The document summarizes research into individuals who remained uninfected with HIV despite repeated exposure. Researchers Paxton and colleagues recruited such individuals and controls to study potential mechanisms of protection. Through experiments mixing HIV, T cells, and cytotoxic T cells from participants, they found evidence that some protected individuals' cytotoxic T cells controlled HIV infection through early destruction of infected T cells. Others' T cells were resistant to HIV infection, likely due to a CCR5 gene mutation preventing the virus from entering cells. This research helped identify natural resistance to HIV infection.
NPF: AIDS 2010 Refresher for Vienna JournalistsDaric Snyder
This document provides a summary of a refresher course on HIV/AIDS for journalists. It covers HIV/AIDS from both a medical/scientific perspective and a public health perspective. From a medical perspective, it explains how HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, eventually overcoming the immune system. From a public health perspective, it discusses populations vulnerable to HIV, modes of transmission, and prevention strategies at both personal and societal levels. It emphasizes that until a vaccine or cure is developed, prevention must be the focus. The document compares the perspectives of medicine and public health and stresses journalists' important role in educating the public about HIV/AIDS.
The document summarizes the hepatitis C virus (HCV) including its structure, life cycle, and interactions with the immune system. HCV is an RNA virus with 6 genotypes that infects humans and chimpanzees. It enters liver cells and replicates within the cytoplasm. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are believed to play a role in infection outcomes. Innate responses include interferons and liver macrophages, while adaptive responses involve CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, and antibodies. However, HCV has evolved mechanisms to evade these immune defenses through protein interference and rapid mutation of epitopes. Protective responses are thought to rely on CD8 cytotoxic T cells and CD4 helper functions. No approved vaccine currently exists, but
HIV VS AIDS. Can we prevent HIV transformation into AIDS?Dmitri Popov
This document discusses HIV and AIDS, specifically looking at whether we can prevent HIV from transforming into AIDS. It provides background on HIV/AIDS, noting that HIV causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It discusses the role of CD4+ T cells in the immune system and how HIV infection leads to a reduction in CD4+ counts. The document explores various mechanisms by which HIV causes CD8+ T cell depletion and considers whether blocking apoptosis of these cells could benefit treatment of AIDS.
immunobiology of hiv virus human immunodeficeincy virusAkshay Raj
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, or from mother to child. While some can suppress the virus for many years, treatment aims to control progression, as there is no cure. HIV evades immunity through antigenic mutations and hiding from antibodies, exploiting the immune system it evolved to overcome. Immunotherapy and antiretroviral drugs target different stages of the viral lifecycle, but combination treatment is required to suppress HIV long-term.
This document discusses a case study of idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia (ICL). ICL is defined as low CD4 cell counts without an identifiable cause like HIV. The case involves a patient who presented with recurrent infections and was found to have very low CD4 counts without an alternative cause. Further testing confirmed a diagnosis of ICL. ICL is a rare immunodeficiency disorder characterized by persistently low CD4 counts without another identifiable cause.
Introduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & AbLionel Wolberger
This document provides an overview of a lecture on antibody function and diversity. It introduces antibody gene rearrangement and discusses how antibodies recognize an almost infinite number of antigens through genetic diversity mechanisms like variable gene segments and junctional diversity during lymphocyte development. Key textbooks on immunology are also referenced.
This document provides an introduction to immunology, covering the origin and history of immunology, the functions of the immune system, and some basic concepts. It discusses the organization of the immune system into external defenses like skin and internal defenses including innate immunity and adaptive immunity. It also summarizes the cells and chemicals involved in innate immunity like phagocytes, complement, and cytokines as well as the cells of adaptive immunity like B cells, T cells, and antibodies.
The document discusses various aspects of HIV such as viral phenotypes, genotypes, immunotypes and serotypes. It describes an HIV outbreak in 1998 that infected 418 children in a Libyan hospital. Five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor were sentenced to death for negligence but the sentence was later reduced. The viral strains predated the accused individuals. It also discusses immune responses to HIV like T-helper 1 vs 2 responses, mechanisms of CD4+ cell loss, and factors that may allow some infected individuals to avoid AIDS progression. Potential protective roles of co-infections are mentioned. Different types of vaccine strategies are proposed.
