experiences.Okonkwo is not by born aggressive and forceful
in his approach and outlooks towards life and surroundings. He nourishes a belief from his infantile that
aggression or violence is a kind masculine practicethat willreduceconfusion, enhance self-esteem or earn the
praise of other people.Okonkwo's idea of manliness is different from that of the clan. Okonkwo feels
masculinity allows anger and aggression, and that is often the only way he should act. Okonkwo feels that
showing any other emotion would be considered weak.
People are not born with a violent disposition. Rather, they learn to think and act violently as a result of their
day-to-day experiences (Bandura, 1977)[14].
The surrounding pressure of the childhood fills his ‗unconscious‘ level full of aggressiveness and destitutethe
level of sophisticated emotions those are necessary for an individual in order to separate him from animalistic
behavior. The infantile background of the protagonist focuses the father son relationship and adverse effect of
his father behavior to his later life. Inwardly Okonkwo fails to hide the fear of weakness and the concept of
failure, and outwardly he controls soft emotion and exposes violent approach. The controlled emotion centered
his outlooks to a single and definite direction with an aim of securing his ego and supremacy in front of the
society. When he feels unsecured to guard his ego, the irrational rage is uncontrollable and intense in his
character.
Freud ego defense mechanisms are almost absent in Okonkwo‘spersonality. It is seen that regression is there
after the death of Ikemefuma to get rid of the action. Apart from that other mechanical defenses (denial,
displacement, intellectualization, projection, rationalization, etc.) are inactive in his nature.
Nurture theorists vote against the nature theory on the ground that whether intelligence is biologically based or
the result of environment conditions. Nurture theorists reject the previous conditions and argued that intelligence
is the product of environmental conditions during childhood.
The above mentioned discourse of various fields support the topic of this article in the sense that childhood has a
tremendous influence in our matured life and the fixation of actions of later lifeare largely based on the
experiences gathered in our infantile.
To achieve prominence and to overcome his father bequest, Okonkwo is always afraid of performing weak and
not to show any sign that resemblance to his father inspired him to attain his unbending superego and to settle
his desired id which like his id is always stands away from external world. The first homicide occurs suddenly
but in a determined approach with full confidence without any hesitation, and the second homicide and the
suicidal event are the protagonist planed action that signifies thatOkonkwo is extremely against the revival of
the past scenario his Okonkwo‘s father‘s image to the image of the clan. What Okonkwo hates and denies
throughout his life, it is unacceptable for him to have these at the end of his life. The principles that inspired
Okonkwo to produce a new notion in him to lead a successful life, derives partially from his community.
Okonkwo allows only violent and rigid social principles in his character, and disapproves positive and
sophisticated codes of Igbo culture. And Okonkwo‘s childhood psychology works behind the action as a force to
fulfill his desire.
VII. Conclusion
Okonkwo with his autocratic and domineering vision of life ends after a series of killings along with
the suicide at the end of the novel. The traced cause of these actions lies in the unsecured and underprivileged
child development of the protagonist. Okonkwo is governed by anger and fear
which are primitive emotions and these are also the two sources of personality disorders. Okonkwo is frequently
threatened both by his internal and external universe. No wonder that there is a close similarity between the
personality disordered and the acutely angry person. The result of angry outburst creates destruction,the
destructions he does at the victims is only to restore his self-esteem, his prestige, his sense of power and control
over his life, to recover emotionally, or to restore his wellbeing. The source of his rages and violent actions
(homicides and suicide) is concealed in his infantile memories. It is found that his anger does not contain a
cognitive structure, which could alter his environment in general and the behavior of those around him, in
particular. His anger is primitive, maladaptive, pent up.
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[11] Ohadike, Don C. The Ekumeku Movement: Western Igbo Resistance to the British Conquest of Nigeria, 1883-1914. Athens,
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