This document discusses inventory management systems and drug management systems for hospitals. It covers topics such as the basics of inventory management, functions of inventory management systems, criteria for selecting drugs, procurement of drugs, techniques for ordering drugs, and methods for estimating drug requirements and monthly consumption. The key points are:
- Inventory management systems track inventory levels, determine ordering amounts and times, and prioritize items. Drug management ensures adequate supply while preventing waste.
- Factors in drug selection include costs, diseases treated, quality, and available resources. Drugs are procured based on estimates and available funds.
- Techniques for ordering drugs include economic order quantity formulas and fixed order systems. Cycle counting helps track inventory levels regularly.
Quantification of essential drugs involves determining the appropriate quantity of drugs needed to treat health issues at a facility in a cost-effective manner. It prevents overstocking and understocking by ensuring adequate supplies are available. Common quantification methods include using morbidity data on past treatments, consumption patterns, and epidemiological information. The morbidity method involves collecting patient treatment episodes, identifying health issues, and calculating drug needs based on standard treatment protocols. Consumption data relies on past usage but does not account for wastage or irrational prescribing. Combining morbidity and consumption data provides a more reliable quantification approach.
The document discusses medical device regulations from various agencies like the FDA and EU, which classify devices based on risk into Classes I to III. It also covers quality management systems like ISO 13485 that are important for product development and design controls. The key elements of design control as required by regulatory agencies are also summarized, including design planning, input, output, review, verification, and validation.
Total Parentral Nutrition-Hospital PharmacyRiya Mariam
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is intravenous administration of nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins and minerals to provide nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible. TPN can be administered either peripherally into small veins or centrally into large central veins and provides full nutritional requirements. TPN solutions must be prepared under sterile conditions and require careful monitoring during administration due to risks from catheter infections or electrolyte imbalances. TPN is used when the gastrointestinal tract cannot absorb adequate nutrients typically in conditions like cancer, pancreatitis, malnutrition or organ failure.
- Whilst the realization of the CTD took many years, there is now a common format for the submission of Marketing Authorizations Applications across the three ICH regions - Europe, Japan and the USA.
- This should facilitate pharmaceutical companies to make simultaneous filings in the ICH regions as it will eliminate the extensive work previously required to convert, for example, a US dossier to an EU dossier and vice versa.
The document discusses aspects of pharmacy services in hospitals. It outlines the different types of services including line services like emergency care, inpatient and outpatient services. Supportive services include the pharmacy, laboratory, and radiology. The pharmacy purchases and dispenses all medications used in the hospital. A well-staffed pharmacy department headed by a qualified pharmacist is crucial for ensuring the right medications are available when needed. The pharmacist works closely with medical staff and a drug committee to establish treatment protocols and formularies. Effective pharmacy services are essential for patient treatment and care in hospitals.
This document discusses promoting rational drug use in India under the National Rural Health Mission. It begins by outlining the objectives and defining the problem of irrational drug use in India. Some key points made include that India accounts for 22% of the global disease burden but only produces 2% of global drugs. It then discusses the reasons for irrational drug use, including factors related to patients, prescribers, drug regulation, and the drug supply system. Strategies presented to promote rational drug use include ensuring availability of essential drugs, access and affordability, and rational prescriptions. The challenges of implementation are also acknowledged.
This document provides information about purchasing and inventory control in a hospital pharmacy setting. It defines key terms like purchasing, types of purchasing, and functions of purchasing. It describes the roles of the purchasing agent and pharmacist in drug procurement. It outlines the purchasing procedure and discusses controlling purchases, storeroom arrangement, inventory processes, and perishable inventory. The document is an assignment on this topic submitted by a pharmacy student to their professor.
Quantification of essential drugs involves determining the appropriate quantity of drugs needed to treat health issues at a facility in a cost-effective manner. It prevents overstocking and understocking by ensuring adequate supplies are available. Common quantification methods include using morbidity data on past treatments, consumption patterns, and epidemiological information. The morbidity method involves collecting patient treatment episodes, identifying health issues, and calculating drug needs based on standard treatment protocols. Consumption data relies on past usage but does not account for wastage or irrational prescribing. Combining morbidity and consumption data provides a more reliable quantification approach.
The document discusses medical device regulations from various agencies like the FDA and EU, which classify devices based on risk into Classes I to III. It also covers quality management systems like ISO 13485 that are important for product development and design controls. The key elements of design control as required by regulatory agencies are also summarized, including design planning, input, output, review, verification, and validation.
Total Parentral Nutrition-Hospital PharmacyRiya Mariam
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is intravenous administration of nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins and minerals to provide nutrition when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible. TPN can be administered either peripherally into small veins or centrally into large central veins and provides full nutritional requirements. TPN solutions must be prepared under sterile conditions and require careful monitoring during administration due to risks from catheter infections or electrolyte imbalances. TPN is used when the gastrointestinal tract cannot absorb adequate nutrients typically in conditions like cancer, pancreatitis, malnutrition or organ failure.
- Whilst the realization of the CTD took many years, there is now a common format for the submission of Marketing Authorizations Applications across the three ICH regions - Europe, Japan and the USA.
- This should facilitate pharmaceutical companies to make simultaneous filings in the ICH regions as it will eliminate the extensive work previously required to convert, for example, a US dossier to an EU dossier and vice versa.
The document discusses aspects of pharmacy services in hospitals. It outlines the different types of services including line services like emergency care, inpatient and outpatient services. Supportive services include the pharmacy, laboratory, and radiology. The pharmacy purchases and dispenses all medications used in the hospital. A well-staffed pharmacy department headed by a qualified pharmacist is crucial for ensuring the right medications are available when needed. The pharmacist works closely with medical staff and a drug committee to establish treatment protocols and formularies. Effective pharmacy services are essential for patient treatment and care in hospitals.
This document discusses promoting rational drug use in India under the National Rural Health Mission. It begins by outlining the objectives and defining the problem of irrational drug use in India. Some key points made include that India accounts for 22% of the global disease burden but only produces 2% of global drugs. It then discusses the reasons for irrational drug use, including factors related to patients, prescribers, drug regulation, and the drug supply system. Strategies presented to promote rational drug use include ensuring availability of essential drugs, access and affordability, and rational prescriptions. The challenges of implementation are also acknowledged.
This document provides information about purchasing and inventory control in a hospital pharmacy setting. It defines key terms like purchasing, types of purchasing, and functions of purchasing. It describes the roles of the purchasing agent and pharmacist in drug procurement. It outlines the purchasing procedure and discusses controlling purchases, storeroom arrangement, inventory processes, and perishable inventory. The document is an assignment on this topic submitted by a pharmacy student to their professor.
The document discusses the Yellow Card Scheme in the UK for reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines an ADR and describes how common ADRs are, causing 6.5% of adult hospital admissions. It outlines how ADRs can be classified and factors that influence them. The Yellow Card Scheme acts as an early warning system to identify new ADRs and risks. Healthcare professionals, patients and the public can report suspected ADRs to the scheme to help continual drug safety monitoring.
The US FDA regulates medical devices to ensure they are safe and effective. There are three classes of medical devices with increasing regulatory controls based on risk. Class I devices have general controls, Class II devices have general and special controls, and Class III devices require premarket approval. To market a device in the US, manufacturers must classify their device, submit the appropriate premarket notification or application, and complete an establishment registration and device listing. The FDA reviews submissions to ensure devices reasonably assure safety and effectiveness.
Hospital pharmacy involves the supervision of medications by a pharmacist. It forecasts demand, selects suppliers, manufactures sterile and non-sterile preparations, conducts quality control, dispenses medications to patients and outpatients, provides drug information, studies drug utilization, implements pharmacy committee recommendations, counsels patients, and maintains liaison between medical, nursing and patient staff. It is responsible for staffing, storage, distribution of drugs, and addressing problems while minimizing carrying costs of inventory.
