History of journalism

1. History of Journalism
-Prof. Govind Singh
Dean, Academic Affairs
Indian Institute of Mass
Communication, New Delhi

2. History of Communication in India
• Ancient Traditions of Communication
in India: Narada, Veda Vyas,Valmiki
Manusmriti, Sanjay, Hanuman,
Angad…Fact Vs Fiction.
• Pre-historic Bhimbethaka Cave
paintings (10,000- 1 lakh years ago)
(Paleolithic- Mesolithic period)
• Medieval Period, Non Traditional
forms of Communication
• Difference between Indian and
Western ideologies of
Communication
• Buddhist communication tradition.
(600 BC to 750AD)
• Advent of Script- (2600 BC)

3. Growth of Mass Communication in Early India
• The idea of modern journalism has its origins in the
ancient spy and postal communication system.
• Exchange of information between King and the
masses.
• Early Hindu rulers’ espionage system for collection
and transmission of news for state purposes.
• Indispensable for the Govt and Administration

4. Medieval Period
• लोक परम्पराएं : लोक नाट्य, रामलीला, रासलीला, नौटंकी, क
ृ ष्णलीला, माच,
तमाशा, भगत, भांड पाथेर, जात्रा, भवई, ख़याल, कठपुतली, यक्षगान, हररकथा
(आन्ध्र-कनााटक), मेले-उत्सव आदि.
• मुग़ल काल: वादकया नवीस, अख़बार नवीस, स्वदनिः नवीस, खुि-नवीस,
खुदिया नवीस, हरकारा
• अकबर: वादकया दनगार, रोजनामचाकार
• दसराजुद्दौला क
े पास 2000 रोजनामचाकार
• प्रदशदक्षत कबूतर, नगाड़े, ढोल, िू त, धावक, घुड़सवार, कथावाचक
(अपने-अपने राज्य की लोक दवधाओं का चाटा तैयार कीदजए और संचार से उसका सम्बन्ध)

5. Evolution of Newspapers
Ancient Era
• 202 BC: China, one of the
earliest forms of news
media was known as the
“Tipao”.
• Acta Diurna (Daily Events);
First Newspaper of Roman
Empire during the reign of
Julius Caesar; 1st Century
BC.
• 750 AD: Tang Dynasty in
China started a Bulletin Acta Diurna carved in stone.

6. Invention of Printing Press
• 1440: Johannes Gutenberg invented Printing
Press in Strasbourg, France (in exile) and
established a Printing Press in 1450 at Mainz,
Germany.
• 1456: Bible was printed
• 1477: William Caxton
established a Press in
England.
• 1566: News sheets
“Notizie Scritte” in Venice

7. Worldwide growth of Newspapers:
• 1603: First Newspaper during the reign of James VI
• 1604: Relation, Germany
• 1622: The Postman, England
• 1631: First Newspaper from France
• 1665, The London Gazette (at first called The Oxford
Gazette)
• 1690: First Newspaper from Boston, USA Publick
Occurrences
• 1702: First full fledged daily newspaper from England:
The Daily Courant (Edited by Samuel Buckley)
• 1702: First Newspaper from Russia The Vedomosti

8. Growth of Press in India
• 1550: first printing press in Goa
• 1557: First book published by Jesuit of Goa in
Malayalam language by Portugese
• 1579: Types developed in Tamil and Malayalam
• 1578: Second Printing Press established in
Tirunelvelli
• 1662: Mr. Bhimji Pareekh appealed the governor
general to print the Hindu scriptures in Mumbai
• 1679: First Tamil- Malayalam dictionary published
• 1779: Baptist missionaries of Serampur established
Printing press in Calcutta ; Govt. also established a
Printing Press

9. Press in India
• 1768: William Bolt announced
in a book ‘Considerations on
Indian Affairs’ that he wants to
start a newspaper. He applied
for publishing a newspaper in
1776 but East India Company
sent him back to London.
• Jan 29, 1780: Bengal Gazette
or Calcutta General
Advertiser, Editor: James
Augustus Hicky, an Irishman.