NPF: AIDS 2010 Refresher for Vienna JournalistsDaric Snyder
This document provides a summary of a refresher course on HIV/AIDS for journalists. It covers HIV/AIDS from both a medical/scientific perspective and a public health perspective. From a medical perspective, it explains how HIV infects and destroys CD4 cells, eventually overcoming the immune system. From a public health perspective, it discusses populations vulnerable to HIV, modes of transmission, and prevention strategies at both personal and societal levels. It emphasizes that until a vaccine or cure is developed, prevention must be the focus. The document compares the perspectives of medicine and public health and stresses journalists' important role in educating the public about HIV/AIDS.
The document summarizes the hepatitis C virus (HCV) including its structure, life cycle, and interactions with the immune system. HCV is an RNA virus with 6 genotypes that infects humans and chimpanzees. It enters liver cells and replicates within the cytoplasm. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are believed to play a role in infection outcomes. Innate responses include interferons and liver macrophages, while adaptive responses involve CD4 and CD8 T cells, B cells, and antibodies. However, HCV has evolved mechanisms to evade these immune defenses through protein interference and rapid mutation of epitopes. Protective responses are thought to rely on CD8 cytotoxic T cells and CD4 helper functions. No approved vaccine currently exists, but
HIV VS AIDS. Can we prevent HIV transformation into AIDS?Dmitri Popov
This document discusses HIV and AIDS, specifically looking at whether we can prevent HIV from transforming into AIDS. It provides background on HIV/AIDS, noting that HIV causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells. It discusses the role of CD4+ T cells in the immune system and how HIV infection leads to a reduction in CD4+ counts. The document explores various mechanisms by which HIV causes CD8+ T cell depletion and considers whether blocking apoptosis of these cells could benefit treatment of AIDS.
immunobiology of hiv virus human immunodeficeincy virusAkshay Raj
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, or from mother to child. While some can suppress the virus for many years, treatment aims to control progression, as there is no cure. HIV evades immunity through antigenic mutations and hiding from antibodies, exploiting the immune system it evolved to overcome. Immunotherapy and antiretroviral drugs target different stages of the viral lifecycle, but combination treatment is required to suppress HIV long-term.
This document discusses a case study of idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia (ICL). ICL is defined as low CD4 cell counts without an identifiable cause like HIV. The case involves a patient who presented with recurrent infections and was found to have very low CD4 counts without an alternative cause. Further testing confirmed a diagnosis of ICL. ICL is a rare immunodeficiency disorder characterized by persistently low CD4 counts without another identifiable cause.
Introduction to Immunity Antibody Function & Diversity 2006 L1&2-overview & AbLionel Wolberger
This document provides an overview of a lecture on antibody function and diversity. It introduces antibody gene rearrangement and discusses how antibodies recognize an almost infinite number of antigens through genetic diversity mechanisms like variable gene segments and junctional diversity during lymphocyte development. Key textbooks on immunology are also referenced.
This document provides an introduction to immunology, covering the origin and history of immunology, the functions of the immune system, and some basic concepts. It discusses the organization of the immune system into external defenses like skin and internal defenses including innate immunity and adaptive immunity. It also summarizes the cells and chemicals involved in innate immunity like phagocytes, complement, and cytokines as well as the cells of adaptive immunity like B cells, T cells, and antibodies.
The document discusses various aspects of HIV such as viral phenotypes, genotypes, immunotypes and serotypes. It describes an HIV outbreak in 1998 that infected 418 children in a Libyan hospital. Five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor were sentenced to death for negligence but the sentence was later reduced. The viral strains predated the accused individuals. It also discusses immune responses to HIV like T-helper 1 vs 2 responses, mechanisms of CD4+ cell loss, and factors that may allow some infected individuals to avoid AIDS progression. Potential protective roles of co-infections are mentioned. Different types of vaccine strategies are proposed.