Hospital pharmacy and its organization Sneha PatelSneha Patel
This document discusses the organization and management of hospital pharmacies. It defines a hospital pharmacy as the department responsible for procuring, storing, manufacturing, testing, packaging and distributing drugs. The objectives of hospital pharmacies are to professionalize pharmaceutical services, ensure availability of the right medications, and participate in education and research. Key functions of hospital pharmacies include dispensing drugs, managing inventory, providing drug information, and participating in teaching and research. The roles and responsibilities of hospital pharmacists are also outlined.
The document outlines the roles and functions of a Drug and Therapeutics Committee (DTC) in a hospital. The DTC advises on drug-related issues, develops drug policies, evaluates drugs for inclusion in the hospital formulary, promotes rational drug use, manages adverse drug reactions, and monitors drug safety. It is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. The DTC meets regularly to assess drug use, identify issues, and conduct interventions to improve prescribing and reduce costs while maintaining patient safety.
New European Medical Device Regulations: Keeping Your Orthopaedic and Spine ...April Bright
For years, notified bodies and industry experts have warned orthopaedic device companies to prepare for the forthcoming EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR). Though the regulation is expected to be officially published in the first half of 2017, a recent study shows that not only are companies not prepared, but regulatory and quality affairs professionals say that they have not studied the regulation closely.
The regulation includes new requirements for orthopaedic (and especially spine) companies that must be met in a timely manner to keep products on the market. Among the MDR changes are more stringent clinical evidence, identification of a “qualified person,” implementation of UDI and rigorous postmarket oversight.
Dr. Li covers highlights of the regulation and the provided transition period toward fulfillment of the new expectations. He explains the impact of device up-classification and the need for additional clinical data toward passing this new regulation successfully and toward fulfilling the postmarket reporting requirements accordingly.
Drug store management & inventory controlRupali Patil
This document discusses drug store management and inventory control. It covers organizing the drug store, types of materials to stock and proper storage conditions. It also discusses purchasing procedures, including determining requirements, sources of supply, purchase orders, and economic order quantity. The objectives, layout, and record keeping of the drug store are explained. Different storage conditions are outlined for various drug categories.
The document provides information on India's drug regulatory system. It states that the Drug Controller General of India heads the Central Drug Standard Control Organisation, which regulates drugs in India. The objectives of the drug regulatory authority are to ensure medicinal products are of acceptable quality, safe, and effective. It also discusses new drug approval processes, definitions of new drugs, application forms and fees for various regulatory processes like clinical trials, manufacturing, and import of drugs.
This document provides an overview of strategies for managing drug supplies in health systems. It discusses elements of the drug management cycle including selection, procurement, distribution, storage and security. Specific topics covered include completing requisition forms, receiving and handling discrepancies in drug shipments, proper storage conditions, dispensary practices, and storeroom rules. The overall objectives are to understand the drug management process and correctly apply the various forms and processes used to ensure adequate and secure drug supplies.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) provides an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. GCP guidelines help assure that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected and that clinical trial data are credible. GCP was developed with the intent of allowing medical products to be approved around the world based on a single set of quality standards.
A Detailed Study on Pharmaceutical Drug RecallTeny Thomas
1. A drug recall is a process of removing a pharmaceutical product from distribution due to defects, adverse reactions, or counterfeiting concerns.
2. The objectives of a drug recall are to stop distribution and sale of the affected product, notify relevant parties, efficiently remove the product, and implement corrective actions to prevent future recalls.
3. Recalls are classified by the CDSCO as Class I, II, or III depending on the health risks posed by the defective product. A recall strategy and team must be in place to effectively execute any necessary recalls.
This document provides an overview of medical audit, including:
- Definitions of medical audit as the retrospective evaluation and analysis of medical records to monitor clinical performance.
- The history of medical audit from ancient codes to its modern establishment in India in 2007 through the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals.
- The purposes of medical audit which include planning improvements, ensuring regulatory standards, and assessing health program effectiveness.
This document outlines a clinical research protocol template. It begins with an introduction section defining clinical research and clinical trials. It then describes the purpose and contents of a clinical research protocol, including sections for objectives, background/rationale, study design, eligibility criteria, treatments, assessments, data collection and analysis, monitoring, ethics and regulations. The protocol template provides guidance on the level of detail needed for each section to clearly explain the research question, methodology, and procedures to ensure scientific validity and participant safety.
This document outlines the role of pharmacy technicians in community pharmacies. It defines a community pharmacy as an independently owned pharmacy run by pharmacists. The scope of community pharmacies includes processing prescriptions, providing clinical services, patient care, drug monitoring, and assisting with minor ailments. The document also discusses primary health care and its attributes such as being essential, universally accessible, and community-based. Finally, it describes the role of pharmacy technicians as aiding the pharmacist in filling prescriptions, operating the cash register, maintaining inventory and patient records, and preparing insurance forms.
The document discusses various topics related to medical ethics and research involving human subjects, including:
1. Historical events that shaped ethical guidelines like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki.
2. The structure and functions of Institutional Ethics Committees, including their role in reviewing research proposals and providing oversight.
3. Key principles of ethical research like informed consent, minimizing risks, and protecting participant privacy and welfare.
4. Issues around informed consent processes and the review of research by ethics committees.
Patient Counseling is defined as providing medication information Orally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, on side effects, precautions, storage, diet, life style modifications.
This document discusses various methods for quantifying medicine needs, including the patient morbidity-standard treatment method and the adjusted consumption method. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of each. Critical issues in quantification are also outlined, such as preparing an action plan, estimating quantities while considering factors like lead time and losses. The ideal inventory model and calculations for safety stock, consumption, and budgeting are demonstrated. Effective medicines supply management requires selection, quantification, procurement, distribution, and use.
"Medical Doctors are Poor Managers". This presentation has tried to do brainstorming for them how to operate as better Health Managers. Leaders lead from the Front. Managers control from the Behind. A Doctor in a facility needs to play the role of both Leader as well as Manager.
Materials management - Inventory managementRizwan S A
This document discusses materials management in healthcare. It outlines the key components of an effective materials management system, including identifying items, estimating demand, purchasing and procurement, quality control, storage, inventory management, maintenance and an information system. Inventory management techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis and economic order quantity models are described to help maintain optimal stock levels. The goal of materials management is to ensure a reliable supply of required materials at the lowest possible cost.
The document discusses the Yellow Card Scheme in the UK for reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It defines an ADR and describes how common ADRs are, causing 6.5% of adult hospital admissions. It outlines how ADRs can be classified and factors that influence them. The Yellow Card Scheme acts as an early warning system to identify new ADRs and risks. Healthcare professionals, patients and the public can report suspected ADRs to the scheme to help continual drug safety monitoring.
The US FDA regulates medical devices to ensure they are safe and effective. There are three classes of medical devices with increasing regulatory controls based on risk. Class I devices have general controls, Class II devices have general and special controls, and Class III devices require premarket approval. To market a device in the US, manufacturers must classify their device, submit the appropriate premarket notification or application, and complete an establishment registration and device listing. The FDA reviews submissions to ensure devices reasonably assure safety and effectiveness.
Hospital pharmacy involves the supervision of medications by a pharmacist. It forecasts demand, selects suppliers, manufactures sterile and non-sterile preparations, conducts quality control, dispenses medications to patients and outpatients, provides drug information, studies drug utilization, implements pharmacy committee recommendations, counsels patients, and maintains liaison between medical, nursing and patient staff. It is responsible for staffing, storage, distribution of drugs, and addressing problems while minimizing carrying costs of inventory.
