The compact cassette was introduced in 1963 by Philips as a smaller, portable alternative to reel-to-reel tapes. It became popular for music playback after companies introduced dolby noise reduction and higher fidelity tapes and players in the 1970s. The Walkman portable player further increased the cassette's popularity in the 1980s. The format went on to rival vinyl as the dominant medium for prerecorded music through the late 20th century.
The document traces the development of television from its early experiments in the 1920s to modern technologies. Some key developments include:
- Philo Farnsworth's early experiments with electronic television in the 1920s. Regular broadcasts began in the 1930s by the BBC.
- Introduction of coaxial cable in 1936 which improved signal transmission. Color television was also developed in the 1940s-1950s.
- The 1950s saw the development of remote controls and the first satellite TV broadcasts. By the 1960s, most TVs were in color.
- Home video recording was introduced in the 1970s with Betamax, and HDTV was approved in the 1980s along with surround sound and closed
There were two early experimental paths for television: mechanical and electronic scanning. Inventors experimented with mechanical disks or cathode ray tubes. Mechanical scanning began with Paul Nipkow's 1884 patent of a scanning disk. Charles Jenkins and John Logie Baird demonstrated mechanical transmission of images. Philo Farnsworth invented electronic scanning in 1927 by transmitting the first electronic TV image using a cathode ray tube. RCA and others then adopted and advanced electronic scanning, leading to the development of modern television.
Early television development followed two paths - mechanical systems using rotating disks invented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow and electronic systems using cathode ray tubes. While mechanical TV systems were first, electronic TV systems using devices like Vladimir Zworykin's improved cathode ray tube called the kinescope eventually replaced mechanical systems due to better performance. Pioneers like John Logie Baird and Zworykin built upon early innovations to demonstrate rudimentary television systems. Color TV technology was proposed as early as 1904 but commercial broadcasting in the US began in 1953 using an electronic system invented by RCA. Remote controls were introduced in 1950 with Zenith's "Lazy Bones" device.
Television has evolved over many decades through contributions from numerous inventors. Early mechanical television used arrays of rods to transmit moving images [John Logie Baird 1920]. Electronic television was developed using cathode ray tubes, with Vladimir Kosma Zworykin and Philo T. Farnsworth inventing key components like the electron gun and phosphorescent screen [1925, 1939]. Modern LCD TVs use liquid crystals that are broken into pixels between electrodes to generate images interactively.
The document outlines major milestones in the development of television and broadcasting technology from 1923 to 2012, including the demonstration of early camera tubes, the first long-distance TV image transmission in 1925, Farnsworth's electronic TV system demonstration in 1927, the first commercial TV broadcast by NBC in 1936, the introduction of color TV in 1953 but it did not become standard until the 1970s, the first satellite broadcasts in 1962, the introduction of home video recorders by Sony in 1976, the development of HDTV by Japan in 1981 which was accepted by the FCC in 1996, the first internet broadcast by ABC in 1994, DVDs becoming commercially available in 1998, and Blu-ray and HD DVD being introduced in 2004 with Blu-
The document summarizes the development of television in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s. It discusses early experimental broadcasts in the 1930s, the first commercial station launching in 1941, development slowing during World War II, growth resuming after the wars, and the boom in the 1950s as more stations launched, programming expanded, and ownership among families increased steadily. It also touches on the introduction of color TV and how the Vietnam War was covered on television.
The document discusses the early history of television, including key inventors like Paul Nipkow who created the scanning disk device in the 1880s and Philo Farnsworth who was the first to transmit a picture over the air. It also mentions Vladimir Zworykin's patent for the kinescope and provides data on the growth of households with TV sets in the United States from 1950 to 1980, which reached a steady penetration rate of about 98% by 1980. The document also notes the transition from analog to digital TV broadcasting.