The document discusses pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS. It defines HIV as a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting CD4+ T cells and suppressing the immune system. This leaves the body susceptible to opportunistic infections. The document summarizes the stages of HIV infection from acute infection to development of AIDS, as well as the clinical manifestations and complications of HIV/AIDS such as wasting syndrome, opportunistic infections, and cancers. Treatment options for HIV/AIDS are also briefly mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the immune system. It begins with definitions of immunity and the historical views of disease. It then describes the innate and adaptive immune systems in detail. The innate system includes physical barriers and the complement system. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral immunity through B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity through T cell subsets. Key immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils are also summarized in terms of their functions, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. The document provides an extensive but concise review of immune system components and their roles in protection from pathogens.
Elite controllers of HIV infection are able to naturally control HIV through cell-mediated immunity without antiretroviral therapy. Key factors contributing to their elite status include certain HLA polymorphisms, highly functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, strong mucosal immunity, beneficial NK cell interactions with HLA alleles, and balanced regulatory T cell and Th17 cell responses that prevent immune activation. Their immune responses also feature polyfunctional CD8+ T cells, HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, and antimicrobial factors like defensins from dendritic cells that inhibit HIV at multiple stages of its life cycle.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
The document summarizes key information about HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV infects and replicates within CD4 immune cells, weakening the immune system and potentially causing AIDS.
- HIV progresses through three main phases: asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be tested for through antibody and viral load tests.
- While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, treatment involves antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the HIV lifecycle to suppress viral replication and slow disease progression.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. There are three main stages of HIV infection: (1) Primary infection where viremia is high and symptoms may occur; (2) Clinical latency where the virus establishes itself and the CD4 count declines slowly; (3) AIDS where the CD4 count is low and opportunistic infections take hold. The natural history and pathogenesis of HIV involves direct viral killing of CD4 cells as well as indirect mechanisms like syncytium formation that further weaken immunity over time.
Immune Based Therapies for HIV Richard Trauger, phdSearch For A Cure
Presentation on Immune Based Therapies and their implications for HIV treatment presented at the Fenway Health Center, Boston, MA for the public education conference An End To AIDS - How A State Bill Can Change Everything conducted by SearchForACure.org, the Fenway Health
Center, and the MA Dept. of Public Health
HIV causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells, leaving the immune system vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is a retrovirus that enters cells via CD4 and a coreceptor. It inserts its genetic material into the host cell DNA. New virus particles are assembled and exit to infect other cells. Highly active antiretroviral therapy can slow the virus but has limitations like side effects, cost and drug resistance. HIV originated from cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting chimpanzees and mangabeys.
AIDS is caused by HIV, a retrovirus that profoundly suppresses immunity. It is characterized by opportunistic infections, cancers, and neurological symptoms as it destroys CD4+ T-cells. The virus can be transmitted sexually or vertically from mother to child. After initial infection, HIV enters a chronic phase where it replicates in lymph tissues while gradually eroding immunity. Without treatment, this progresses to a crisis phase with full AIDS defined by severe opportunistic infections as CD4+ T-cells fall below 200 cells/ul.
HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the CD4+ cell count drops below 200, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 is the predominant global type while HIV-2 is less common and concentrated in West Africa. Both can be transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, and from mother to child, ultimately causing AIDS if left untreated.
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. It was discovered in the 1980s and has since caused a global pandemic. HIV targets and destroys CD4+ T cells in the immune system, leaving infected individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. The virus has a high mutation rate that allows it to evade the immune system and antiretroviral drugs. Current antiretroviral treatment can suppress HIV but not cure it. The only known cure so far involved a bone marrow transplant from a donor with an HIV resistance gene. Researchers continue working to develop an effective HIV vaccine.
- AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency caused by the HIV virus which affects T lymphocytes. It results in opportunistic infections and tumors due to a reduced helper T cell population. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood exposure, and mother-to-child transmission.