10. James Augustus Hicky
1. Hicky, one time surgeon, arrived in
Kolkata (Calcutta) in 1776 to
establish his shipping business.
2. His shipping business failed. Unable
to pay back the money borrowed
from the banks, most of his
belongings were seized.
3. He was jailed for two years, where
he read a book on printing.
4. He started a printing press called
Honourable Company and
launched the first
newspaper Hicky’s Bengal Gazette
on 29 January, 1780.

11. 5. Price: Re. 1; Circulation – 400
6. Weekly, published on Saturday. It had Letter to Editor column.
7. Slogan: "Open to all Parties, but Influenced by None.’’ The motto of his paper would be to report
objectively and impartially the affairs of the country. He refused to pay bribe to Warren Hasting’s wife.
8. The same year (18 Nov, 1780) East India Company supported publishing a rival paper: India Gazzette
edited by B. Mesink and Peter Read.
9. Hicky raised his voice against corruption by Governor General’s council members including Chief
Justice Elija Humpy.
10. Content- politics, world news and events in India. He encouraged people to write him letters and
poems.
11. A forum where people of many backgrounds could voice ideas for the betterment of society.
12. While starting it, he promised that “nothing will be inserted, unauthenticated” and that his
newspaper would have a “rigid adherence to truth and facts”.
13. Sarcastic and provocative writing style.
14. He also targeted the Governor-General Warren Hastings and accused him of maladministration. He
was jailed. He ran the paper from the Jail.
15. It ceased publication on March 23, 1782.
16. History has long misrepresented the founder of India’s first newspaper. Scholars during the
British imperial era characterised Hicky as a rogue and scoundrel, a man who undermined the British
Empire. Some recent historians have gone too far in the other direction, claiming Hicky’s newspaper
was a ‘gem of journalism’.

12. Journalism after Hicky
• By 1782 five newspapers were being published from Calcutta.
• 1785: Bengal Journal, Non Govt, one of its editor William Duani
(American) was very critical of Govt. and very daring (after Hicky).
Was sent back to England.
• October, 1785: Madras Courrier by Richard Johnson
• 1789: Bombay Herald
• 1790: Bombay Courrier (merged in TOI later).
• 1791: Madras Harkaru, a good effort.
• 1791: Bombay Gazzette, (censored later)
• 1793: Bombay Gazzette and Bombay Herald were merged.
• 1795: Madras Gazzette, (censored later)
• 1800: 15 Newspapers were being published from India (all
English).

13. Main trends
• Advent of Newspapers in India
• Modern Journalism
• Newspapers by the employees of East India Company
• Readers- Company employees
• Circulation generally not more than 200
• Interests of the Europians
• No rules and regulations- totally on the instructions of Company

14. Entry of the Indian Languages
• 1817: Digdarshan, Baptist Missionaries of Serampore, Bengali,
for Christianity.
• 1817: Calcutta General, Silk Buckingham, very critical and daring,
was also sent back to England.
• 1818: Third regulation was passed. Individual freedom was
abolished. People were imprisoned.
• 1818: Bengal Gazzette, first paper by a Bengali, Editor-Haru
Chandra Roy, Publisher- Ganga Kishor Bhattacharya, members of
Atmeey Saba and associates of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
• 1818: Samachar Darpan from Serampore, Edited by John Clark
Marshman, for Christianity.

15. Newspapers in Indian Languages
• 1820: Samvad Kaumudi, Editors- Tarachand Dutta and Bhawani Charan Bannerjee, supported
by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Religious, Spiritual, Political issues, National and International. Social
upliftment.
• 1821: Brahmanical Magazine, English and Bengali, Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
• 1822: Samachar Chandrika, Bengali. Against Missionaries and also against Raja Ram Mohan
Roy.
• 1822 (27 March): Urdu newspaper Jam-E- Jahanuma, Editor- Munshi Sada Sukh Mirzapuri,
publisher- Harihar Dutta, after six issues it was made Persian newspaper.

