1) A nation's foreign policy is determined by both domestic and international factors. Domestically, factors include a country's culture, history, geography, economic strength, and political system.
2) Internationally, the structure of the international system, international laws and organizations, military alliances, and relative military powers all influence a country's foreign policy choices.
3) A country's foreign policy consists of defining its national interests and desired outcomes, and determining strategies and resources to pursue these interests in interactions with other states.
The document discusses several ways that the President and Congress can make foreign policy in the United States. The President can enact policies in response to foreign events or by negotiating international agreements. Congress can direct foreign policy through legislative directives or applying legislative pressure. The document also summarizes the roles of several international organizations in foreign policy, including maintaining global peace for NATO, protecting human rights for the UN, and addressing hunger issues for the World Food Program.
Power, Capability and instruments of Foreign PolicyFaryalMustaqeem
This document discusses key concepts related to foreign policy including power, capability, and instruments of foreign policy. It defines foreign policy as a government's strategy for dealing with other nations and outlines its goals of safeguarding national interests. The document also defines power, capability, and instruments commonly used in foreign policy such as diplomacy, military policies, foreign aid, and trade. National interests and the balance of power are also discussed as important factors that influence a country's formulation of foreign policy.
1. Foreign policy refers to the principles and objectives a country uses to interact with other countries to promote its interests. It can change based on international conditions.
2. India's foreign policy is shaped by factors like its history, culture, geography, and economy. It establishes relationships with other countries through political, economic, and military methods to meet its interests and ensure security and sovereignty.
3. Key objectives of India's foreign policy include preserving national interests, achieving world peace through peaceful means, fostering relations with other countries, and supporting equality and independence.
Foreign policy refers to how a nation interacts with other nations to achieve its goals. The president and congress both play roles in shaping U.S. foreign policy. The president can do so through responding to foreign events or proposing legislation. Congress oversees executive actions and passes bills directing foreign policy. Major historical policies include the Marshall Plan, which provided aid to postwar Europe, and agreements forming NATO and the UN to promote international cooperation. Current issues involve organizations working to end conflicts and hunger worldwide. Foreign policy ultimately affects domestic issues like gas prices and trade.
Foreign policy is defined as the interaction of a state in the international system according to systematic and defined principles. A state's foreign policy is influenced by both internal factors such as its size, geography, and political system, as well as external factors like the international system and alliances. There are three main models of foreign policy decision making: the rational model which calculates costs and benefits of options; the organizational process model which relies on standard procedures; and the government bargaining model where policy results from negotiations between government agencies. Domestically, a state's foreign policy is influenced by interest groups, the military-industrial complex, public opinion, and the legislature.
Introduction to National Interest, it's Nature, Definition, and Types.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics in detail.
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INTEREST.
2. NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
3. VARIOUS DEFINTIONS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
4. NINE MAIN TYPES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
(1. PRIMARY INTERESTS)
(2. SECONDARY INTERESTS)
(3. PERMANENT INTERESTS)
(4. VARIABLE INTERESTS)
(5. GENERAL INTERESTS)
(6. SPECIFIC INTERESTS)
(7. IDENTICAL INTERESTS)
(8. COMPLEMENTARY INTERESTS)
(9. CONFLICTING INTERESTS)
...That's all....
IF SOMEONE NEEDS A CUSTOM PPT PRESENTATION...FEEL FREE TO MESSAGE US ON WHATSAPP (+923104826711)
....Thank you.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in American foreign policy including what foreign policy entails, the major components of U.S. foreign policy, and the roles of the president and Congress in shaping foreign policy. It also discusses several important doctrines and organizations that have influenced American foreign policy such as the Truman Doctrine, NATO, the United Nations, and how foreign policy decisions made by the U.S. can impact its citizens.
1) A nation's foreign policy is determined by both domestic and international factors. Domestically, factors include a country's culture, history, geography, economic strength, and political system.
2) Internationally, the structure of the international system, international laws and organizations, military alliances, and relative military powers all influence a country's foreign policy choices.
3) A country's foreign policy consists of defining its national interests and desired outcomes, and determining strategies and resources to pursue these interests in interactions with other states.