- Laboratory diagnosis is by detecting antibodies through ELISA or detecting the virus directly through PCR, antigen detection, or viral culture. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy using different classes of drugs targeting viral enzymes and entry.
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It infects and destroys CD4 cells.
- HIV has three main genes - gag, pol, and env. Gag codes for core proteins, pol codes for enzymes, and env codes for envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
- HIV attaches to host cells via gp120 binding to CD4 receptors, then fuses and enters the cell. It replicates by converting RNA to DNA via reverse transcriptase.
- As CD4 cells decline due to infection, opportunistic infections can occur, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. Common
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
1. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that are specialized to regulate antibody responses and are critical for B cell maturation, antibody class switching, and germinal center formation.
2. Tfh cells differentiate from naive CD4+ T cells upon antigen stimulation by dendritic cells and B cells. Their differentiation is regulated by transcription factors like Bcl-6 and surface markers such as CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1.
3. Tfh cells function to help B cells by forming germinal centers, selectively stimulating B cells, and producing cytokines that determine antibody type, contributing to humoral immunity.
Nursing care for patients with immune disorders.pptxEstibelMengist
The document provides information on nursing care for patients with immune disorders. It discusses the body's immune response, types of immunity including innate and acquired, cells involved in immunity like T cells, B cells, and macrophages. It covers topics like HIV/AIDS, immune system assessment, diagnostic tests done to evaluate the immune system, immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivities, autoimmune diseases, and more. The document is a comprehensive guide on the immune system and nursing considerations for patients with immune disorders.
This document provides an overview of immunological disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to review concepts of the immune system and discuss disorders of the immune response such as hypersensitivities. It then covers topics like the components of the immune system, including cells and molecules involved. The four types of hypersensitivity reactions - Type I, II, III, and IV - are defined and examples of each are provided. Pathophysiology and mechanisms of different hypersensitivity types are also explained over multiple pages.
This document discusses immunological disorders such as HIV/AIDS and hypersensitivity disorders. It begins with an introduction to the immune system and immunopathology. It then discusses immunodeficiency disorders, distinguishing between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. The document goes on to describe HIV/AIDS in detail, including what HIV is, how it progresses to AIDS, its life cycle and transmission. It also discusses the risks, stages and clinical manifestations of HIV/AIDS as well as its medical, nursing and preventative management. Finally, it provides an overview of hypersensitivity disorders and their diagnostic tests and treatments.
The document summarizes key information about AIDS/HIV. It describes how AIDS was first identified in 1981 from cases of rare illnesses in young adults. HIV was discovered in 1983-84 as the causative agent. AIDS has since become a global pandemic, with over 33 million people living with HIV in 2007. The virus primarily transmits through sexual contact, blood, and from mother to child. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose HIV by detecting antibodies, antigens, or viral RNA. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs, while prevention strategies include safe sex practices, needle exchange programs, and blood screening.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
The document discusses pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS. It defines HIV as a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting CD4+ T cells and suppressing the immune system. This leaves the body susceptible to opportunistic infections. The document summarizes the stages of HIV infection from acute infection to development of AIDS, as well as the clinical manifestations and complications of HIV/AIDS such as wasting syndrome, opportunistic infections, and cancers. Treatment options for HIV/AIDS are also briefly mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the immune system. It begins with definitions of immunity and the historical views of disease. It then describes the innate and adaptive immune systems in detail. The innate system includes physical barriers and the complement system. Adaptive immunity involves both humoral immunity through B cells and antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity through T cell subsets. Key immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils are also summarized in terms of their functions, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. The document provides an extensive but concise review of immune system components and their roles in protection from pathogens.
Elite controllers of HIV infection are able to naturally control HIV through cell-mediated immunity without antiretroviral therapy. Key factors contributing to their elite status include certain HLA polymorphisms, highly functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, strong mucosal immunity, beneficial NK cell interactions with HLA alleles, and balanced regulatory T cell and Th17 cell responses that prevent immune activation. Their immune responses also feature polyfunctional CD8+ T cells, HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, and antimicrobial factors like defensins from dendritic cells that inhibit HIV at multiple stages of its life cycle.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
The document summarizes key information about HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV infects and replicates within CD4 immune cells, weakening the immune system and potentially causing AIDS.