16. Jam-E-Jehanuma
• Jam-e-Jahan Numa – the pioneer Urdu language newspaper was printed at Mission Press, 11, Circular
Road, Calcutta and published from No. 2, Colootola – a commercial place of central Calcutta.
• It was a 3-sheet (6 pages) weekly of quarter size and issued on every Chahar Stambah (Wednesday). Each
page of the Jam-e-Jahan Numa was divided into two columns and there were normally 22 lines in each
column. The size of the paper was 20×30/8 centimeter, and it was priced Rs.2/ per month and the word
―Chahar Shambah (Urdu word of Wednesday) was printed on each issue below the Masthead with date.
• After 6 issues of Urdu edition of the Jam-e-Jahannuma, he converted it into a Persian weekly. The Jam-e-
Jahan Numa which was launched as an Urdu paper ceased to exist in Urdu after its 6th issue and became
a Persian newspaper on May 16, 1822.
• After one year he introduced an Urdu supplement with the Persian edition of the Jam-e-Jahan
Numa. This supplement was started on May 23, 1823.
• All types of national and international news would publish in the Jam-e-Jahan Numa. Human interest
stories and news of scientific inventions would get due coverage.
• When Harihar Dutt published the Jam-e-Jahan Numa, the concept of reading a newspaper had not
turned into a habit. So, in a way, after Bengali, it was the Urdu journalism that appeared on the horizon
and changed things

17. Newspapers in Indian Languages-2
• 1822 (12 April): Mirat-ul-Akhbar, Persian, Edited by Mohan Roy, best
among Indian Language Newspapers. Closed in April 1823.
• 1823 Press Ordinance: tough regulations imposed by governor general
John Adam.
• 1822: Mumbai Samachar, Gujarati, Founded by Ferdunji Marzwanji. Made
Daily from 1832. Still running.
• Role of Ram Mohan Roy: Social reform through Journalism and
Organisations, Brahmo Samaj, Atmeey Sabha, Reply to the attacks of
Samachar Darpan, He also fought against Adam’s ordinance.
• 1826 (30 May-19 Dec,27): Udant Martand, Pt. Jugal Kishor Shukla, first
Hindi Newspaper.

18. Pan-Indian Spectrum
• 1812: Kannad Samachar
• 1833: Agra Akhbar
• 1835: Shimla Akhbar
• 1836: Telugu- Satyadoot
• 1836: Madras Mail
• 1829: Bengal Herald –English and Bangdoot – Bengali & Hindi by Ram Mohan Roy
• 1828: William Bentik- reforms, liberal towards press
• 1835: Charles Metcalf: Adam’s Regulation was cancelled.
• 1838: Bombay times+ Bombay Standard= Times of India
• 1854: Samachar Sudhavarshan- first Hindi Daily from Kolkata Ed. By Shyam Sundar
Sen.
• 1855: Hindu Patriot- Harish Chandra Mukherjee
• 1857: Delhi- Payam-e-Azadi by Azeemullah Khan
• 1857: Gagging Act

19. उिन्त माताण्ड
30 मई, 1826- 19 दिस.,1827
• संपािक: पं.जुगल दकशोर शुक्ल (1788- 1853), कानपुर, कोलकाता, वकालत. संस्क
ृ त, दहंिी, ब्रज
और फ़ारसी भाषाओं क
े ज्ञाता
• पहले ‘बनारस अखबार’ (1845) को दहंिी का पहला अखबार माना जाता था. बाि में कोलकाता क
े एक
शोधाथी ब्रजेन्द्र नाथ बंद्योपाध्याय ने उिन्त मातंड को पहला अखबार बताया.
• 16 फ़रवरी, 1826 को उिन्त मातंड को छापने की अनुमदत दमली. प्रकाशन स्थल: हवेली नंबर 37,
अमरतल्ला गली, कोल्हूटोला, कोलकाता.
• 11 माचा, 1826: समाचार चन्द्रन्द्रका ने दलखा: अंग्रेज़ी और बंगला पत्रों क
े बाि फ़ारसी और उिूा में भी पत्र
प्रकादशत हुए, और अब नागरी भाषा में उिन्त मातंड प्रकादशत हो रहा है, दजससे हमें बड़ी प्रसन्नता हो
रही है.
• 17 जून, 1826: समाचार िपाण ने दलखा, हाल में इस कलकत्ता नगर से उिन्त मातंड नाम का एक
नागरी का नूतन समाचार पत्र प्रकादशत हुआ है.उससे हमारे आह्लाि की सीमा नहीं रही है. क्ोंदक
समाचार पत्र द्वारा संपदत्त संबंधी और नाना दिशाओं क
े िेशों क
े राज सम्पकीय वृत्तांत प्रकादशत हुआ
करते हैं, दजनक
े जानने से अवश्य ही उपकार होता है.
• 20 अंगुल लम्बा, १३ अंगुल चौड़ा. मूल्य- िो रुपये मादसक.
• ध्येय: यह उिन्त मातंड अब पहले- पहल दहन्िुस्तादनयों क
े दहत क
े हेत, जो आज तक दकसी ने नहीं
चलाया, पर अंग्रेज़ी ओ िारसी ओ बंगले में जो समाचार का कागज़ छपता है, उसका सुख उन बोदलयों
क
े जान्ने और पढने वालों को ही होता है. और सब लोग पराये सुख सुखी होते हैं.... ऐसी ऐसी बातों क
े
दवचार से नाना िेश क
े सत्य समाचार दहन्िुस्तानी लोग िेख कर आप पढ़ ओ समझ लेंय ओ पराई अपेक्षा
जो अपने भाषे क
े ऊपर न छोड़ें.