The document discusses several ways that the President and Congress can make foreign policy in the United States. The President can enact policies in response to foreign events or by negotiating international agreements. Congress can direct foreign policy through legislative directives or applying legislative pressure. The document also summarizes the roles of several international organizations in foreign policy, including maintaining global peace for NATO, protecting human rights for the UN, and addressing hunger issues for the World Food Program.
Power, Capability and instruments of Foreign PolicyFaryalMustaqeem
This document discusses key concepts related to foreign policy including power, capability, and instruments of foreign policy. It defines foreign policy as a government's strategy for dealing with other nations and outlines its goals of safeguarding national interests. The document also defines power, capability, and instruments commonly used in foreign policy such as diplomacy, military policies, foreign aid, and trade. National interests and the balance of power are also discussed as important factors that influence a country's formulation of foreign policy.
1. Foreign policy refers to the principles and objectives a country uses to interact with other countries to promote its interests. It can change based on international conditions.
2. India's foreign policy is shaped by factors like its history, culture, geography, and economy. It establishes relationships with other countries through political, economic, and military methods to meet its interests and ensure security and sovereignty.
3. Key objectives of India's foreign policy include preserving national interests, achieving world peace through peaceful means, fostering relations with other countries, and supporting equality and independence.
Foreign policy refers to how a nation interacts with other nations to achieve its goals. The president and congress both play roles in shaping U.S. foreign policy. The president can do so through responding to foreign events or proposing legislation. Congress oversees executive actions and passes bills directing foreign policy. Major historical policies include the Marshall Plan, which provided aid to postwar Europe, and agreements forming NATO and the UN to promote international cooperation. Current issues involve organizations working to end conflicts and hunger worldwide. Foreign policy ultimately affects domestic issues like gas prices and trade.
Foreign policy is defined as the interaction of a state in the international system according to systematic and defined principles. A state's foreign policy is influenced by both internal factors such as its size, geography, and political system, as well as external factors like the international system and alliances. There are three main models of foreign policy decision making: the rational model which calculates costs and benefits of options; the organizational process model which relies on standard procedures; and the government bargaining model where policy results from negotiations between government agencies. Domestically, a state's foreign policy is influenced by interest groups, the military-industrial complex, public opinion, and the legislature.
Introduction to National Interest, it's Nature, Definition, and Types.Muhammad Saad
The basic purpose of this ppt Presentation is to understand the following main topics in detail.
1. INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL INTEREST.
2. NATURE OF NATIONAL INTEREST.
3. VARIOUS DEFINTIONS OF NATIONAL INTEREST
4. NINE MAIN TYPES OF NATIONAL INTEREST
(1. PRIMARY INTERESTS)
(2. SECONDARY INTERESTS)
(3. PERMANENT INTERESTS)
(4. VARIABLE INTERESTS)
(5. GENERAL INTERESTS)
(6. SPECIFIC INTERESTS)
(7. IDENTICAL INTERESTS)
(8. COMPLEMENTARY INTERESTS)
(9. CONFLICTING INTERESTS)
...That's all....
IF SOMEONE NEEDS A CUSTOM PPT PRESENTATION...FEEL FREE TO MESSAGE US ON WHATSAPP (+923104826711)
....Thank you.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in American foreign policy including what foreign policy entails, the major components of U.S. foreign policy, and the roles of the president and Congress in shaping foreign policy. It also discusses several important doctrines and organizations that have influenced American foreign policy such as the Truman Doctrine, NATO, the United Nations, and how foreign policy decisions made by the U.S. can impact its citizens.
Moro National Liberation Front & Moro Islamic Liberation FrontAika Mae Borbon
The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was created in 1969 to establish an independent Muslim state in the southern Philippines. It began a rebellion in 1972 that led to clashes with government troops. Peace agreements in the 1970s and 1980s established autonomous regions but did not satisfy MNLF goals. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) split from MNLF in 1984, also seeking an independent state. It rejected autonomous regions and clashed with government troops until peace agreements in the 2000s established new autonomous regions while delays have stalled full implementation. Both groups have had on-and-off peace negotiations and ceasefires with the government over several decades while pursuing self-determination.
This document discusses different types of immigrants and integration policies. It defines economic migrants as being "pulled" to new countries for opportunities and describes immigrants as members of plural societies. The document then examines integration ideologies like pluralism, civic, assimilation, and ethnist approaches and provides examples. It also discusses factors that influence immigrant adaptation such as attitudes, discrimination, and social support systems.
