The document discusses the history and development of New York City from its founding by the Dutch in the 17th century to the late 19th century. It became a center for trade and immigration, growing to be the most diverse and populated city in the country. During this time, New York also served as the first and temporary capital of the United States. The document contrasts New York's growth with the rapid expansion of Chicago in the late 19th century, driven by new industries and technologies.