20. उिन्त मातंड-२
• अभाव: शूद्र चाकरी आदि नीच काम करते हैं, उन्हें पढाई-दलखाई से मतलब नहीं. कायस्थ िारसी-उिूा
पढ़ा करते हैं और वही अक्षर समूह सीख कर बही-खता करते हैं. खत्री बजाजी आदि करते हैं, पढ़ते-
दलखते नहीं. और ब्राह्मणों ने तो कदलयुगी ब्राह्मण बनकर पठन-पाठन को दतलांजदल िे रखी है. दिर
दहन्दी का समाचार पत्र कौन पढ़े और खरीिे.
• बंि क्ों हुआ: समाचार चन्द्रन्द्रका में- उत्तर भारतीय और मारवाड़ी व्यापाररयों क
े दवरुद्ध एक दचट्ठी छपी.
उिन्त मातंड ने उसी शैली में उसका जवाब दिया. दटप्पणी भी दलखी. 4 अप्रैल 1827 को संपािक भवानी
चरण बनजी ने उनक
े दवरुद्ध सुप्रीम कोटा में मानहादन का क
े स िजा कर दिया. दकसी ने उनकी मिि नहीं
की. दलहाजा अखबार बंि कर िेना पडा. 19 दिसंबर, 1827.
“आज दिवस ल ौं उदि चुक्यो मार्तंड उिन्त.
अस्ताचल को जार्त है, दिनकर दिन अब अौंर्त..”
• योगिान: पहला पत्र, सुसंपादित. पत्रकाररता की स्वस्थ परंपरा. उपयुक्त भाषा-शैली. कभी कलकदतया
भाषा भी. ब्रज भाषा का भी प्रयोग. साप्तादहक होते हुए भी समाचार पत्र की कसौटी पर खरा. पहली बार
दहन्दी भादषयों को समाचार का अथा समझाया. राजनीदतक समाचार और व्यापाररयों क
े दलए उनकी
व्याख्या भी. समाचार दववरण प्रधान. दहन्दी समाज का स्वादभमान. बहस क
े दलए जगह. आलोचना-
प्रत्यालोचना. पत्रकाररता क
े प्रचदलत मानिंडों से वादकि. दहम्मत और बहािुरी से दनकाला.

21. After 1857
• Rev. Long had said in his 1859 report that if the newspapers of the north
west provinces had been studied carefully in 1856-57, the Great Rebellion
could have been foreseen. Indian Language press was kept under careful
scrutiny.
• 1857: Gagging Act imposed by Lord Canning.
• Bengal Harkara of DN Tagore was closed for one week. The Editor was
changed.
• 1858: After Queen Victoria’s declaration, Canning became Viceroy. Section
113 (on sedition) of Gagging Act was removed.
• 1858: Urdu Guide, first Urdu daily, Kolkata, Ed. Aziz Ansari
• 1858: Awadh Akhbar, Urdu, Lucknow, Naval Kishor Press, Ed. Munshi Nawal
Kishor
• 1862: Bengalee, Kolkata, Ed. Girish Chandra Ghosh
• 1867: Regulation of Printing Press & the Newspapers Act was passed. Still
continued as Press and Books Registration Act, 1867.