The Deeping Crisis of Governance and the Refugee ChallengeOECD Governance
The document discusses the deepening crisis of governance around the world and its connection to the global refugee challenge. It argues that most states are only weakly governed and unable to meet citizens' needs or maintain stability. This crisis of governance is exacerbated by long-term megatrends like the decline of states and increasing gaps between states and societies. As a result, loyalties are transferring away from states and alternative governance is rising. The refugee crisis in Europe and elsewhere is a consequence of populations moving from areas of failed governance. The refugee crisis itself poses a "wicked problem" with no clear solution due to its complexity and interconnected nature with other challenges.
Security is the deepest and most abiding issue in politics. At its heart is the question: How can people live a decent and worthwhile existence, free from threats, intimidation and violence?' The search for security is therefore linked to the pursuit of order; and for the establishment of relative peace and stability amongst individuals and groups with different needs and interests. These concerns are commonly thought to resolved in the domestic realm by the existence of a sovereign state, a body capable of imposing its will on all the groups and institutions within its borders. Nevertheless, domestic security raises important issues, particularly about the roles of the institutions of the 'coercive state'; the police and the military. However, the issue of security is often considered to be especially pressing in international politics because the international realm, unlike the domestic realm, is anarchical, and therefore threatening and unstable by its nature. There has been fierce theoretical debate about whether this implies that international conflict and war are inevitable features of world affairs, and about the extent to which states are able to keep war at bay through cooperation. These debates have become increasingly pressing due to the advent of new challenges to international security, such as the rise of transnational terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Finally, growing interest in the concept of 'human security' has shifted attention from the security of the state to the security of the individual, and, in the process, widened the notion of security to include, for instance, economic security, food security and personal security.
Realists advance a power politics model of world affairs in which security is primarily understood in terms of 'national security' and war is kept in check by the balance of power. The liberal belief in interdependence and balance in world affairs inclines them to place their faith in 'collective security', while critical theorists have either emphasized the extent to which state interactions are mediated by beliefs, values and assumptions, or exposed masculinist biases in the conventional realist paradigm.
The document discusses several factors that influence a nation's involvement in international affairs, including peace, security, prosperity, and promoting ideology. Nations can pursue internationalism through treaties, diplomacy, alliances, and international law. Doing so can help meet citizens' basic needs but also leads to new social and economic relationships and potential territorial changes between states.
The document discusses the relationship between peace, conflict, and development. It provides perspectives from several sources that peace is a prerequisite for development and that countries experiencing armed conflict generally rank low in human development. The document then examines reasons for conflicts, the occurrence of conflicts in relation to lack of development, and the circular relationship where development can reduce roots of conflict and reduced conflict can lead to more development. It analyzes conflict-sensitive approaches to development and provides examples from Kenya and Nepal. Finally, it evaluates the impacts of conflicts in Mozambique, Sri Lanka, and Colombia on hindering human development.
This document discusses China's increasing economic involvement in Africa, known as the "Beijing Consensus," which offers an alternative to the "Washington Consensus" model of Western nations. The Beijing Consensus generally involves infrastructure loans and investment without political conditions. While critics argue China is engaging in a new colonialism focused on resource extraction, the document notes China pays market or above market prices and its involvement in Africa goes beyond resources to broader economic cooperation. It examines both China's historical involvement since the 1950s as well as current approaches and criticisms of its growing role in Africa.
The document discusses several ongoing global issues that threaten security, including the lingering economic effects of currency crises in Southeast Asia, serious economic disparity between rich and poor nations, ethnic and religious conflicts exacerbated by issues like poverty and human rights violations, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, growth of transnational organized crime, natural disasters and environmental problems, and the growing threat of cybercrime.
The document discusses the challenge the US faces in integrating emerging global powers like Brazil, China, and India into existing international institutions. While increased cooperation is needed to address issues like terrorism and climate change, there are also tensions because these nations want a greater voice in global governance and may resist Western rules. The US will need to make room for these countries in reformed structures through multilateral diplomacy and compromise, but some established powers may resist diluting their own authority.