- HIV progresses through three main phases: asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be tested for through antibody and viral load tests.
- While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, treatment involves antiretroviral drugs that target different stages of the HIV lifecycle to suppress viral replication and slow disease progression.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. There are three main stages of HIV infection: (1) Primary infection where viremia is high and symptoms may occur; (2) Clinical latency where the virus establishes itself and the CD4 count declines slowly; (3) AIDS where the CD4 count is low and opportunistic infections take hold. The natural history and pathogenesis of HIV involves direct viral killing of CD4 cells as well as indirect mechanisms like syncytium formation that further weaken immunity over time.
Immune Based Therapies for HIV Richard Trauger, phdSearch For A Cure
Presentation on Immune Based Therapies and their implications for HIV treatment presented at the Fenway Health Center, Boston, MA for the public education conference An End To AIDS - How A State Bill Can Change Everything conducted by SearchForACure.org, the Fenway Health
Center, and the MA Dept. of Public Health
HIV causes AIDS by destroying CD4+ T cells, leaving the immune system vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is a retrovirus that enters cells via CD4 and a coreceptor. It inserts its genetic material into the host cell DNA. New virus particles are assembled and exit to infect other cells. Highly active antiretroviral therapy can slow the virus but has limitations like side effects, cost and drug resistance. HIV originated from cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting chimpanzees and mangabeys.
AIDS is caused by HIV, a retrovirus that profoundly suppresses immunity. It is characterized by opportunistic infections, cancers, and neurological symptoms as it destroys CD4+ T-cells. The virus can be transmitted sexually or vertically from mother to child. After initial infection, HIV enters a chronic phase where it replicates in lymph tissues while gradually eroding immunity. Without treatment, this progresses to a crisis phase with full AIDS defined by severe opportunistic infections as CD4+ T-cells fall below 200 cells/ul.
HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the CD4+ cell count drops below 200, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 is the predominant global type while HIV-2 is less common and concentrated in West Africa. Both can be transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, and from mother to child, ultimately causing AIDS if left untreated.
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. It was discovered in the 1980s and has since caused a global pandemic. HIV targets and destroys CD4+ T cells in the immune system, leaving infected individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. The virus has a high mutation rate that allows it to evade the immune system and antiretroviral drugs. Current antiretroviral treatment can suppress HIV but not cure it. The only known cure so far involved a bone marrow transplant from a donor with an HIV resistance gene. Researchers continue working to develop an effective HIV vaccine.
- AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency caused by the HIV virus which affects T lymphocytes. It results in opportunistic infections and tumors due to a reduced helper T cell population. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood exposure, and mother-to-child transmission.
- Laboratory diagnosis is by detecting antibodies through ELISA or detecting the virus directly through PCR, antigen detection, or viral culture. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy using different classes of drugs targeting viral enzymes and entry.
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It infects and destroys CD4 cells.
- HIV has three main genes - gag, pol, and env. Gag codes for core proteins, pol codes for enzymes, and env codes for envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
- HIV attaches to host cells via gp120 binding to CD4 receptors, then fuses and enters the cell. It replicates by converting RNA to DNA via reverse transcriptase.
- As CD4 cells decline due to infection, opportunistic infections can occur, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. Common
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
1. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that are specialized to regulate antibody responses and are critical for B cell maturation, antibody class switching, and germinal center formation.
2. Tfh cells differentiate from naive CD4+ T cells upon antigen stimulation by dendritic cells and B cells. Their differentiation is regulated by transcription factors like Bcl-6 and surface markers such as CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1.
3. Tfh cells function to help B cells by forming germinal centers, selectively stimulating B cells, and producing cytokines that determine antibody type, contributing to humoral immunity.
