information regarding AIDS and HIV.

1. HIV AND AIDS
Presented by
Dr Shantini
MBBS
Tel no: 0162068584

2. HIV prevalence and
epidemiology

3. 3
Estimated people living with HIV, new HIV infections and AIDS-related
deaths, 1990-2021
Source: Prepared by www.aidsdatahub.org based on UNAIDS HIV estimates 2022
82 000
5 500
1 600
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Number
PLHIV New HIV infections AIDS-related deaths

4. HIV prevalence among key populations by site, 2014
4
Source: Prepared by www.aidsdatahub.org based on Malaysia Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) 2014 (unpublished); and Suleiman, A. (2015). Mesyuarat Persediaan ‘National Strategic Plan for
Ending AIDS (NSPEA) 2015-2030’ Presentation made during 8-11 June 2015. Le Grandeur Palm Resort Senai
1.6 1.7
4.2 5.7
12.4
24.6
30 30.3
44.7
0.6
5.3 6.7 6.7
14.5 15
3.1 4
15.7
22
6 8
10.6
19.3
0
10
20
30
40
50 PWID FSW MSM TG
* Sample size is small (n < 100) in Johor for MSM

5. Distribution of reported HIV cases by mode of
transmission, Malaysia 1986 - 2021
5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
No.
of
cases
Heterosexual Male to male sex Sharing injecting equipment Transfusion/medical injections Vertical transmission
Source: HIV/STI/Hepatitis C Sector, Division of Disease Control, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2021

6. APA ITU HIV?
Tubuh manusia sentiasa
dilindungi daripada
penyakit oleh sel darah
putih

7. Malangnya, virus HIV
ternyata lebih gagah; ia
menyerang serta
melemahkan sel darah
putih
APA ITU HIV?

8. APA ITU HIV?
SEL DARAH PUTIH
BERTINDAK MELINDUNGI
TUBUH MANUSIA
DARIPADA SERANGAN
PELBAGAI PENYAKIT

9. Apabila tubuh tidak lagi
mempunyai sel darah putih
untuk melindunginya, segala
jenis penyakit akan menyerang
dan akhirnya menyebabkan
kematian
APA ITU HIV?

10. SEJARAH JANGKITAN HIV
• Kes pertama di kesan pada tahun 1981 di USA
• HIV-2 di kesan di kalangan pesakit dari West African pada
1986
• Virus serupa HIV-1 & 2 pernah di kesan di kalangan
chimpanzi dan monyet liar Africa
• Besar kemungkinan virus HIV-1 & 2 dipindahkan dari
primates kepada manusia

11. VIDEO

12. VIDEO

13. MODE OF TRANSMISSION

16. HIV does not survive long outside the human body
• HIV does not survive long outside the human body (such as on
surfaces), and it cannot reproduce outside a human host.
• The length of time that the virus can survive outside the body
depends on several factors, such as:
the type and amount of bodily fluid
the temperature and humidity of the environment
the acidity of the environment
whether there is exposure to sunlight

18. STAGES OF HIV INFECTION
• (1) acute HIV infection
• (2) chronic HIV infection
• (3) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

20. Acute HIV Infection
• Earliest stage of HIV infection
• Generally develops within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV
• During this time, some people have flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, and rash.
• In the acute stage of infection, HIV multiplies rapidly spreads throughout the body
The virus attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system
the level of HIV in the blood is very high,
which greatly increases the risk of HIV transmission.

21. • A person may experience significant health benefits if they
start ART during this stage.
• If you have flu-like symptoms and think
you may have been exposed to HIV, get
tested.

22. Chronic HIV Infection
• The second stage of HIV infection = chronic HIV infection = asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical
latency
• HIV continues to multiply in the body but at very low levels.
• May not have any HIV-related symptoms.
• People who are taking ART may be in this stage for several decades or may never move into Stage 3
(AIDS).
• While it is still possible to transmit HIV to others during this stage, people who take ART exactly as
prescribed and maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV to an
HIV-negative partner through sex.
• Without ART, chronic HIV infection usually advances to AIDS in 10 years or longer, though in some
people it may advance faster.
• At the end of this stage, the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load) goes up and the person may move
into Stage 3 (AIDS).

23. AIDS
• AIDS
• AIDS is the final, most severe stage of HIV infection. Because HIV has severely damaged
the immune system, the body cannot fight off opportunistic infections. (Opportunistic
infections are infections and infection-related cancers that occur more frequently or are more
severe in people with weakened immune systems than in people with healthy immune
systems.) People with HIV are diagnosed with AIDS if they have a CD4 count of less than
200 cells/mm3 or if they have certain opportunistic infections. Once a person is diagnosed
with AIDS, they can have a high viral load and are able to transmit HIV to others very easily.
Without treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years.
• The most severe stage of HIV infection.
• People with AIDS can have a high viral load and may easily transmit HIV to others.
• People with AIDS have badly damaged immune systems. They can get an increasing
number of opportunistic infections or other serious illnesses.
• Without HIV treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about three years.

25. • Are there symptoms?
• For many, yes. Most people have flu-like symptoms within
2 to 4 weeks after infection. Symptoms may last for a few
days or several weeks.
• Having these symptoms alone doesn’t mean you have
HIV. Other illnesses can cause similar symptoms.
• Some people have no symptoms at all. The only way to
know if you have HIV is to get tested.

28. • There is no cure for HIV, but treatment with HIV
medicines (called antiretroviral therapy or ART) can slow
or prevent HIV from advancing from one stage to the next.
HIV medicines help people with HIV live longer, healthier
lives.

29. • One of the main goals of ART is to reduce a person's viral
load to an undetectable level. An undetectable viral load
means that the level of HIV in the blood is too low to be
detected by a viral load test. People with HIV who
maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no
risk of transmitting HIV to their HIV-negative partner
through sex