This document discusses domestic sources of influence on foreign policy. It outlines that a country's domestic society, including public opinion, interest groups, elites, and leaders, shapes its foreign policy preferences and objectives. Different social groups within a country may have differing stances on foreign policy issues based on their interests. A democratic government must consider these societal influences and seek public support when formulating foreign policy. However, a leader may also attempt to shape public opinion to build support for their policies. The document uses China's concept of "peaceful rise" as an example of how a country's strategic culture and shared beliefs can influence its foreign policy approach.
Foreign policy involves a state using political influence to induce other states to exercise their lawmaking power in a way that benefits the influencing state. It aims to protect territorial integrity and citizen interests both within and outside the state. Additionally, foreign policy seeks to maintain international links through policies of conflict or cooperation to promote national interests like security, self-preservation, and economic and political goals. A country's foreign policy is determined by internal factors like geography, culture, economic strength, and political structures as well as external factors like the international power structure, organizations, alliances, and world public opinion.
The next Brussels Development Briefing no. 51 on ”Agriculture as an engine of economic reconstruction and development in fragile countries ” took place on 27 June 2018 from 09h00 to 13h00, ACP Secretariat, Brussels 451 Avenue Georges Henri, 1200 Brussels. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD.
This document discusses development and freedom. It notes that development paths are unpredictable and different policies have led to different outcomes in different countries. There is no consensus on how to achieve development. The document argues that when there is no agreement on policies, freedom is the best approach by allowing individuals to determine their own paths. It discusses Hayek's views on how individual freedom and interaction leads to growth. The document advocates for political, economic and individual freedoms as well as freedom from foreign control as the best approach when development strategies are uncertain.
This document discusses protracted social conflicts, which revolve around questions of communal identity rather than traditional disputes. It identifies several characteristics of protracted social conflicts, including blurred lines between internal and external actors and causes, as well as no clear starting and ending points.
The document then outlines Azar's model of conflict causes for protracted social conflicts, identifying four key preconditions: communal content, deprivation of human needs, the state's role in satisfying or frustrating group needs, and international linkages. It discusses the process dynamics of how latent conflicts become active, including communal and state actions and strategies as well as built-in conflict mechanisms. The document emphasizes that addressing fundamental human needs and long-term development are
This document discusses America's foreign policy goals and instruments. It defines foreign policy and outlines different orientations including unilateralism, isolationism, and engagement. It discusses using both hard power like military and economic strength and soft power like cooperation to achieve goals. The primary goal is maintaining security and freedom through vital interests like strong alliances, deterring threats, and promoting human rights and democracy. Key instruments of foreign policy include diplomacy, foreign aid, economic sanctions, political coercion, covert operations, and military intervention.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of development assistance (DA). It discusses how DA began after World War II through institutions like the World Bank and Marshall Plan to help reconstruct Europe. It then expanded in the postwar period and Cold War era for political reasons. Major shifts occurred in the 1980s with structural adjustment programs and 2000s with the Millennium Development Goals. Effectiveness of DA has been debated and impacted by factors such as amounts given for political rather than development reasons and tying aid to goods from donor countries.
- Human mobility is driven by large inequalities in opportunities and human development between countries and regions. Most movement occurs within countries from poorer to richer areas rather than between countries.
- While most movers experience income gains, policies often impose high costs and barriers that constrain movement, especially for the poorest. Access to healthcare, education, and other services is also unequal for migrants.
- Reforms are proposed to liberalize regular migration channels for low-skilled workers, ensure basic rights for migrants, reduce transaction costs, improve outcomes for migrants, and enable internal mobility as part of development strategies. This could help capture large unrealized gains from human mobility.
Sanctions are actions taken by countries to harm another country's economy in order to force political change. Economic sanctions can include trade embargoes, asset freezes, bans on financial transactions, restrictions on technology and travel. Sanctions can target entire countries, specific industries, or individuals. While sanctions aim to pressure governments, they often negatively impact ordinary citizens through unemployment and reduced access to goods. Sanctions may have unintended consequences like increasing costs, weakening economies, and creating political instability. Their effectiveness is debated as humanitarian needs still must be addressed and third parties can be affected.