22. Urdu Guide
• 1858- Urdu Guide- Daily-Kolkata- Maulvi Aziz Ansari (Editor)- owner-
Maulvi Kabir Ahmed Khan
• Daily Journalism- reaction to Christian religious propaganda
• Content: News, Kings, Nawabs, British Govt favouring, English and
Urdu.
• Later became weekly; closed in 1878.
• It had its own correspondents.
• Garca-de-Tassi: Very good Newspaper

23. Awadh Akhbar
• 1858: Awadh Akhbaar, Urdu Weekly; Munshi Nawal Kishor; Lucknow
• Later it became- Bi-weekly and 1874-Daily and remained publishing till
1948; pages 8-16-48
• Munshi Nawal Kishor also edited Safeer-e-Agra-1856 and Kohenoor-1857
from Lahore. He died in 1895.
• Role of Nawal Kishor Press in Struggle for Independence and Urdu Press
• Editors: Maulana Ghulam Mohammed Tapish, Pundit Ratan Nath Sarshar,
Maulvi Ahmed Hassan Shaukat, Abdul Halim Sharar, Syed Amzad Ali
Ashhari, Mirza Heral Dehalvi, Maulana Jalib Dehalvi etc.
• It had its correspondents, Wire facility,

24. • 1868: Kavi Vachan Sudha by Bhartendu
Harishchandra. 1874: harishchandra Chandrika and
HarishChandra Magazine. Bala Bodhini for Women.
• 1868: Amrit Bazar Patrika; Jaisur, W. Bengal, Ed.
Shishir Kumar Ghosh. Nationalist English Paper. 1869-
Bengali.
• 1870: Pioneer, Allahabad, Ed. Rudyard Kipling
• 1871: Bang Darshan, Bankim Chandra Chatterjea,
• 1872: Bihar Bandhu, kolkata- Patna, Ed. Munshi Hasan
Ali,
• 1875: Statesman, Kolkata, Robert Knight, Delhi, One
Ana newspaper, first chain newspaper.
• 1877: Hindi Pradeep by Bal Krishna Bhatt, Allahabad

25. 1878: Vernacular Press Act; Amrit Bazar Patrika’s
Bengali edition closed.
• 1878: Bharat Mitra, Kolkata, Durga Prasad Mishra,
Ambika Prasad Vajpayee, Paradkar, Bal Mukund Gupt
• 1878: Hindu, Chennai, 6 young men started: G
Subrahmanya Iyer, MV Raghavacharya, TT
Rangacharya, PV Rangacharya, D. Keshav Rao, V
Basyam Iyengar founded Madras Native Association.
• 1884: Madras Mahajan Sabha founded. All were
involved.
• G Subrahmanya Iyer was Editor. Congress supporter.
• 1883: Hindu became thrice a week. Iyer was the
leader of the head of delegation from Chennai for INC
session in Mumbai-1985.

26. • 1889: Hindu became daily. Maharaja of Vijaynagaram
was financially helping the newspaper. After his death
the financial status of Hindu became vulnerable.
• 1905: Kasturi Ranga Iyengar bought Hindu.
• 1880: Uchit Vakta- Calcutta, Durga Prasad Mishra. A
poem by Madhav Shukla was published- जरा सोचो तो
यारो, ये बम क्ा है? The paper was shut down.
• 1880: Native Opinion, Mumbai by Tilak, Chiplunkar,
GK Agarkar.
• 1881: Kesari (Marathi) by Tilak
• 1881: Maratha (English) by Tilak, Edit. Vasudev Kelkar
• 1907: Hind Kesari, Nagpur, Madhav Rao Sapre

27. • 1881: weekly, Tribune,Lahore, Owner: Dayal Singh
Majithia; Editors- Sheetal Kant Chatterjea, Sheetal
Chandra Mukherjee, Vipin Chandra Pal and Surendra
Nath Bannerjee; became Daily in 1906.
• 1883: Brahmin, Pratap Narayan Mishra, Kanpur
• 1883: Hindosthan (Hindi, English); Kala Kankar,
London; Ed. Raja Ram Pal Singh
• 1887: Aryawart, Kolkata-Danapur
• 1888: Illustrated Weekly of India, Mumbai, Ed.Stanley
Japson

