History of photography

1. 36
SUBMITTED BY:-
SAURABH GUPTA
ITMSATP – L.K.O.

2. Pioneer of photography and founder of Eastman kodak company and
popularized the use of roll film.
History of Photography:-
The history of photography began in remote antiquity with the discovery
of two critical principles: camera obscura image projection and the
observation that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light.
37

3. There are no artifacts or descriptions that indicate any attempt to
capture images with light sensitive materials prior to the 18th
century. Around 1717 Johann Heinrich Schulze captured cut-out
letters on a bottle of a light-sensitive slurry, but he apparently
never thought of making the results durable. Around 1800 Thomas
Wedgwood made the first reliably documented, although
unsuccessful attempt at capturing camera images in permanent
form. His experiments did produce detailed photograms, but
Wedgwood and his associate Humphry Davy found no way to fix
these images.
Camera obscura:-
Camera obscura, also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural
optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the
other side of a screen is projected through a small hole in that
screen as a reversed and inverted image on a surface opposite to
the opening.
38

4. Capturing images using light:-
For centuries scientist have observed certain substance change
color when exposed to a certain amount of light. This principle
led scientists like Thomas Wedgwood to experiment on
capturing images using the camera obscure effects and the
exposure to light of chemicals like sliver chloride and silver
nitrate. The first few attempts only produced temporary images
but eventually a permanent image was produced using the two
processes in 1827 by Niepce.
Developing Photography:-
 Photographic processing or photographic development is the
chemical means by which photographic film or paper is treated
after photographic exposure to produce a negative or
positive image. Photographic processing transforms the latent
image into a visible image, makes this permanent and renders it
insensitive to light.
 All processes based upon the gelatin-silver process are similar,
regardless of the film or paper's manufacturer. Exceptional
variations include instant films such as those made
by Polaroid and thermally developed
films. Kodachrome required Kodak's proprietary K-14 process.
Kodachrome film production ceased in 2009, and K-14 processing
is no longer available as of December 30, 2010. Ilfochrome
materials use the dye destruction process.
39

5. Compact camera:-
A point-and-shoot camera, also known as a compact camera and
sometimes abbreviated to P&S, is a still camera designed
primarily for simple operation. Most use focus free lenses or
autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the
exposure options, and have flash units built in. None have lens
mounts.
Merits:-
1. Cheap
2. Compact
3. Easy to use
De-Merits:-
1. Image quality can be poor
2. Some models lack manual modes
40

6. Bridge cameras:-
Bridge cameras are cameras that fill the niche between the single-
lens reflex cameras (SLRs) and the point-and-shoot camera which
are prominent in the prosumer market segment. They are often
comparable in size and weight to the smallest digital SLRs (DSLR),
but lack interchangeable lenses, and almost all digital bridge
cameras lack an optical viewfinder system. The phrase "bridge
camera" has been in use at least since the 1980s, and continues
to be used with digital cameras. The term was originally used to
refer to film cameras which "bridged the gap" between point-
and-shoot cameras and SLRs
Merits:-
1. Longer zoom
2. Manual controls
De-Merits:-
1. Bulky body
41

7. Compact System Camera:-
A Compact System Camera – also known as a Mirror less Camera – is
a type of camera that uses interchangeable lenses, for example
Canon’s EOS M series. The main advantage of a Compact System
Camera is that it is smaller and lighter than full sized Digital
Single Lens Reflex cameras, while still touting ‘DSLR quality’
images. This reduction in size is made possible by removing the
dedicated AF sensor, mirror box assembly, and optical viewfinder
that a conventional DSLR incorporates.
Merits:-
1. Good quality images
2. Manual control
3. Compact body
De-Merits:-
1. Small selection of lens available
2. Can be expensive
3. More complicated to use
42

8. Digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR):-
 A digital single-lens reflex camera (digital SLR or DSLR) is
a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of
a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor.
 The reflex design scheme is the primary difference between a
DSLR and other digital cameras. In the reflex design, light travels
through the lens and then to a mirror that alternates to send the
image to either the viewfinder or the image sensor. The
viewfinder of a DSLR presents an image that will not differ
substantially from what is captured by the camera's sensor, but
presents it as a direct optical view through the lens, rather than
being captured by the camera's image sensor and displayed by a
digital screen.
Merits:-
1. Excellent image quality
2. Manual control
3. Large selection of lens available
4. Optical viewfinder
De-Merits:-
1. Bulky and heavy
2. Can be expensive
3. More complicated to use
43