Foreign policy involves the US working with other countries on economics and ideas. The president can make foreign policy by responding to foreign events or making policy statements. Congress can influence foreign policy through informal advice or legislative pressure. The Truman Doctrine pleaded with Congress to assist Greece and Turkey during a time of need, encouraging Americans to help other countries. NATO protects peace between the US and other nations, working in Afghanistan for many years. The UN and World Hunger Organization work to better conditions globally and assist in missions like those in Afghanistan. Foreign policy affects American citizens personally when soldiers fight abroad, worrying their families.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in comparative politics. It discusses three major forces transforming political systems: democratization, socioeconomic modernization, and globalization. Some of the challenges that states face in these areas include building a shared national identity, fostering economic development, and advancing representative democracy. The document also outlines the positive and negative impacts of globalization. It describes the roles of government in community building and economic growth, as well as situations where government actions may hinder citizens.
This document discusses different definitions and classifications of terrorism. It defines terrorism according to UK law and the UN as criminal acts intended to provoke terror in the public. Terrorism is difficult to define because armed conflicts often involve civilian casualties and strategic targets are near civilians. Terrorism can be religious, political, or ideological and motivated by individual, power, or group gains. It discusses different types of terrorism including political, religious, nationalist, state-sponsored, single-issue, and lone wolf. The document also discusses terrorist motivations, premeditated attacks, and how some attacks breach human rights by being indiscriminate.
Moro National Liberation Front & Moro Islamic Liberation FrontAika Mae Borbon
The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was created in 1969 to establish an independent Muslim state in the southern Philippines. It began a rebellion in 1972 that led to clashes with government troops. Peace agreements in the 1970s and 1980s established autonomous regions but did not satisfy MNLF goals. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) split from MNLF in 1984, also seeking an independent state. It rejected autonomous regions and clashed with government troops until peace agreements in the 2000s established new autonomous regions while delays have stalled full implementation. Both groups have had on-and-off peace negotiations and ceasefires with the government over several decades while pursuing self-determination.
This document discusses different types of immigrants and integration policies. It defines economic migrants as being "pulled" to new countries for opportunities and describes immigrants as members of plural societies. The document then examines integration ideologies like pluralism, civic, assimilation, and ethnist approaches and provides examples. It also discusses factors that influence immigrant adaptation such as attitudes, discrimination, and social support systems.
The Deeping Crisis of Governance and the Refugee ChallengeOECD Governance
The document discusses the deepening crisis of governance around the world and its connection to the global refugee challenge. It argues that most states are only weakly governed and unable to meet citizens' needs or maintain stability. This crisis of governance is exacerbated by long-term megatrends like the decline of states and increasing gaps between states and societies. As a result, loyalties are transferring away from states and alternative governance is rising. The refugee crisis in Europe and elsewhere is a consequence of populations moving from areas of failed governance. The refugee crisis itself poses a "wicked problem" with no clear solution due to its complexity and interconnected nature with other challenges.
Security is the deepest and most abiding issue in politics. At its heart is the question: How can people live a decent and worthwhile existence, free from threats, intimidation and violence?' The search for security is therefore linked to the pursuit of order; and for the establishment of relative peace and stability amongst individuals and groups with different needs and interests. These concerns are commonly thought to resolved in the domestic realm by the existence of a sovereign state, a body capable of imposing its will on all the groups and institutions within its borders. Nevertheless, domestic security raises important issues, particularly about the roles of the institutions of the 'coercive state'; the police and the military. However, the issue of security is often considered to be especially pressing in international politics because the international realm, unlike the domestic realm, is anarchical, and therefore threatening and unstable by its nature. There has been fierce theoretical debate about whether this implies that international conflict and war are inevitable features of world affairs, and about the extent to which states are able to keep war at bay through cooperation. These debates have become increasingly pressing due to the advent of new challenges to international security, such as the rise of transnational terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Finally, growing interest in the concept of 'human security' has shifted attention from the security of the state to the security of the individual, and, in the process, widened the notion of security to include, for instance, economic security, food security and personal security.
Realists advance a power politics model of world affairs in which security is primarily understood in terms of 'national security' and war is kept in check by the balance of power. The liberal belief in interdependence and balance in world affairs inclines them to place their faith in 'collective security', while critical theorists have either emphasized the extent to which state interactions are mediated by beliefs, values and assumptions, or exposed masculinist biases in the conventional realist paradigm.