Hospital pharmacy and its organization Sneha PatelSneha Patel
This document discusses the organization and management of hospital pharmacies. It defines a hospital pharmacy as the department responsible for procuring, storing, manufacturing, testing, packaging and distributing drugs. The objectives of hospital pharmacies are to professionalize pharmaceutical services, ensure availability of the right medications, and participate in education and research. Key functions of hospital pharmacies include dispensing drugs, managing inventory, providing drug information, and participating in teaching and research. The roles and responsibilities of hospital pharmacists are also outlined.
The document outlines the roles and functions of a Drug and Therapeutics Committee (DTC) in a hospital. The DTC advises on drug-related issues, develops drug policies, evaluates drugs for inclusion in the hospital formulary, promotes rational drug use, manages adverse drug reactions, and monitors drug safety. It is composed of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and administrators. The DTC meets regularly to assess drug use, identify issues, and conduct interventions to improve prescribing and reduce costs while maintaining patient safety.
New European Medical Device Regulations: Keeping Your Orthopaedic and Spine ...April Bright
For years, notified bodies and industry experts have warned orthopaedic device companies to prepare for the forthcoming EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR). Though the regulation is expected to be officially published in the first half of 2017, a recent study shows that not only are companies not prepared, but regulatory and quality affairs professionals say that they have not studied the regulation closely.
The regulation includes new requirements for orthopaedic (and especially spine) companies that must be met in a timely manner to keep products on the market. Among the MDR changes are more stringent clinical evidence, identification of a “qualified person,” implementation of UDI and rigorous postmarket oversight.
Dr. Li covers highlights of the regulation and the provided transition period toward fulfillment of the new expectations. He explains the impact of device up-classification and the need for additional clinical data toward passing this new regulation successfully and toward fulfilling the postmarket reporting requirements accordingly.
Drug store management & inventory controlRupali Patil
This document discusses drug store management and inventory control. It covers organizing the drug store, types of materials to stock and proper storage conditions. It also discusses purchasing procedures, including determining requirements, sources of supply, purchase orders, and economic order quantity. The objectives, layout, and record keeping of the drug store are explained. Different storage conditions are outlined for various drug categories.
The document provides information on India's drug regulatory system. It states that the Drug Controller General of India heads the Central Drug Standard Control Organisation, which regulates drugs in India. The objectives of the drug regulatory authority are to ensure medicinal products are of acceptable quality, safe, and effective. It also discusses new drug approval processes, definitions of new drugs, application forms and fees for various regulatory processes like clinical trials, manufacturing, and import of drugs.
This document provides an overview of strategies for managing drug supplies in health systems. It discusses elements of the drug management cycle including selection, procurement, distribution, storage and security. Specific topics covered include completing requisition forms, receiving and handling discrepancies in drug shipments, proper storage conditions, dispensary practices, and storeroom rules. The overall objectives are to understand the drug management process and correctly apply the various forms and processes used to ensure adequate and secure drug supplies.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) provides an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials that involve the participation of human subjects. GCP guidelines help assure that the rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are protected and that clinical trial data are credible. GCP was developed with the intent of allowing medical products to be approved around the world based on a single set of quality standards.
A Detailed Study on Pharmaceutical Drug RecallTeny Thomas
1. A drug recall is a process of removing a pharmaceutical product from distribution due to defects, adverse reactions, or counterfeiting concerns.
2. The objectives of a drug recall are to stop distribution and sale of the affected product, notify relevant parties, efficiently remove the product, and implement corrective actions to prevent future recalls.
3. Recalls are classified by the CDSCO as Class I, II, or III depending on the health risks posed by the defective product. A recall strategy and team must be in place to effectively execute any necessary recalls.
This document provides an overview of medical audit, including:
- Definitions of medical audit as the retrospective evaluation and analysis of medical records to monitor clinical performance.
- The history of medical audit from ancient codes to its modern establishment in India in 2007 through the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals.
- The purposes of medical audit which include planning improvements, ensuring regulatory standards, and assessing health program effectiveness.
This document outlines a clinical research protocol template. It begins with an introduction section defining clinical research and clinical trials. It then describes the purpose and contents of a clinical research protocol, including sections for objectives, background/rationale, study design, eligibility criteria, treatments, assessments, data collection and analysis, monitoring, ethics and regulations. The protocol template provides guidance on the level of detail needed for each section to clearly explain the research question, methodology, and procedures to ensure scientific validity and participant safety.
This document outlines the role of pharmacy technicians in community pharmacies. It defines a community pharmacy as an independently owned pharmacy run by pharmacists. The scope of community pharmacies includes processing prescriptions, providing clinical services, patient care, drug monitoring, and assisting with minor ailments. The document also discusses primary health care and its attributes such as being essential, universally accessible, and community-based. Finally, it describes the role of pharmacy technicians as aiding the pharmacist in filling prescriptions, operating the cash register, maintaining inventory and patient records, and preparing insurance forms.
The document discusses various topics related to medical ethics and research involving human subjects, including:
1. Historical events that shaped ethical guidelines like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki.
2. The structure and functions of Institutional Ethics Committees, including their role in reviewing research proposals and providing oversight.
3. Key principles of ethical research like informed consent, minimizing risks, and protecting participant privacy and welfare.
4. Issues around informed consent processes and the review of research by ethics committees.
Patient Counseling is defined as providing medication information Orally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, on side effects, precautions, storage, diet, life style modifications.
This document discusses various methods for quantifying medicine needs, including the patient morbidity-standard treatment method and the adjusted consumption method. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of each. Critical issues in quantification are also outlined, such as preparing an action plan, estimating quantities while considering factors like lead time and losses. The ideal inventory model and calculations for safety stock, consumption, and budgeting are demonstrated. Effective medicines supply management requires selection, quantification, procurement, distribution, and use.
"Medical Doctors are Poor Managers". This presentation has tried to do brainstorming for them how to operate as better Health Managers. Leaders lead from the Front. Managers control from the Behind. A Doctor in a facility needs to play the role of both Leader as well as Manager.
Materials management - Inventory managementRizwan S A
This document discusses materials management in healthcare. It outlines the key components of an effective materials management system, including identifying items, estimating demand, purchasing and procurement, quality control, storage, inventory management, maintenance and an information system. Inventory management techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis and economic order quantity models are described to help maintain optimal stock levels. The goal of materials management is to ensure a reliable supply of required materials at the lowest possible cost.
This document provides an overview of project time management processes based on the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). It discusses the key processes involved, including defining activities, sequencing activities, estimating activity resources and durations, developing the project schedule, and controlling the schedule. Tools like precedence diagramming, critical path method, resource leveling, and schedule compression are also summarized. The goal of project time management is to complete the project on time through planning, monitoring, and controlling the project schedule.
The document discusses inventory control in a healthcare setting. It defines inventory and inventory control, and describes various techniques for inventory classification and control, including ABC analysis, VED analysis, and HML analysis. It also outlines the requisition processes for wards and nursing colleges and the roles and responsibilities of nurses in inventory control. Maintaining careful classification of inventory through ongoing analysis can help control costs and ensure quality patient care.
Inventory control involves regulating inventory levels according to predetermined norms to reduce costs. It aims to balance ordering, holding, and stockout costs. The ABC analysis technique categorizes inventory into A, B, and C items based on annual consumption value to focus control efforts where they are needed most. VED classification groups items as vital, essential, or desirable based on the criticality of inventory to operations. FSN analysis looks at item movement patterns to identify fast, slow, or non-moving inventory.
The document discusses inventory control, which involves maintaining desired inventory levels to balance economic and production needs. It describes different types of inventory like raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Effective inventory control requires planning inventory levels, ordering, receiving, storing, and recording inventory. Key aspects of inventory control include determining maximum and minimum inventory levels, reorder points, and economic order quantities.