Nursing care for patients with immune disorders.pptxEstibelMengist
The document provides information on nursing care for patients with immune disorders. It discusses the body's immune response, types of immunity including innate and acquired, cells involved in immunity like T cells, B cells, and macrophages. It covers topics like HIV/AIDS, immune system assessment, diagnostic tests done to evaluate the immune system, immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivities, autoimmune diseases, and more. The document is a comprehensive guide on the immune system and nursing considerations for patients with immune disorders.
This document provides an overview of immunological disorders and hypersensitivity reactions. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to review concepts of the immune system and discuss disorders of the immune response such as hypersensitivities. It then covers topics like the components of the immune system, including cells and molecules involved. The four types of hypersensitivity reactions - Type I, II, III, and IV - are defined and examples of each are provided. Pathophysiology and mechanisms of different hypersensitivity types are also explained over multiple pages.
This document discusses immunological disorders such as HIV/AIDS and hypersensitivity disorders. It begins with an introduction to the immune system and immunopathology. It then discusses immunodeficiency disorders, distinguishing between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. The document goes on to describe HIV/AIDS in detail, including what HIV is, how it progresses to AIDS, its life cycle and transmission. It also discusses the risks, stages and clinical manifestations of HIV/AIDS as well as its medical, nursing and preventative management. Finally, it provides an overview of hypersensitivity disorders and their diagnostic tests and treatments.
The document summarizes key information about AIDS/HIV. It describes how AIDS was first identified in 1981 from cases of rare illnesses in young adults. HIV was discovered in 1983-84 as the causative agent. AIDS has since become a global pandemic, with over 33 million people living with HIV in 2007. The virus primarily transmits through sexual contact, blood, and from mother to child. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose HIV by detecting antibodies, antigens, or viral RNA. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs, while prevention strategies include safe sex practices, needle exchange programs, and blood screening.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Feeding plate for a newborn with Cleft Palate.pptxSatvikaPrasad
A feeding plate is a prosthetic device used for newborns with a cleft palate to assist in feeding and improve nutrition intake. From a prosthodontic perspective, this plate acts as a barrier between the oral and nasal cavities, facilitating effective sucking and swallowing by providing a more normal anatomical structure. It helps to prevent milk from entering the nasal passage, thereby reducing the risk of aspiration and enhancing the infant's ability to feed efficiently. The feeding plate also aids in the development of the oral muscles and can contribute to better growth and weight gain. Its custom fabrication and proper fitting by a prosthodontist are crucial for ensuring comfort and functionality, as well as for minimizing potential complications. Early intervention with a feeding plate can significantly improve the quality of life for both the infant and the parents.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
2. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
2
The vast majority of people are susceptible to HIV infection.
However, in the 1990s, several individuals noticed that despite
repeated exposure to the HIV virus they remained HIV negative.
Were these individuals extremely lucky?
Was something different about them that made HIV infection less
likely?
William Paxton and his colleagues became interested in this
phenomenon of HIV protection.
We will retrace the steps and experiments that these researchers
performed to understand the mechanism underlying the protection
against HIV (Paxton et al., 1996)
First, let us review a few facts about the HIV virus, the immune
system, and HIV infection
3. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
3
The HIV Virus
Is spherical in shape
HIV encodes its 9 genes using the
nucleic acid molecule RNA
The virus particle also contains
proteins important for replication
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
Protease
Ribonuclease
The HIV virus is enclosed by multiple layers
Capsid the outer protein coat made of the
protein p24
The level of p24 protein is an indicator of the
amount of HIV virus in the blood
The capsid is wrapped in a double layer of
phospholipids
Proteins stick out of the lipid layer, perhaps
most important gp120 (Env)
The gp120 protein gives HIV its
specificity:
gp120 interacts with specific
proteins allowing the virus to
infect specific human cell types
4. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
4
Immune System Review
Lymphocytes are immune cells that
attack foreign particles (antigens) in
the body
B cells
Secrete antibody into the circulatory
system
Antibody binds to a specific antigen
Antibodies neutralize their target
Cytotoxic T cells (TC, Tkiller or CD8+)
Kill cells that have already been
infected
Have the CD8 protein on their cell
surface
T Helper cells (TH or CD4+)
Coordinate the action of TC cells and
B cells
Have the CD4 protein on their cell
surface
5. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
5
HIV Infection
HIV targets and infects TH cells
The HIV gp120 protein recognizes
and binds to the TH CD4+ protein
HIV is a retrovirus
It has to convert its RNA
genome to DNA
Reverse transcriptase makes
DNA copies of the RNA virus
Integrase integrates the
converted DNA into the cell’s
DNA
The 9 HIV genes hijack the cell’s machinery
Produce all the proteins and RNA needed to make more virus particles
Newly-made virus particles bud off of the T helper cell
It now is a virus-producing factory
6. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
6
Clicker Question 1
Which of the following is true of lymphocytes?