The document discusses several factors that influence a nation's involvement in international affairs, including peace, security, prosperity, and promoting ideology. Nations can pursue internationalism through treaties, diplomacy, alliances, and international law. Doing so can help meet citizens' basic needs but also leads to new social and economic relationships and potential territorial changes between states.
The document discusses the relationship between peace, conflict, and development. It provides perspectives from several sources that peace is a prerequisite for development and that countries experiencing armed conflict generally rank low in human development. The document then examines reasons for conflicts, the occurrence of conflicts in relation to lack of development, and the circular relationship where development can reduce roots of conflict and reduced conflict can lead to more development. It analyzes conflict-sensitive approaches to development and provides examples from Kenya and Nepal. Finally, it evaluates the impacts of conflicts in Mozambique, Sri Lanka, and Colombia on hindering human development.
This document discusses China's increasing economic involvement in Africa, known as the "Beijing Consensus," which offers an alternative to the "Washington Consensus" model of Western nations. The Beijing Consensus generally involves infrastructure loans and investment without political conditions. While critics argue China is engaging in a new colonialism focused on resource extraction, the document notes China pays market or above market prices and its involvement in Africa goes beyond resources to broader economic cooperation. It examines both China's historical involvement since the 1950s as well as current approaches and criticisms of its growing role in Africa.
The document discusses several ongoing global issues that threaten security, including the lingering economic effects of currency crises in Southeast Asia, serious economic disparity between rich and poor nations, ethnic and religious conflicts exacerbated by issues like poverty and human rights violations, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, growth of transnational organized crime, natural disasters and environmental problems, and the growing threat of cybercrime.
The document discusses the challenge the US faces in integrating emerging global powers like Brazil, China, and India into existing international institutions. While increased cooperation is needed to address issues like terrorism and climate change, there are also tensions because these nations want a greater voice in global governance and may resist Western rules. The US will need to make room for these countries in reformed structures through multilateral diplomacy and compromise, but some established powers may resist diluting their own authority.
This document discusses domestic sources of influence on foreign policy. It outlines that a country's domestic society, including public opinion, interest groups, elites, and leaders, shapes its foreign policy preferences and objectives. Different social groups within a country may have differing stances on foreign policy issues based on their interests. A democratic government must consider these societal influences and seek public support when formulating foreign policy. However, a leader may also attempt to shape public opinion to build support for their policies. The document uses China's concept of "peaceful rise" as an example of how a country's strategic culture and shared beliefs can influence its foreign policy approach.
Foreign policy involves a state using political influence to induce other states to exercise their lawmaking power in a way that benefits the influencing state. It aims to protect territorial integrity and citizen interests both within and outside the state. Additionally, foreign policy seeks to maintain international links through policies of conflict or cooperation to promote national interests like security, self-preservation, and economic and political goals. A country's foreign policy is determined by internal factors like geography, culture, economic strength, and political structures as well as external factors like the international power structure, organizations, alliances, and world public opinion.
The next Brussels Development Briefing no. 51 on ”Agriculture as an engine of economic reconstruction and development in fragile countries ” took place on 27 June 2018 from 09h00 to 13h00, ACP Secretariat, Brussels 451 Avenue Georges Henri, 1200 Brussels. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD.
This document discusses development and freedom. It notes that development paths are unpredictable and different policies have led to different outcomes in different countries. There is no consensus on how to achieve development. The document argues that when there is no agreement on policies, freedom is the best approach by allowing individuals to determine their own paths. It discusses Hayek's views on how individual freedom and interaction leads to growth. The document advocates for political, economic and individual freedoms as well as freedom from foreign control as the best approach when development strategies are uncertain.
This document discusses protracted social conflicts, which revolve around questions of communal identity rather than traditional disputes. It identifies several characteristics of protracted social conflicts, including blurred lines between internal and external actors and causes, as well as no clear starting and ending points.