This document discusses strategies for drug management in health systems. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the drug management cycle, drug selection process using generic essential drugs, drug procurement calculations, storage and distribution, and management tools. The drug management cycle consists of drug selection, procurement, storage/distribution, and use, supported by management systems. Drug selection involves choosing drugs based on disease prevalence and costs. Procurement involves estimating needs, prices, and ordering quantities based on consumption rates. Storage and distribution requires proper facilities and forms. Management tools and security measures support the entire process.
Material management involves planning, procurement, storage, and distribution of materials in a healthcare organization. It aims to ensure the right quality and quantity of supplies are available at the right time, place, and cost. Key aspects of material management include material planning, purchase and procurement, inspection and quality control, storage, and inventory control. Material planning involves identifying required items, estimating future demand, and forecasting needs. Purchase involves acquiring materials through centralized or decentralized systems using tenders, while ensuring quality through inspection. Storage involves properly arranging and storing items by type in suitable facilities.
Material management involves planning, procurement, storage, and distribution of materials in a healthcare setting. It aims to ensure the right quality, quantity, and cost of supplies are available at the right time and place. Key aspects of material management include material planning through identification and forecasting of item needs, centralized or decentralized purchasing, inspection and quality control of incoming supplies, proper storage, inventory control, maintenance of supply records in an information system. The overall goal is efficient management of over 25-40% of healthcare expenditures spent on materials and supplies.
Material management involves planning, procurement, storage, and distribution of materials in a healthcare setting. It aims to ensure the right quality, quantity, and cost of supplies are available at the right time and place. Key aspects of material management include material planning through identification and forecasting of item needs, centralized or decentralized purchasing, inspection and quality control of incoming supplies, proper storage, inventory control, maintenance of supply records in an information system. The overall goal is efficient management of a major portion of healthcare expenditures on materials and supplies.
The document discusses the history and development of essential medicines. It outlines key events like the growth of new drugs post-WWII, the thalidomide tragedy of 1960, and the 1978 Alma-Ata declaration which established primary health care and inclusion of essential drugs. The WHO defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the majority of a population's health needs. Selection criteria include disease patterns, treatment facilities, and financial resources. National drug policies aim to ensure appropriate access to and use of essential medicines.
Discussed the Basic Rationale for medicine supplies management;
Overview of the medicines & supplies' management cycle
• Why manage medicines & supplies(Financial objectives, Operational objectives, Customer service objectives, Health objectives
• Benefits of efficient medicines & supplies management system to patients and facility
• Implications of inefficient medicine supply management system
• Components of a medicine supply management system, (Selection, Procurement, Distribution, Use, Policy or legal framework, Management support)
1. The document discusses the concept of rational use of medicines, which refers to using the appropriate medication, in the proper dose, for an adequate amount of time, and at the lowest cost to the patient.
2. Irrational drug use can occur due to issues like lack of information, over-prescription, and promotional activities by pharmaceutical companies. It can lead to harmful effects like increased resistance and adverse drug reactions.
3. Ensuring rational drug use involves defining diagnoses accurately, selecting appropriate treatments, educating patients, and monitoring treatment responses. National essential drug lists also aim to promote the rational use of effective, affordable medicines.
An introduction to medication therapy managementKabito Kiwanuka
Pharmacists: An Untapped Resource: Pharmacists receive more training on the safe, effective and appropriate use of medications than any other healthcare professional
The document discusses strategies for managing medicine resources in hospitals and health systems. It covers the key elements of the drug management cycle including drug selection, procurement, distribution, and storage. The objectives are to understand the importance of drug management and how to calculate drug quantities needed, select drugs, procure drugs, and ensure proper storage and distribution. Tools and forms are used to support effective management.
The document provides an overview of clinical pharmacy, including its definition, scope, and the roles and responsibilities of clinical pharmacists. It discusses how clinical pharmacists work as part of a healthcare team to optimize patient outcomes through various activities like collecting patient medical histories, identifying drug therapy problems, monitoring drug therapies, and educating patients. Clinical pharmacists play an important role in ensuring safe and effective use of medications in both hospital and community pharmacy settings.
Applications of statistics in medical Research and HealthrMuhammadNafees42
This will help you to understand the applications of basic statistics.The application of stat in medical health and research.
#nafeesupdates
#nafeesmedicos
This document discusses the rational use of medicine and the role of pharmacists in promoting rational use. It defines rational use of medicine as using medications appropriately to meet patient needs in terms of dose, duration and cost. Irrational use can lead to reduced treatment quality, adverse effects and waste of resources. Factors causing irrational use include issues with patients, prescribers, industry influence, pharmacists and drug distribution systems. The pharmacist can promote rational use by participating in drug committees, education, dispensing appropriately, and providing drug information. A case study demonstrates potential issues like polypharmacy, non-adherence to guidelines and incorrect prescribing that a pharmacist could address to improve rational use.
This document provides information on essential medicines including goals, objectives, and key concepts. It discusses essential drug lists, quantification methods, procurement, storage, stock control, drug revolving funds, and identification of fake medicines. The objectives are to equip students to manage essential medicines and drug revolving funds. Quantification involves determining drug quantities needed based on health problems. Procurement, storage, and stock control are also reviewed.
This document provides information about a practical lab manual for hospital and clinical pharmacy. It includes 9 experiments covering topics like drug information queries, interpreting laboratory reports, adverse drug reaction reporting, demonstrating use of orthopedic aids and bandages, and case studies. The experiments aim to teach students a systematic approach to drug information, how to optimize drug therapy based on lab results, and skills like wound dressing and injection techniques. Key aspects covered are using primary, secondary and tertiary resources to answer drug queries; components of laboratory reports; and handling prescriptions and addressing patient queries. The document outlines the objectives, theory, and procedures for each experiment.
An Essential Drug List, also known as a core drug list or medication list, is a carefully selected inventory of medications that are deemed essential for addressing the most prevalent health conditions within a specific population or country. It serves as a key component of national drug policies and pharmaceutical programs, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines. The list is typically developed based on rigorous criteria, taking into consideration the medications' safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for primary healthcare settings.
Rational Drug Therapy refers to the systematic and evidence-based approach to prescribing medications, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. It involves following established therapeutic guidelines and clinical protocols to ensure that medications are prescribed in a manner that is appropriate for the patient's condition, taking into account factors such as age, weight, co-existing conditions, drug interactions, and individual response. Rational drug therapy promotes the use of medications based on sound scientific evidence, emphasizing the principles of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness to optimize patient outcomes and improve overall healthcare quality.
The document discusses the Medicare Part D Overutilization Monitoring System (OMS) which was developed by CMS to monitor effectiveness of Part D sponsors' interventions for opioid and acetaminophen overutilization. The OMS identifies outliers based on Prescription Drug Event data and issues quarterly reports to sponsors. Key changes discussed include lowering the opioid criteria threshold in 2015, encouraging but not requiring hard acetaminophen edits in 2016, and potential future adoption of opioid overutilization measures under development. The importance of sponsors' role in monitoring medication therapy and identifying unsafe practices is also emphasized.
PMY 6120_1-2-Pharmaceutical Formulation Systems_Compound and Dispensing Proce...MuungoLungwani
This document discusses a course on pharmaceutical compounding and dispensing. The course covers background topics, dispensing and patient care, and extemporaneous dispensing. It aims to help students understand the roles of compounding pharmacists, resolve problems in making specific preparations, apply techniques to administrative and clinical aspects of drug delivery, determine dosages based on patient conditions, and apply principles of good pharmacy practice. Extemporaneous dispensing involves considerations for the intended use, safety, formula calculation, preparation method, container choice, and labeling for compounded products.
Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of the therapeutic use and effects of drugs. It deals with drug absorption, distribution, elimination, and action/effects. Pharmacotherapeutics provides information on how drugs act to prevent or eliminate disease based on receptor binding and bioavailability. It is also used as drug therapy after other treatments. Evidence-based medicine and rational drug use are important to pharmacotherapeutics to ensure safety and efficacy. Standard treatment guidelines, essential medicine lists, and drug formularies are tools to promote rational use of medicines.
Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of therapeutic uses and effects of drugs. It involves determining treatment objectives, selecting appropriate drugs, dosages, and treatment durations based on factors like the disease stage and patient characteristics. Rational pharmacotherapy means medicines are prescribed, delivered, and explained properly to patients. Evidence-based medicine systematically uses clinical research evidence to make patient care decisions. An essential medicines list identifies the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system, based on disease prevalence, costs, and availability.
Similar to HM 2012 session-VII inventory management (20)
This document provides an overview of patient safety initiatives and issues in hospitals. It discusses that 10% of hospital patients suffer adverse events, with medical errors causing around 100,000 deaths per year in the US. Common types of errors include overdoses and performing procedures on the wrong patient. The document then outlines the Patient Safety Friendly Hospital Initiative, which develops standards to assess patient safety in hospitals and has piloted the approach in 7 countries. It describes the five domains used to measure hospital performance on patient safety and provides examples of critical and core standards. The document concludes by offering recommendations on how hospitals can develop their own patient safety programs.
The document appears to be an example of an organization chart as it lists the name "Dr. Ashfaq Ahmed Bhuto" which could be the head of the organization. No other details are provided about the organizational structure or employees. The date listed is Tuesday, February 14, 2012 which provides context for when this example organization chart may have been created.
This document provides information about the Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) in a hospital. It discusses the mission, activities, and building blocks of the CSSD. It describes the decontamination lifecycle and flow process of the CSSD. It also covers staffing, equipment, sterilization techniques like steam and dry heat sterilization used in the CSSD.
Healthcare waste management is important to reduce risks to human health and the environment. Hazardous healthcare waste makes up 10-25% of total healthcare waste and includes infectious, sharps and pathological waste. Proper segregation, storage, transport and treatment of hazardous waste is necessary, with training of all relevant staff. Simple measures like effective containment and safe handling can significantly reduce risks if consistently applied throughout the waste stream. Management in emergencies requires special care for infectious, sharps and pathological waste to minimize public health risks.
This document provides information about managing different areas of a hospital, including outpatient clinics, the emergency department, and indoor patient areas. It discusses patient flow, accessibility features, staffing requirements, and layouts for these key areas. The document emphasizes the importance of accessibility, proper signage and wayfinding, flexibility in department layouts, and having the necessary specialties and resources to effectively treat patients.
Hm 2012 session-iii planning & developing a hospitaldrbhutto
The document discusses planning and designing a new hospital or department. It covers conducting a feasibility study to determine needed facilities and services. The study should assess the local patient population, existing competition, and financial viability. It also provides guidelines on hospital size based on catchment population, occupancy rates, and average length of stay. Additional sections cover factors like location, access, flexibility, and allocating space between patient areas, support services and more.
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The document outlines a curriculum for managing a modern hospital. It includes 10 sessions over 10 days that will cover topics such as hospital organization, planning and building, inventory management, and patient safety. Students will be assessed through attendance, pre-and post-tests, three quizzes, and a final assignment. Study materials will be provided including textbooks, websites and handouts. Communication with facilitators will be via email and a designated office.
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3. Water Tank Analogy for Inventory
Inventory Level
Supply Rate
Buffers Demand Rate
from Supply Rate
Inventory Level
Demand Rate
3
4. The role of time in competitive advantage
Definition and concepts
quality cost
business advantage
Time-based competing time
The timely response to customer
needs
4
5. The role of time in competitive advantage
Traditional opinion
Fast delivery
High quality Low cost
5
6. Inventory Management Systems
Functions of Inventory Management
– Track inventory
– How much to order
– When to order
Prioritization
Inventory Management Approach
– Selective Control
– Choose the right type of classification for material
– Apply appropriate techniques
6
8. What is a drug?
A drug can be given three possible operational
definitions:
A chemical substance that affects the processes of
the body or mind;
Any chemical compound used on or administered to
humans or animals as an aid in the
diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease, or
other abnormal condition, for the relief of pain or
suffering, or to control or improve any physiologic or
pathologic state;
A substance used recreationally for its effects on the
central nervous system.
8
9. Why manage drugs?
1. Drugs are part of the link between the patient and
health services. Consequently, their availability or
absence will contribute to the positive or negative
impact on health.
2. Poor drug management, particularly in the public
sector of developing countries, is a critical
issue, but major improvements are possible that
can save money and improve access.
3. Drugs are no longer the responsibility of health
workers only. Political, economic, financial and
traditional considerations have become so crucial
in health care that it has become imperative to look
at drugs and health care from these perspectives.
9
11. Criteria for selection of drugs
Some criteria used in selecting drugs and their dosage
forms, include the following:
Keeping costs of drugs and dosage forms affordable
and cost-effective so as to optimize the use of
financial resources;
Having drugs available for the treatment of most
prevalent diseases, ailments, sicknesses and so
forth at the levels of care provided;
Availability of safe, effective and good-quality drugs.
11
12. Basis for drug selection
National health policy
Free health care
Subsidized health care
Managed health care
National drug policy
Free drug policy
Subsidized cost of drugs or cost recovery
Cost sharing
Patterns and prevalence of diseases
Quality and type of care provided
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
12
13. Basis for drug selection
Available human resources
Medical care (general and specialist care)
Nursing care (nursing, midwifery, psychiatry)
Pharmaceutical care (pharmacists, pharmacy
technicians, clinical nurses)
Financial resources.
13
14. Drug procurement
Procurement of drugs is based on selected drugs
and dosage forms and available financial resources.
Procedures adopted in procuring drugs include:
Estimating quantity of each drug product required for a
given period,
Finding out the prices of the different drug dosage forms
required,
Allocating funds for each drug dosage form depending on:
Priority nature of the drug and dosage form,
Available finances.
Requisition for drug and dosage form is made after
due consultation with prescribers.
14
15. Techniques of ordering
The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) formula.
Bulk ordering with time-phased delivery.
A fixed order quantity system.
A fixed order period system.
A probability-based trade off matrix.
Speculative considerations.
The just-in-time system.
15
16. Cycle counting
Annual counting is cumbersome
Prioritize and do cycle counting
Counting inventories on a regular basis throughout the
year is called cycle counting
For example, inventory is broken down by ABC
classifications and frequencies assigned such as A items
counted 10 times/year, B items 5 times/year, and son on.
16
17. Estimation of drug requirements
The estimate of the drug and dosage forms required
for a given period is undertaken:
To avoid shortages (out of stock) and ensure credible
health care service,
To prevent excess stock and avoid waste (loss or
mismanagement of financial resources).
17
18. Determining drug types and quantities
required
Factors that influence choice and quantity of drugs
include:
Population which the health institution serves,
Disease pattern,
Seasonal variation in disease pattern,
Monthly (rate of) drug consumption,
Knowledge of quantity of each dosage form that is
regularly consumed,
Delivery (lead) time,
Time lag between placing orders and receiving the orders,
Request indicator (re-order level):
Quantity of drug product that serves as a signal for re-
ordering.
18
19. Determining drug types and quantities
required
The maximum quantity of drugs held in stock is
determined by:
Distance from the central health services area or regional
medical store (e.g. I.I Depot),
Size of the health centre store,
Number of clients (patients) visiting the health centre.