28. • 1888: Malayala Manorama, Ed. K Vergese Mappilai,
Secular.
• 1890: Hindi Bangwasi, Amritlal Chakravarti, Kolkata
• 1894: Bihar Times; Patna, Sachchidanand Sinha,
Mahesh Narayan.
• 1897: Pradeep, Bengali, Ramanand Chatterjea,
Kolkata, RN Tagore was associated.
• 1900: Saraswati, Allahabad, Editorial Board, Shyam
Sundar Dass- Mahabir Prasad Dwivedi.
• 1900: Chhattisgarh Mitra, Madhaw Rao Sapre, Raipur

29. Era of Cultural & National Upliftment
• 1901: Pravasi by Ramanand Chatterjea, Bengali, Prayag- Monthly Magazine
• 1902: Krishna Patrika, Telugu Weekly, Machhlipattanam, Kaunda
Venkatapaiya; Nationalist, Patriotism
• 1906: Bande Mataram, English Daily, Calcutta, Bipin Chandra Pal,
Nationalist, Against Partition of Bengal, Editor-Printer jailed on publishing
Aurobindo Ghosh’s writings
• 1907: Modern Review, Ramanand Chatterjea, Prayag- Calcutta, Nationalist,
‘A new chapter in literaty journalism- Ghosh’
• 1907: Swaraj, Prayag, Urdu weekly, Shanti Narayan Bhatnagar; दहंिुस्तान क
े
हम हैं, दहंिुस्तान हमारा है’, 2.6 years, 75 issues, 8 editors, total 125 years of
imprisonment and Kalapani.
• 1907: Abhyuday, Hindi Weekly, Prayag, MM Malviya,
• 1907: Hindi Kesari, Nagpur, M Sapre
• 1909: Leader, English Daily, Allahabad, MM Malviya
• 1911: Hitwaad, English Weekly, Nagpur, Servants of India, Editor-N Appaji
Dravid

30. Swarajya

31. • 1912: Al-Hilal, Urdu Weekly, Maulana Azad, Calcutta
• 1912: Madina, Bijnaur, Hamid-ul-Ansari
• 1912: HumDum, Lucknow, Maulana Abdul Bari
• 1912: Comrade & Humdard, Maulana Mohd Ali
• 1913: Azad weekly, Kanpur, SS Nigam
• 1913: Al Balagh, Maulana Azad
• 1913: Pratap, Hindi Weekly, Kanpur, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi: became daily in 1920
• 1913: Bombay Cronicle by Feroz Shah Mehta, Ed- Benjamin Horniman, Peoples Voice
• 1914: Patliputra, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal, Patna
• 1914: New India, Madras, Anne Besant
• 1915: Vigyan, Vigyan Parishad, Allahabad, Ed- Lala Sitaram & Pt. Shridhar Pathak. First Hindi
Magazine on Science.
• 1917: Vishwamitra, Hindi Daily, Calcutta, Mumbai, Mool Chandra Agrawal
• 1918: Search Light, English Daily, Patna, ( Bihari & Bihar Times merged), Syed Hyder Hussain, Bihar’s
identity.
• 1919: Pratap, Urdu daily, Mahashay Krishna, Lahore
• 1919: Samaj, Odia Weekly, Sakhigopal- Cuttak, Gopbandhu Dass,
• 1919: Lokmat, Marathi Weekly, Yawatmal, Sadashiv Hanmant Ballal , still running.
• 1920: Aaj, Varanasi, Shiv Prasad Gupta

32. Gandhian Era
• Gandhi : Early Years
• The Vegetarian, London (1890)-six articles wrote on Indian society and it’s lifestyles
• Correspondent with India (1890) Magazine owned by Dadabhoy Nauroji from London.
• Anti apartheid journalism from South Africa
• Indian Opinion, 1903 owned by Gandhi. English, Gujarati, Hindi and Tamil
• 1919: Satyagrahi English and Hindi
• 1919: Navjiwan (Gujarati) and Young India (English)
• 1921: Tarun Bharat (Hindi) Ed. Mathura Prasad Dixit
• 1933: Harijan, Pune, Ed. RV Shastri
• 1933: Harijan Sewak (Hin), Ed. Viyogi Hari
• 1933: Harijan Bandhu (Guj)