The document then outlines Azar's model of conflict causes for protracted social conflicts, identifying four key preconditions: communal content, deprivation of human needs, the state's role in satisfying or frustrating group needs, and international linkages. It discusses the process dynamics of how latent conflicts become active, including communal and state actions and strategies as well as built-in conflict mechanisms. The document emphasizes that addressing fundamental human needs and long-term development are
This document discusses America's foreign policy goals and instruments. It defines foreign policy and outlines different orientations including unilateralism, isolationism, and engagement. It discusses using both hard power like military and economic strength and soft power like cooperation to achieve goals. The primary goal is maintaining security and freedom through vital interests like strong alliances, deterring threats, and promoting human rights and democracy. Key instruments of foreign policy include diplomacy, foreign aid, economic sanctions, political coercion, covert operations, and military intervention.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of development assistance (DA). It discusses how DA began after World War II through institutions like the World Bank and Marshall Plan to help reconstruct Europe. It then expanded in the postwar period and Cold War era for political reasons. Major shifts occurred in the 1980s with structural adjustment programs and 2000s with the Millennium Development Goals. Effectiveness of DA has been debated and impacted by factors such as amounts given for political rather than development reasons and tying aid to goods from donor countries.
- Human mobility is driven by large inequalities in opportunities and human development between countries and regions. Most movement occurs within countries from poorer to richer areas rather than between countries.
- While most movers experience income gains, policies often impose high costs and barriers that constrain movement, especially for the poorest. Access to healthcare, education, and other services is also unequal for migrants.
- Reforms are proposed to liberalize regular migration channels for low-skilled workers, ensure basic rights for migrants, reduce transaction costs, improve outcomes for migrants, and enable internal mobility as part of development strategies. This could help capture large unrealized gains from human mobility.
Sanctions are actions taken by countries to harm another country's economy in order to force political change. Economic sanctions can include trade embargoes, asset freezes, bans on financial transactions, restrictions on technology and travel. Sanctions can target entire countries, specific industries, or individuals. While sanctions aim to pressure governments, they often negatively impact ordinary citizens through unemployment and reduced access to goods. Sanctions may have unintended consequences like increasing costs, weakening economies, and creating political instability. Their effectiveness is debated as humanitarian needs still must be addressed and third parties can be affected.
Foreign policy involves the US working with other countries on economics and ideas. The president can make foreign policy by responding to foreign events or making policy statements. Congress can influence foreign policy through informal advice or legislative pressure. The Truman Doctrine pleaded with Congress to assist Greece and Turkey during a time of need, encouraging Americans to help other countries. NATO protects peace between the US and other nations, working in Afghanistan for many years. The UN and World Hunger Organization work to better conditions globally and assist in missions like those in Afghanistan. Foreign policy affects American citizens personally when soldiers fight abroad, worrying their families.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in comparative politics. It discusses three major forces transforming political systems: democratization, socioeconomic modernization, and globalization. Some of the challenges that states face in these areas include building a shared national identity, fostering economic development, and advancing representative democracy. The document also outlines the positive and negative impacts of globalization. It describes the roles of government in community building and economic growth, as well as situations where government actions may hinder citizens.
This document discusses different definitions and classifications of terrorism. It defines terrorism according to UK law and the UN as criminal acts intended to provoke terror in the public. Terrorism is difficult to define because armed conflicts often involve civilian casualties and strategic targets are near civilians. Terrorism can be religious, political, or ideological and motivated by individual, power, or group gains. It discusses different types of terrorism including political, religious, nationalist, state-sponsored, single-issue, and lone wolf. The document also discusses terrorist motivations, premeditated attacks, and how some attacks breach human rights by being indiscriminate.
The document outlines four approaches to having dialogue about Israel:
1. Peace for Peace, Not for Land - Advocates ensuring Israel maintains control of all land and opposing pressure for concessions.
2. Follow Israel's Lead - Supports decisions of Israel's government and backing a two-state solution while trusting Israel to decide terms.
3. Pro-Israel, Pro-Peace - Works to achieve a swift two-state solution by urging the US to broker a deal and pressure Israel, while not endorsing boycotts.
4. Equality and Justice in Israel/Palestine - Advocates joining campaigns to pressure Israel to recognize Palestinian rights, end aid, and potentially support boy
CH 9 Riemer, Science, and RomanceThe Political Values of Poli.docxcravennichole326
CH 9: Riemer, Science, and Romance
The Political Values of Political Actors
Key Terms
Political values are important beliefs about which goals, principles, and policies are worthwhile in public affairs.
A goal is an objective. (may be peace, security, and order or war, domination, and power; may be liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity or slavery, subordination, tyranny, and enmity. May be positive or negative goals.)
A principle is a basic truth or belief that is used as a basis of reasoning or a guide to behavior. May also be positive or negative (peaceful change or violent change).