19
20. Delivery (lead) time
It is important to establish how long it takes to have a
drug delivered and receipted in the store so that the
drug does not become out of stock. This period is
called the delivery or lead time. Delivery time may be
days, weeks or even months. Delivery time may be
longer than two months because of the following
reasons:
Poor road conditions, particularly in the rainy season,
Poor condition of delivery vehicles,
Increased work load at the issuing store,
Non-availability of adequate resources at the central
store,
Consumption rate of drugs.
20
21. Monthly consumption
Monthly consumption may be collated with data
obtained from:
Bin (stock) cards,
Daily use record, daily cash record,
Drug register.
Normally, monthly consumption is obtained by:
Calculating the average consumption over a period of
time (e.g. six months)
Or dividing the total consumption over the period by the
number of months the drug dosage form was consumed.
21
22. Example 1: Monthly consumption
The first method of calculating monthly consumption is to add the
quantity of drugs in stock at the beginning of a period (e.g., six months)
to the quantity of drugs received during that same period and then
subtract the quantity of drugs remaining at the end of the period.
Use of Tablet Paracetamol:
April 2000 1000 X 500mg tablet containers in stock =14
June 2000 1000 X 500mg tablet containers Received =8
September 2000 1000 X 500mg tablet containers remaining in stock =6
Total 1000 X 500mg tablet containers consumed over a six
months period in stock =14+8-6=16
Average monthly consumption = 16/6
Average monthly consumption to the nearest container = 2 2/3
22
23. Example 2: Monthly consumption
A second method of calculating the average monthly consumption is
to obtain data on consumption
from the bin card on a monthly basis and then find an average over a
period of time.
April 2000 2 X 1000 Tablets
May 2000 4 X 1000 Tablets
June 2000 2 X 1000 Tablets
July 2000 2 X 1000 Tablets
August 2000 3 X 1000 Tablets
September 2000 3 X 1000 Tablets
Total 16 X 1000 Tablets
Average monthly consumption is 16 x 1,000 tablets = 2 2/3 containers
Average monthly consumption of container to the nearest container = 3
23
24. Example 3: Monthly consumption
A third method of calculating average monthly consumption is to obtain data on actual
consumption from the daily use record or daily use/cash record.
Data of monthly consumption of paracetamol 500-mg tablets over a six-month period.
April 2000 2000 Tablets
May 2000 3100 Tablets
June 2000 2300 Tablets
July 2000 2100 Tablets
August 2000 3100 Tablets
September 2000 3200 Tablets
Total six months 15800 Tablets
Total six months 15,800 tablets
Average monthly consumption of tablet is 15,800 /6 = 2633.3 tablets Each container
has 1,000 tablets. Therefore the average monthly consumption of
1,000-tablet tin = 2633.3 /1000= 2.6 tins
Average monthly consumption of paracetamol 500-mg tablets to the nearest container = 3
24
25. Request indicator (re-order)
The request indicator (RI) is the level of drugs in stock; it indicates
when fresh orders should be made.
It is the quantity that is calculated to last between the period of
placing the order and the delivery of the new consignment.
The RI is marked with pencil in the space ―RI‖ on the top right-hand
corner of the stock card. It should be updated at least twice a year
because consumption may vary due to seasonal changes or
epidemics.
This will ensure that no shortage of stock occurs before the next
consignment is expected. The stock should not be allowed to fall
below this level before a new order is placed.
Each stock card must have an RI that is updated from time to time as
consumption varies.
The stock should never reach ―zero level‖ before a request is
made, as there will be a shortage of stock for some time.
25
26. Request indicator (re-order)
It is easy to calculate the RI once the monthly
consumption is obtained.
If the delivery time is three months and the monthly
total consumption is 2633.3
RI is: 2633.3 tablets x 3 months = 7,900 tablets
Since the unit of issue is tins of 1,000 tablets, the
above figure must be brought to the nearest tin,
which is 7,900/1000 = 7.90 = approximately 8 tins
This means that when the stock of paracetamol is
reduced to 8 tins, a new request must be made.
26
27. Quantity to be requested
The type and quantity of drug to be ordered will depend on the
disease pattern of the area served by the health centre, the
quantity for each dosage form previously consumed, when
drugs were not out of stock, the period for which the new stock
is to serve and the number of patients.
In determining the quantity to be requested:
Consider the lead or delivery time.
Consider the number of patients to be treated (using national
treatment guidelines).
Collaborate with the head of the health centre (prescriber) when
making a new request. The prescriber is better placed to know for
which item an extra quantity has to be requested because of
epidemics or seasonal changes in disease pattern.
Look through all the stock cards in a systematic manner and
compare the RI with the current stock balances.
Request only those items where the stock balance approaches the
RI, equals the RI or is below the RI.
27
28. Example 1:
RI = 6 tins; Balance: 8 tins (number of patients = 100)
Consider the existing lead time of three months and add
one month as RESERVE for unforeseen circumstances
such as delay in delivery, breakdown of delivery
vehicle, stock rupture at the central store, bad
roads, unforeseen epidemic and so on.
RI = -6 tins; current stock balance = 8 tins
In this case the RI is above by 2 tins.
Therefore, make the normal request less by 2 tins
Request quantity = 2 tins x 3 months + 1 month
consumption (2 tins)
= (2 x 3) + 2 – 2
= 6 tins
28
29. Example 2:
RI = 6 tins; Balance: 6 tins (number of patients = 100)
Consider the existing lead time of three months and add one
month as RESERVE for unforeseen circumstances such as
delay in delivery, breakdown of delivery vehicle, stock rupture
at the central store, bad roads, unforeseen epidemic and so
on.
RI = 6 tins; current stock balance = 6 tins
Average monthly consumption is 6 tins/3 = 2 tins
The quantity to be ordered is:
Average monthly consumption x Lead time + 1 month
consumption for unforeseen
events
= (2 tins x 3 months) + 2 tins
= 8 tins
29
30. Example 3:
RI = 6 tins; Balance: 0 tins (number of patients = 100)
consider the existing lead time of three months and add one month as
RESERVE for unforeseen circumstances such as delay in
delivery, breakdown of delivery vehicle, stock rupture at the central
store, bad roads, unforeseen epidemic and so on.
RI = 6 tins; current stock balance = 0 tins
In this case an extra quantity must be requested to cover the RI.
Request quantity = 2 tins x 3 months + 1 month consumption (2 tins) +
RI (6 tins) quantity
= (2 x 3) + 2 + 6
= 14 tins
In each case above, if previous data show that the number of patients would
increase (e.g. malaria cases due to seasonal variations), then the quantities
should be increased proportionally.
If the number of patients is expected to double, then the quantity should be
multiplied by 2.
If the number of patients is expected to drop by half, then the quantity should
be multiplied by 1/2.
30
31. Price of drugs
The prices of drugs are also determined at the
national level. The factors to consider in determining
price include:
Purchase price,
Shipping cost,
Clearing and custom charges,
Transportation charges,
Markup to cover administrative and other costs.
In determining the price, a factor is also included to
take care of inflation so that the revenue generated
will not be eroded with time. This is important for the
sustainability of the drug fund.
31
32. Requisition, supply and receipt of drugs
Drug request
Drugs that are ordered for use in the health centre must
be approved for use in the centre. Drugs in the health
centre should be relevant to the pattern of endemic
diseases as well as the type of services being provided in
the health centre.
It is advisable to request drugs on a regular basis to
prevent shortages. If drugs are not always available,
patients may lose confidence in the health centre and will
be discouraged from visiting it. It is important to make
requests on a regular basis, as drugs will only be
delivered when requested. The delivery time should be
taken into consideration in ensuring that drugs are not in
short supply.