33. Voice of Gandhi
• Anti Racism/ Untouchability
• Struggle against British imperialism
• Social reforms
• Spiritualism, Gandhian Ideology, Peace and Affinity
• Truth and Non Violence
• Village
• Trusteeship
• Impact of Gandhi on Indian Jornalism

34. Towards Independence
• 1920: Akali Patrika, Punjabi, Mangal Singh, Lahore
• 1920: Vande Mataram, Urdu Daily, MS Sahni, Lala Lajpat Rai, Lahore
• 1920: Mook Nayak, Marathi, Pandurang Nanduram Batkar- BR
Ambedkar, Mumbai, closed in 1923.
• 1921: Paigham, Urdu Weekly, Abul Kalam Azad, Kolkata
• 1922: Anand Bazar Patrika, Bengali daily, Prafulla Sarkar, Kolkata.
• 1922: Chand, Monthly, Ramrakh Singh Sehgal, Allahabad, Women
centred.
• 1922: Tej, Urdu daily, Delhi, Deshbandhu Gupta- Swami
Shraddhanand, Delhi- Jamna Dass Akhtar
• 1923: Matribhumi, Malayalam Weekly- Daily, Keshav Menon, Kalicut.
• 1923: Nawakaal, Marathi daily, KP Khadilkar, Mumbai

35. • 1923: Sandesh, Gujarati, Nandlal Bodiwala, Ahmedabad.
• 1923: Milap, Urdu Daily, Lahore, Mahatma Hansraj-Khushal Chand
Khursand. Arya Samaj. 1929- Hindi Milap.
• 1923: Arjun/ Vir Arjun, Indra Vidyavachaspati, Inspired by Swami
Shraddhanand. Delhi.
• 1923: Forward, English daily, Deshbandhu Chitranjan Dass, Kolkata,
• 1923: Evening News of India, Mumbai, TOI
• 1923: Vasant, Kannada Monthly, Shiv Ram Karanth, Udupi,
Mangalore
• 1923: Vishwa Bharti, RN Tagore, Kolkata, Journal. Serious literary
magazine.
• 1924: Hindustan Times, KD Kohli, JN Sahni, Inspired by Gandhi ji.
Financial crisis. MM Malviya purchased. KM Pannikar- Editor. -1930-
GD Birla took the charge. 1937- DD Gandhi became Managing Editor.
Sham Lal, Shankar, associated with HT. Durga Dass- Spl
Correspondent- Editor.
• 1925: Siyasat & Inqlab; Urdu, Muslim League

36. • 1925: Sainik Weekly, KD Paliwal, Agra; 1937- Daily.
• 1925: Muslim Gazzette, Muslim League, Kolkata
• 1926: Kalyan, Hindi spiritual Monthly, Hanuman
Prasad Poddar, Jay Dayal Goinka, Gorakhpur.
• 1926: Hindu Panch, Weekly,Famous for it’s special
issues. Ed: Ramlal Verma, Kolkata
• 1927: Sudha, Roopnarayan Pandey, Literary monthly,
Lko.
• 1927: Veena, Ambika Prasad Tripathi, Literay monthly,
Indore
• 1928: Vishal Bharat, Hindi monthly, Banarasi Dass
Chaturvedi, Ramanand Chatterjea, Kolkata
• 1928: Veer Bharat; Urdu, Goswami Ganesh Dutta,
Lahore

37. • 1930: Free Press Journal, S. Sadanand, Mumbai, Free and
Fearless.
• 1930: Hans, Kashi, Premchand
• 1931: Indian Nation, Sachchidanand Sinha, Patna
• 1931: National Call, Navyug, JN Sahni & KD Kohli. In 1946
RK Dalmia took over both the papers.
• 1932: Indian Express, S. Sadanand, Chennai, RNG took
over in 1935
• 1932: Sakal, Marathi, Narayan Bhikaji, Parulekar Nana
Sahab, News based. Objectivity.
• 1932: Gujarat Samachar, Gujarati, KM Mehta,
Ahmedabad, Gandhian thought.
• 1933: Navyug, Delhi, Satyakam Vidyalankar1941: Kalki, R.
Krishnamurthy, Tamil Monthly Magazine, MS
Subbulakshmi inspiration, Socio-culturel magazine.