A. B cells directly destroy invaders in the blood and
body fluids
B. Individual B-cells can produce antibodies for multiple
antigens
C. TH cells activate both TC cells and B cells
D. TC cells destroy invading microbes
7. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
7
Clicker Question 2
How is a retrovirus different from other viruses?
A. It must convert its RNA to DNA and integrate its
genome with the host DNA
B. It avoids recognition by reverting to an earlier version
of its genome
C. It undergoes mutations in the host to avoid detection
D. It only targets CD4 receptors on the host cell
8. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
8
Clicker Question 3
Why are most body cells other than TH cells not targeted
by the HIV virus?
A. Other cells are not as critical to overall immunity
B. Most other cells do not have CD4 receptors on their
surface
C. HIV can only attach to cells with CD8 receptors
D. Other cells do not contain reverse transcriptase
9. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
9
In groups of two or three, come up with as many
hypotheses as you can to explain why some individuals
might be protected against HIV infection.
To get there:
Discuss how the immune system fights viral
infection.
Discuss how HIV infects cells and reproduces.
10. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
10
Two hypotheses proposed by Paxton and colleagues:
“Super Cytotoxic T Cells” Hypothesis (CD8+ lymphocyte
inhibition)
TC cells of the protected individuals were better and faster at
recognizing infected TH cells
Infected TH cells are destroyed before the virus can replicate
Therefore they are not transformed into HIV factories
“Super T Helper Cells” Hypothesis (CD4+ infectibility and
replication efficiency)
TH cells of the protected individuals were different, preventing
the infection and replication of the virus
There are many steps necessary for viral infection and
replication
Any of them could be impeded.
11. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
11
Back to your group
Classify each of your proposed hypotheses into the two
categories proposed by Paxton and his colleagues:
Super Cytotoxic T Cells” Hypothesis
Super T Helper Cells” Hypothesis
Note: some hypotheses may fit into neither category
How might you test your hypotheses?
Propose an experiment for one of your hypotheses.
How will you set up the experiment?
What will you measure (specific data you will collect)?
What are your controls?
12. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
12
Paxton and his colleagues recruited 25 volunteers
who claimed to have had repeated exposure to the HIV
virus and yet were not infected with HIV
They also recruited 9 individuals
Not exposed to the HIV virus (and who tested negative
for the virus)
This latter group is the control, whose response to HIV
should be the same as the response of the majority of
people
13. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
13
They isolated TH cells and TC cells from individuals in each
group. They then performed the following experiments:
In one tube, they mixed HIV virus and T helper cells
In another tube, they mixed HIV virus, T helper cells,
and cytotoxic T cells
They monitored the accumulation of virus in the test
tube over time by measuring the amount of p24
proteins produced
Why does the p24 indicate the accumulation of HIV
virus?
Why was one of the tubes not just HIV virus &
cytotoxic T cells?
14. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
14
What would the possible outcomes for this experiment look like?
Draw three X Y graphs as shown below. What would expected results look like for a:
Protected individual, assuming that the “Super Cytotoxic T Cells” Hypothesis is
correct.
Protected individual, assuming that the “Super T Helper Cells” Hypothesis is
correct.
Note that each graph requires two lines (the two test tubes).
15. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
15
A. The Super Cytotoxic T Cells
Hypothesis
B. The Super T Helper Cells Hypothesis
C.Neither hypothesis is supported
Clicker Question 4
If your results for the resistant group look
like those on the right, which hypothesis
is supported?
NOTE: You should be able to quickly match this to one
of your possible outcomes from the previous exercise!
16. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
16
EU = Exposed Unaffected
LP = Leukopac Preparation (random blood donors)
Paxton’s Results
The top graph data (a) come from control individuals
The bottom graph data (b) come from 10 people claiming to be
protected against HIV infection
17. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
17
Clicker Question 5
Do cytotoxic T cells provide protection from HIV in
control individuals?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
18. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
18
Clicker Question 6
Do any individuals in the “protected” group appear to be
protected from HIV?
A. Yes
B. No
19. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
19
Back to your group
Try to identify patterns in the results of the
protected individuals?
Can you group the individual experimental
results into categories?
If so, how many?
Classify each subject into the different
categories
20. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
20
Clicker Question 7
Which of Paxton’s hypotheses seem to be validated by the
results of the protected individuals?
A. The Super Cytotoxic T Cells Hypothesis
B. The Super T Helper Cells Hypothesis
C.Neither hypothesis is supported
D.Both, the results are mixed
21. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
21
Paxton’s team was particularly interested in protected subjects EU2 and
EU3 and in investigating the mechanism of action of their protection
against HIV
HIV-1, the most common form of the virus and the one responsible for
the pandemic, can be classified into two different types:
M-tropic (also called non-syncitia-inducing (NSI) or R5 HIV-1)
strains
Must bind to two cell surface proteins to enter and infect a cell:
CD4 protein
Beta-chemokine receptor CCR5
T-tropic (also called syncitia-inducing (SI) or X4 HIV-1) strains
Must bind to slightly different proteins to enter and infect a cell:
CD4 protein
Alpha-chemokine receptor CXCR4 (at the time called
fusin)
22. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
22
Let’s assume that compared to controls, protected individuals have one of the
following mutations
CCR5 protein (M-tropic gene mutation)
CXCR4 protein (T-tropic gene mutation)
What would the possible outcomes for this experiment look like?
Draw graphs like those below and show what results for each would look like
Remember that each graph should have two lines, and review which proteins are
required for infection by the two strains
23. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
23
A. CCR5 protein
B. CXCR4 protein
Clicker Question 8
The results on the right indicate a mutation in which
protein of protected individuals?
24. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
24
Filled circles (•) represent TH cells from controls,
Empty circles (º) represent TH cells from protected individuals.
Letters and numbers above each graph show the name of the HIV-1 strain
used in the experiment.
Clicker Question 9
Which strain(s) of HIV-1 can infect
and replicate in the TH cells of
protected individuals?
A. T-tropic
B. M-tropic
25. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
25
The M-strain HIV-1 is the infectious agent 90% of the time in sexually
transmitted HIV (Ahmad, 2002)
CD4 and CCR5 proteins are used by HIV to gain entry into the TH cell
Most of the individuals resistant through a “Super TH Cell” mechanism harbor
the same mutation making their CCR5 gene non-functional
Recent studies have shown that individuals homozygous for the CCR5
mutation are more prone to West Nile Virus infection and possibly hepatitis
The mutation is found predominantly in populations of European descent
1–3% homozygous, 14% heterozygous, 83% homozygous non-mutated
It is first thought to have appeared in the population around 700 years ago
Suggested hypotheses for the mutation frequency include:
Conferring resistance to Yersinia pestis, the infectious agent of the
bubonic plague
Conferring resistance to smallpox
Neutral evolution
26. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
26
Back to your group
It is a relatively simple procedure to test the genotype of
a person at the CCR5 gene to determine whether they
have the CCR5Δ32 mutation.
What are the arguments for and against genotype
testing of the CCR5 gene?
Discuss it in your group
27. Resistance is futile … The Immune System and HIV
27
A. Yes
B. No
Clicker Question 10
Should a person wishing to have their genotype tested to
determine whether they have the CCR5Δ32 mutation be
allowed to do so?