32
33. Requisition, supply and receipt of drugs
Completing stores requisition/delivery (issue) form
It is advisable to make a request on a standard stores
requisition/delivery (issue) form. The stores requisition/delivery
(issue) form should be produced in four copies. The original and two
other copies of the form will be sent to the central store when
completed. The fourth copy is kept in the dispensary/ward to remind
the health worker in charge of drugs or items requested.
Ensure that the following items are filled in correctly:
Name of drug and dosage form;
Unit of issue and quantity requested;
The requisition number (it is preferable to begin with a new number each
year, e.g. 1/00);
The name of the dispensary and the date the requisition was made;
The name and signature of the health worker making the requisition;
Where the stores requisition/delivery (issue) form is designed to contain
all the items listed, fill in only the quantities of those items needed;
Write down the approximate unit price of each requested item and the
approximate total cost of each item;
Name and signature of the health worker making the requisition;
33 The head of the health centre and a representative of the health
committee should endorse the stores requisition/delivery (issue) form.
35. Supply of drugs from medical stores
Stores requisition/delivery (issue) form
A stores requisition/delivery (issue) form should accompany
any supply made from the medical stores.
Health centres normally receive their drug supplies from
central, regional or health services area medical stores. In
very rare cases they may obtain drugs from other sources.
Supplies are issued on the basis of request made to the medical
store by the health centre on an approved stores
requisition/delivery (issue) form.
The request should not be excessive and should preferably ask for
quantities that can be used in between delivery times.
The quantity of drugs requested is made in the appropriate column
of the form and is sent to the medical store from which drugs are
supplied.
The request is made on the basis of approved delivery time, time
frame or in emergency.
The quantities of drugs delivered or issued from the medical stores
should be entered in the appropriate column of the form.
35
36. Supply of drugs from medical stores
Receipt of drugs at dispensary
The consignment must come with two copies of the stores requisition/delivery (issue)
form.
Check that the quantity issued actually corresponds to the quantity indicated on the
stores requisition/delivery (issue) form.
Check off each drug after checking.
Take note of the unit price of each drug and compare it to the previous unit price.
Check that all original boxes, tins or bottles are unopened and are in good condition.
Check the labels and ensure that there are no expired drugs being received.
Any drugs already expired or soon to expire that cannot be consumed before
expiration or drugs not in good condition should be returned for destruction or
redistribution to other centres.
Sign two copies of the stores requisition/delivery (issue) forms if the above procedure
have been completed.
Return one copy of the signed stores requisition/delivery (issue) form to the medical
stores, and place another copy in the ―drug order‖ file.
Place drugs with shorter expiration dates in front of the shelf so that they can be
reached and used first.
Remember to record the new stock on the respective stock (bin) cards and
appropriate forms.
36
37. Transfer voucher or internal drug return
(IDR) form
The transfer voucher effects the movement of the following items to the medical
store:
Expiring drugs,
Damaged or spoiled drugs,
Drugs soon to expire,
Excess stock resulting from wrong RI or low consumption.
The following rules should be kept in mind:
It is important that drugs are not allowed to expire in the health centre because of
changes in disease pattern or for any other reasons.
Items that can be used elsewhere should be transferred immediately using an IDR
form to the medical stores for subsequent redistribution.
Expired or spoiled items should be transferred immediately using the IDR form to
the medical stores for destruction.
Excess stock should normally be transferred at least 3 months before expiration to
the medical store using the IDR form.
An internal transfer directly from one dispensary to another without involving the
central store is not permitted for accounting purposes.
The IDR form should be filled in triplicate. The triplicate copy is retained in the
health centre while the original and duplicate copies accompany the returned
drugs.
37
39. Drug storage
Proper drug storage
Drugs are stored in a specially designed secure area
or space of a building in order to:
Avoid contamination or deterioration,
Avoid disfiguration of labels,
Maintain integrity of packaging and so guarantee quality
and potency of drugs during shelf life,
Prevent or reduce pilferage, theft or losses,
Prevent infestation of pests and vermin.
39
40. Drug storage
Storage Environment
The storage environment should possess the
following:
Adequate temperature,
Sufficient lighting,
Clean conditions,
Humidity control,
Cold storage facilities,
Adequate shelving to ensure integrity of the stored drugs.
40
41. Drug storage
Arrangement of drugs on shelves
The following guidelines are for arranging drugs.
Shelves should be made of steel or treated wood.
Shelves should be strong and robust.
Drugs are arranged in alphabetical order of generic
names.
Each dosage form of drug is arranged in separate and
distinct areas.
Sufficient empty space should demarcate one drug or
dosage form from another.
41
42. Consumption records to be kept at the store
Maintain a stock (bin) card for each dosage form of drug in the store where
drugs are kept. Stock (bin) cards are important for good accountability of stock
movements. The cards should be made of stiff cardboard and be placed near
the drug products that they refer to on the shelves. If one dosage form is
available in two different strengths, open separate stock cards for each
strength. Stock, bin or tally cards are very useful tools in the management of
stores. Follow these procedures:
Maintain a stock (bin) card for each drug or dosage form of a drug in the store
where drugs are kept.
Enter quantity of seed stock in the ―in‖ and ―balance‖ columns with date, price and
supplier.
Enter quantity of any new stock in the ―in‖ column with date, price, supplier and
delivery number.
Enter balance of stock brought forward in ―balance‖ column with date.
Entries of receipt and issue of drugs are made after the event.
Always have a balance of stock entered in the ―balance‖ column with date.
Always issue out full containers of drugs from the store and enter the quantity of
drug issued in the ―out‖ column.
Physically check the actual balance of stock against current balance in stock card
from time to time to detect any discrepancy.
Keep spoons and measuring cups within reach for dispensing.
42
43. Entries to be made in stock (bin) card
When an item is received from the central store, enter the
quantity received in the ―IN‖ column on the stock card using a
red pen.
Add the number to the previous balance on the stock card to
obtain the current balance.
Enter the unit price.
Enter the date and number of the delivery note of the central
store in the column ―Ref. No.‖
It is preferable to take a full container of a drug from the shelf
in the store to the dispensing area when the stock in the
dispensing area is finished or almost finished.
Each time a full container of a drug is taken from the shelf to
the dispensing area, an entry of the number of containers
taken out is made in the stock (bin) card using a blue or black
pen in the ―OUT‖ column.
Subtract the number of containers taken out from the previous
balance in the stock card to obtain the current balance.
43
45. Consumption records at the dispensary
level
There is a need to maintain a record on consumption of drugs at the
dispensary through the use of a daily use record book.
The daily use record book is used to make entries of all drugs dispensed on a daily
basis.
Maintain a daily use record in the daily use record book in the format shown in
Diagram 9.
Use a fresh page for making entries for each drug dosage form.
Reserve a page or two for every month‘s consumption of drugs.
Make entries from actual receipts issued.
When a drug item is taken out of the dispensary store, an entry is made in the
―OUT‖ column in the stock (bin) card in the store. An entry is also made in the ―IN‖
column, with red pen, in the daily use record in the dispensing area as well as the
date the entry was made.
Add the quantity of drugs taken from the store to the dispensary to the previous
balance in the daily use record to obtain current balance.
Enter the dispensing date and the total quantity of dosage form dispensed daily in
the ―OUT‖ column.
Subtract the quantity dispensed or used daily from the balance to obtain current
balance.
Enter any shortage in the ―OUT‖ column and necessary remarks in the
―REMARKS‖ column.
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47. Receipts for drugs dispensed
When payments are made for the drugs dispensed, it is
advisable that the fees for the dispensed drugs are
collected and receipts issued before the drug is given to
the patient.
Every dispensary should have a receipt book in duplicate
form.
Every patient should be issued a receipt for drugs
purchased
Use carbon paper to produce a duplicate copy.