38. • 1933: Desh, Bengali Weekly, ABP, Bankim Chandra
Sen.
• 1934: Dinmani, Tamil Daily, Chennai, AM Shivraman.
• 1936: Hindustan from HT. Satyadev Vidyalankar, Delhi
• 1937: Hindustan Standard, English daily, ABP, Khem
Chandra Nath, Kolkata, Delhi. 1975 ke baad band.
• 1937: Jugantar, Amrit Bazar Patrika, Kolkata
• 1937: Jang, Khalilurrahman, Karachi.
• 1938: Navbharat, Ramgopal Maheshwari, Nagpur.
• 1938: National Herald, K. Ramarao, Congress, JL
Nehru, Lko.
• 1938: Andhra Prabha, K Subbarao, Telugu daily,
Vijaywada, Indian Express group.

39. • 1938: Onlooker, Fortnightly magazine, Features magazine,
Mumbai.
• 1938: inqlab, Urdu daily, Abdul Hamid Ansari, Mumbai.
Mid Day was also published by this group.
• 1938: Nav Bharat, Nagpur, Ram Gopal Maheshwari
• 1939: Sanmarg, Vijayanand Tripathi, Kashi, 1946- daily.
Kolkata.
• 1939: Assam Tribune, Radha Govind Barua, Assamese
daily, Dibrugarh. Later it became daily.
• 1939: Shama, Urdu Monthly, Yusuf Dehlavi, Delhi. Later
Sushma in Hindi
• 1940: Caravan, Amarnath- Vishwanath, Delhi Press, .
• 1941: Aryawart, Darbhanga King purchased, Patna.
• 1941: Blitz, RK Karanjiya, English Weekly Tabloid,
Investigative Journalism, Mumbai., 1962- Hindi 1963-
Urdu,.

40. • 1942: Dawn, Shamsul Hasan, Delhi- Karachi, Pro-Muslim
League. 1947- Karachi
• 1943: Sansar, Hindi daily, BV paradkar, Kashi. Kamlapati
Tripathi, ML Srivastav.
• 1945: Sarita, Dilli Press
• 1946: Qaumi Awaj, Hidayatullah Ansari, National Herald Press,
LKO
• 1947: Navbharat Times, TOI group, Satyadev Vidyalankar, Delhi,
1948- Mumbai and Calcutta edition.
• 1947: Naee Dunia, Krishna Kant Vyas, Indore; Labh Chand
Chhajlani
• 1947: Pradeep, From Searchlight group, Shankar Dayal
Srivastav, Patna, shut down in 1985
• 1947: Swatantra Bharat, from Pioneer, Ashok ji,
• 1947: Dainik Jagran, Poorna Chandra Gupta, Kanpur.
• 1947: Navjeewan, Laxman Narayan Garde, NH, Lko,

41. • 1947: Rashtradoot, Banwarilal Sharma, Jaipur.
• 1947: Rashtra Dharma, Deendayal Upadhyay, AB Vajpayee. Lko
• 1947: Chandamama, Telugu+ Hindi+ 14 languages, Chakrapani,
Nagi Reddy,
• 1947: Naee Dunia, Abdul Wahid Siddiqui, Urdu Weekly, Delhi,
• 1947: Panchjanya, Lko, AB Vajpayee
• 1947: Chandamama, Madras, Ed. Nagi Reddy Chakrapani
• 1948: Amar Ujala, Dorilal Agrawal & ML Maheshwari, Agra
• 1948: Hind Samachar, Urdu daily, Jullundur,; 1965 – Punjab
Kesari, Lala Jagat Narayan
• 1948: Vir Pratap, Virendra, Jullundur.
• 1956: Rajasthan Patrika, Jaipur, KC Kulish
• 1956: Subah Savere- 58- Dainik Bhaskar, Bhopal, Ed- Dwarka
Prasad Agrawal, RC Agrawal