This document provides a history of print media from ancient times to the modern day. It discusses the earliest forms of communication like town criers and human messengers. It then covers the development of printing technologies from woodblock printing in China to Johannes Gutenberg inventing the printing press in Europe. The printing press then spread throughout Europe and was exported worldwide by traders, colonists and missionaries. The document outlines the introduction and growth of newspapers and magazines. It concludes by comparing print and digital media today and providing examples of each.

1. Introduction to Journalism Project
Semester 4
By: Sarah Imran Ali Rizvi
Roll No: TYMM 127
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan’s College, Andheri

2. •Slow Communication
•Formal Manuscripts
•Town Criers
•Human and Animal Messengers
•King’s Messengers
•1800 BC: Cylindrical seals and roller stamps (hard rock
- hematite) on clay

3. •Printing: Reproducing test and images using a template/stencil
•Earliest printing- Woodblock printing, China, before 220 AD
•On textiles, later- paper
•Influence of Buddhism
•Copying and preserving texts- Buddha’s words, acts
•Expansion- Korea and Japan

4. •Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith , Mainz, year 1439
•Invented hand mould- the Matrix- large number of types made
•Lead-based alloy types for printing- still used today – Movable type
•1452-53: Printed 42-lined Bible- Gutenberg’s/ Mainz Bible
-World’s 1st book printed
•By 1455- 180 copies of Bible sold
•Exactly repeatable, error-free piece of writing
•16th century- Printing synonymous to Press- hence “The Press”

5. Spread throughout Europe:
•1450- Gutenberg perfected printing in Germany
•1465- 1st Italian press-partnership
•1469- Johannes de Spira, a German, printing in Venice
•Venice- printing capital of 15th century
•Huge immigrant population
•Diffusion beyond Germany- emigrating German printers & Foreign
apprentices
•BBC- Broadcasting house, London
•Oxford gazette- 1st newspaper in London, 1665
•Telegrams – official messages
•Newspapers – Medium of Mass Communication

6. Global Spread:
•The near simultaneous discovery of sea routes to
West- Cristopher Columbus- 1492
East- Vasco da Gama- 1498
•Traders, Colonists, Missionaries exported printing press
Printing Press arrived in
America in September
1638

7. •1556, 16th Century
•First in Goa from Portugal – Missionary purpose
•First newspaper- Hicky’s Bengal Gazette (1780-1872)- critical of
British Govt.
•James Augustus Hicky- Father of Indian Press
•The Madras Courier, The Bombay Herald
•Use of different languages
•Publications of 1000 Hindi dailies
•English- the second largest language used in newspapers
•Examples : Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Navbharat Times
•The Times Of India (1838)
•India, China, Japan- Best selling countries of newspaper dailies

8. •Freedom of Press protest- Raja Rammohan Roy (1824)
•Nationalist movement (1870-1918)- political propaganda,
education, formation and propagation of nationalist ideologies
•Fearless newspapers: The Hindu & Swadesamitran (
SubramaniyaAiyar), The Bengalee (Surendranath Banerjee), Voice
of India (Dadabhai Naoroji), Indian Mirror ( NN Sen)
•Mouth pieces at regional and national level
Examples:
•Kesari (Marathi) and Maharatta (English) - Bal Gangadhar Tilak
•Young India and Harijan – MK Gandhi
•National Herald – Jawaharlal Nehru
•Aim: Serve public, library movement, educate, motivate

9. •Magazines: The National Geographic Magazine (1888), Life
(1883; photojournalism- 1936), Time (1923), Vogue (1892)and
The Reader’s Digest (1920)
•Advertising Revenue- Coca-Cola budget $100,000 (1901)
•Jules Cheret- Father of Modern Posters- Four colour
lithography
•First Japanese Press Manufacturers
•1902- Global Advertising agencies, McCann Erickson, NYC
expansion- Europe, South America, Australia by 1959
•1903- Offset lithography: Potter Press Printing Company, New
York
•1915- Hallmark Christmas Cards
•Christmas cards, Encyclopaedia, banknotes, labelled envelopes.
•1935- Paperbacks and adhesive labels- Penguin UK –
commercial success: paper cover, glue binding, colour coded
covers.
•Technological developments

10. •Initially suffered- unemployment, cutbacks , war related trade
•Printers – Patriotic attitude, field printing
•Print in the Trenches- Uncomfortable, Muddy, any weather conditions
•1915 : Army Field Printing, British Expeditionary Force
•Army printing, Stationery Service
•1916-17 : Several encampments in Europe
•Purpose- Manuals, regulations, orders, field service postcards, phone
books, translations of German occupied documents
•Wipers Times (1916) – France, Captain Roberts & the Sherwood
Foresters
Back at Home:
•Posters- Power of Advertising
•World War 2 (1939- 1945) – Posters, product advertising, war updates

11. •Newspaper
•Magazines
•Brochure
•Newsletter
•Books
•Pamphlet
MEDIA AROUND THE WORLD TODAY
•E-Newspaper
•Kindle

14. •Consumers exposed to digital media at least as much as print.
•Several benefits for marketing and advertising.
•Less expensive than print media - depends on the details of each
campaign.
•Digital campaigns produced, launched, and updated faster than
print.
•Print media-more physical, tangible ,carried easily.
• More professional, convenient, and just nicer to be able to
•give someone a brochure or business card.
•Examples of Print: Newspaper, Magazine, Brochure, Pamphlets,
Billboards
•Examples of Digital: SMM, SEO, CM, PPC, EM
Thank you