Stamp the original receipt with ―PAID‖ on receipt of cash
payment for the dispensed drugs.
Give the original receipt to the patient and retain the
duplicate in the receipt booklet.
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51. Types of selective control
Type of Control Basis Main Use
1. A-B-C Value of consumption of Control inventory value
item
2. H-M-L Unit price of item Control purchases
3. X-Y-Z Value of items in store Review inventories
4. V-E-D Criticality of item Inventory control of
spares
5. F-S-N Consumption pattern of Control obsolescence
item
6. S-D-E Problems of procurement Lead time analysis and
purchasing strategies
7. G-O-L-F Source of supply Procurement strategies
8. S-O-S Nature of supply Procurement and holding
strategies for seasonal
items
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52. Pareto Principle
―Pareto‖ an Italian philosopher and economist, observed
that a very large percentage of the total national income
and wealth was concentrated in a small percentage of
the population. He formulated the axiom that the
significant value in a given group of items normally
constitute a small portion of the total number of items in
the group and that the majority of the items in the
group, in the aggregate, will be of small significance. This
is expressed as a thumb rule—‗80 per cent of the total
value will be accounted by 20 per cent of the items‘.
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53. A-B-C classification
A-B-C classification for materials management for any kind of
organisation, the monetary values of the annual consumption of all
items of materials are classified roughly as:
10 per cent of items contributing to 70 per cent of value as ‗A‘;
the next 20 per cent of items contributing to 20 per cent of value as
‗B‘;
the balance 70 per cent of the items contributing to the remaining
10 per cent of the value as ‗C‘.
It is evident that controlling the small number of items amounting to
10 per cent of the total number of items will result in the control of 70
per cent of the monetary value of the inventory held and ordered.
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54. ABC Classification
Class A
10 % of units
70 % of value
Class B
20 % of units
20 % of value
Class C
70 % of units
10 % of value
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55. MECHANICS OF A-B-C ANALYSIS
1. Calculate the rupee value of the issues for each item in the
inventory by multiplying the unit cost by the number of units issued
during the year. It is assumed that all issues are for consumption.
2. Sort out all items by the rupee value of annual issues, in
descending sequence.
3. Prepare a list from these ranked items, showing item number, unit
cost, annual units issued and the annual rupee value of units
issued.
4. Starting at the top of the list, compute a running total of item-by-
item issue value and rupee consumption value.
5. Compute and print for each item the cumulative percentage for the
item count and the cumulative annual issue rupee value.
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57. A-B-C ANALYSIS-Decisions
A Items:
Very tight control, complete and accurate records, frequent review.
Maximum attention is devoted to considerations of optimisation during
predesign and pre-purchase stages, application of value
analysis, application of market research, source development and follow-
up of orders placed for stores items.
Generally, ‗A‘ items are ordered more frequently and in small quantities, or
as annual orders with staggered deliveries in small quantities,
B Items:
Less tightly controlled, good records, regular review
C Items:
Simplest controls possible, minimal records, large inventories, periodic
review and reorder
Ordered just once or twice a year for the entire year‘s requirement.
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58. A-B-C ANALYSIS-Management
Nature of A Items: High B Items: Moderate C Items: Low
Control Consumption Value Consumption Consumption Value
procedure Value
1. Type of control Very strict control. Moderate control. Low control. Delegated to
and High authority Middle Management departments
2. Quantity of safetyVery low, frequent Low, monthly or High, Half yearly or
stock orders quarterly orders annual orders
3. Consumption Regular daily or fortnightly or quarterly
control weekly monthly
4. Material planning Accurate, up to date Based on past Rough estimates
database consumption
5. Application of Concerted effort, Moderate Annual review
value analysis waste reduction,
obsolete and surplus
reduction
6. Number of More, Centralize 2-4 sources, 1-2 sources, annual
sources of supply purchase, reduce combined purchase, purchase, decentralized
lead time some effort to purchase
reduce lead time
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59. A-B-C ANALYSIS-Advantages
Equal attention give to all items would
Be very expensive;
Diffuse the effect of control; and
misalign priorities.
The A-B-C analysis helps to rationalise the number
of orders and reduce the average inventory during a
specific period.
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61. A-B-C ANALYSIS-Advantages
From above example it is evident that the total number of orders are the
same, but the average inventory is significantly reduced by recognising that
‗A‘ items should be ordered more frequently. The benefits are:
The A-B-C analysis gives a deeper cost perspective to the management and
enables them to decide on priorities for improvement or cost reduction
programmes.
It prevents wasting time and energy in making improvements, where
improvements yield a marginal benefit (‗C‘ class items).
The advantage of the A-B-C analysis lies in relaxing rather than tightening of
inventory control—separating the ‗vital few‘ from the ‗trivial many‘, control is
relaxed and less emphasis put on ‗C‘ items, which represent the bulk of the
inventory items.
The A-B-C analysis gives a measure of inventory importance to each item.
It reinforces the principle of ‗management by exception‘.
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62. A-B-C ANALYSIS-Limitations
The A-B-C analysis, in order to be fully effective, should be carried
out with standardisation and codification.
It indicates nothing regarding profitability or criticality. Importance is
given to an item on the basis of its consumption value, and not on
criticality. Hence, such classification can lead to overlooking the need
for an item whose criticality is high, but whose consumption value is
low.
The A-B-C analysis should be reviewed periodically so that changes
in prices and consumption are taken into account.
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63. H-M-L Classification
This method is similar to A-B-C classification. But in this case,
instead of the consumption value of items, their unit value is
considered for classification. As the name implies, the materials are
classified according to their unit value as:
High,
Medium
Low.
The cut-off point will depend on the individual user. The procedure is
to list out the items in descending order of unit value and invoke
management policy to fix the cut-off points. The management may
decide and delegate authority to various levels of officers depending
on the classification.
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64. X-Y-Z Classification
X-Y-Z has the value of inventory available on a particular date in the
stores as its basis. This study is taken up once in a year during the
annual stock-taking exercise.
X items are those items whose stock value is high
Y items fall between the two categories
Z items are those whose stock values are low
This classification helps in identifying the items which are being
extensively stocked. If the management is caught napping, one can
expect C items in the X category. Therefore, controls should be
developed for A-B-C items in conjunction with X-Y-Z items.
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66. V-E-D classification
V-E-D classification is applicable to a large extent in
spare parts management.
Stocking a spare part is based on strategies
different from those of raw materials.
Vital – items that are crucial for providing basic services.
Essential – items that are important but not absolutely
crucial for providing basic services.
Desirable– items that are used for minor or self-limiting
problems.
Vital and essential items should be given priority if
funds are limited, and health facilities should always
have these items in stock.
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68. F-S-N Classification
Fast moving: Items which have moved at least once
in a year.
Slow moving: Items which have moved at least once
in a period of one to two years.
Non-moving: Items which have not moved even
once during a two-year duration.
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70. G-O-L-F Classification
In the G-O-L-F system, classification is based on the availability and nature
of suppliers. The nature of the suppliers will determine the quantity and
continuity of supply, lead time payment terms and clerical processing
cost and time
GOVERNMENT SUPPLIERS: Transactions with these suppliers involve
long clerical processing and the lead time will also generally be long.
ORDINARY SUPPLIERS: Bulk of suppliers. The quality and continuity of
supply is good especially. Credit availability from some of these sources
may be available.
LOCAL SUPPLIERS: From whom cash purchases are generally made.
They are usually in the market areas of cities.
FOREIGN SUPPLIERS: Foreign suppliers. Will involve heavy clerical
work—starting with government clearance, e.g. obtaining an import licence
for customs clearance before the foreign source of supply is contracted.
After orders have been placed, the shipping formalities must be followed up
70 and port clearance work done.