A policy is a course or general plan of action designed to solve problems or achieve specified goals; help determine whether certain standards are being met; serve as important guideposts in politics.
Where do political values come from? Whose goals, principles, and policies are actually being observed?
A political actor is the individual or group that expresses and shapes political values, struggles for power, and decides issues of public policy; governmental, economic, social and military elites, political parties, interest groups, the mass media, and nation-states are all examples of political actors.
Individual citizens are also political actors.
Level-of-analysis problem
With so many different political actors, who do we focus on: the national government as the primary actors or the decision-makers who lead the government? The international system itself?
What level do we operate on to really understand what is going on?
Guiding Hypothesis in studying political values
1) political values of political actors are rooted in their vital needs, fundamental interests, and perceived desires.
2) the struggle over political values is conditioned by the differing interpretations of needs, interests, and desires by diverse political actors and by the historical distribution of power (make for both conflict and consensus).
Guiding Hypothesis in studying political values
3) the world of politics frequently contains serious gaps between professed values and actual behaviors. The gaps exist because political actors are unable to break out of parochial, rigidly ideological patterns of thought and behavior. Difficult to narrow these gaps because human resources and capabilities are limited.
4) the future will probably include a major constitutional and democratic struggle between what we might call broad values and narrow values; will require a realistic understanding of vital needs, of compatible fundamental interests, and of modest and prudent desires.
The Values of Nations as Political Actors
Nations (national leaders, ruling elites, or governing parties) generally profess and seek to protect the national interest in foreign affairs and public interest in domestic affairs.
National interest is the vital needs and fundamental interests of the nation as a whole, security, liberty, justice and welfare, which are es ...
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Similar to Israel's national resilience oct 2012 (20)
1. The positive and negative effects of the
existing various political agendas towards
the development and sustainability of
Israel's National Resilience
2. National resilience can be defined as the ability of a nation to
maintain its collective identity and its citizens’ freedom and enable
their prosperity during long-term conflicts or in the wake of natural
calamities. The ability to be flexible and withstand pressure without
breaking down and be able to return to the original state after being
challenged.
Prof. Gabriel Ben Dor, Dr. Drora Ben Dov
Major national resilience components
• Military
• Social
• Political
Guidance
Budgeting
Decisions
Shay Ben Dov
3. Israel’s political structure
• Like other nations around the world: Right, Left and Center
• However, the defining components are different and tend to change
periodically.
• In addition there are 3 sectorial blocs:
Orthodox
Immigrants
Arabs
• Politics in Israel primarily revolve around security and only then around
social and economic issues.
• Belonging to Right, Left or Center is often related with
The Palestinian issue
Terror and threats to national security
Settlements
State & religion
Economic policy
4. Possible positive effects of political agendas towards
strengthening national resilience:
• Allocating sufficient budgets to national security
• Strengthening self esteem and national pride
• Advocating equality in national service
• Developing better education systems
• Creating international alliances
• Developing economy to attract international investments
• Advocating integrity and social justice
• Resolving conflicts with enemies to reduce potential threats
5. Possible negative effects of political agendas towards
strengthening national resilience:
• Allocating insufficient (or overgrown) budgets to national
security
• Lowering self esteem and national pride
• Advocating sectorial needs over national ones
• Creating international isolation
• Weakening economy to satisfy populist trends
• Despising integrity and creating social injustice
• Fueling conflicts with enemies, thereby increasing potential
threats
6. Trust in political institutions
From 1 (don’t agree at all) to 6 (in total agreement with)
8. National Social Resilience at Israel’s 60th Anniversary
Prof. Amir Barnea , Prof. Rafi Melnik
• Political index: measured by the strength of the rule of
law, corruption, governance, stability, and democracy
• Israel compared to the 20 OECD countries (20% lower)
and 4 neighboring countries: Syria, Lebanon, Egypt
and Jordan (30% higher)
• Examining the Israeli political index shows a
continuous decline over the past two decades parallel
to the decline in social index.
9. Conclusions:
• Ethical and moral standards are an essential
component in building national resilience in two
aspects:
Internally – how we see ourselves, moral strength
unrelated to the standard of others
Externally – how other nations see us
• The political sectorial blocs should gradually diminish,
allowing those who uphold the wider national interest
to grow.