The document summarizes the rise of absolute monarchy in Europe during the 17th century, focusing on France under King Louis XIV. It describes how the 30 Years War weakened the Habsburg dynasty and led to the Peace of Westphalia, establishing nation-states and religious tolerance. Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV claimed power derived directly from God, surrounding themselves with ministers and officials. As the "Sun King", Louis XIV ruled France for over 72 years from 1643 to 1715, the longest reign of any European monarch, establishing France as the dominant power through several major wars.