Television originated from experiments in the late 19th century to transmit moving images through electric signals or radio waves. Paul Nipkow developed the first electromechanical television system in 1884 using a rotating disk. John Logie Baird demonstrated the first live moving images transmitted by television in 1925. Vladimir Zworykin invented the cathode ray tube in 1929, allowing the first fully electronic television system. Color television was demonstrated by Peter Goldmark in 1940 using a spinning color wheel and became more widely used after all-electronic color sets were introduced in the 1950s.
The document traces the development of television from its early experiments in the 1920s to modern technologies. Some key developments include:
- Philo Farnsworth's early experiments with electronic television in the 1920s. Regular broadcasts began in the 1930s by the BBC.
- Introduction of coaxial cable in 1936 which improved signal transmission. Color television was also developed in the 1940s-1950s.
- The 1950s saw the development of remote controls and the first satellite TV broadcasts. By the 1960s, most TVs were in color.
- Home video recording was introduced in the 1970s with Betamax, and HDTV was approved in the 1980s along with surround sound and closed
There were two early experimental paths for television: mechanical and electronic scanning. Inventors experimented with mechanical disks or cathode ray tubes. Mechanical scanning began with Paul Nipkow's 1884 patent of a scanning disk. Charles Jenkins and John Logie Baird demonstrated mechanical transmission of images. Philo Farnsworth invented electronic scanning in 1927 by transmitting the first electronic TV image using a cathode ray tube. RCA and others then adopted and advanced electronic scanning, leading to the development of modern television.
Early television development followed two paths - mechanical systems using rotating disks invented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow and electronic systems using cathode ray tubes. While mechanical TV systems were first, electronic TV systems using devices like Vladimir Zworykin's improved cathode ray tube called the kinescope eventually replaced mechanical systems due to better performance. Pioneers like John Logie Baird and Zworykin built upon early innovations to demonstrate rudimentary television systems. Color TV technology was proposed as early as 1904 but commercial broadcasting in the US began in 1953 using an electronic system invented by RCA. Remote controls were introduced in 1950 with Zenith's "Lazy Bones" device.
Television has evolved over many decades through contributions from numerous inventors. Early mechanical television used arrays of rods to transmit moving images [John Logie Baird 1920]. Electronic television was developed using cathode ray tubes, with Vladimir Kosma Zworykin and Philo T. Farnsworth inventing key components like the electron gun and phosphorescent screen [1925, 1939]. Modern LCD TVs use liquid crystals that are broken into pixels between electrodes to generate images interactively.
The document outlines major milestones in the development of television and broadcasting technology from 1923 to 2012, including the demonstration of early camera tubes, the first long-distance TV image transmission in 1925, Farnsworth's electronic TV system demonstration in 1927, the first commercial TV broadcast by NBC in 1936, the introduction of color TV in 1953 but it did not become standard until the 1970s, the first satellite broadcasts in 1962, the introduction of home video recorders by Sony in 1976, the development of HDTV by Japan in 1981 which was accepted by the FCC in 1996, the first internet broadcast by ABC in 1994, DVDs becoming commercially available in 1998, and Blu-ray and HD DVD being introduced in 2004 with Blu-
The document summarizes the development of television in the United States from the 1930s through the 1960s. It discusses early experimental broadcasts in the 1930s, the first commercial station launching in 1941, development slowing during World War II, growth resuming after the wars, and the boom in the 1950s as more stations launched, programming expanded, and ownership among families increased steadily. It also touches on the introduction of color TV and how the Vietnam War was covered on television.
The document discusses the early history of television, including key inventors like Paul Nipkow who created the scanning disk device in the 1880s and Philo Farnsworth who was the first to transmit a picture over the air. It also mentions Vladimir Zworykin's patent for the kinescope and provides data on the growth of households with TV sets in the United States from 1950 to 1980, which reached a steady penetration rate of about 98% by 1980. The document also notes the transition from analog to digital TV broadcasting.
Television originated from experiments in the late 19th century to transmit moving images through electric signals or radio waves. Paul Nipkow developed the first electromechanical television system in 1884 using a rotating disk. John Logie Baird demonstrated the first live moving images transmitted by television in 1925. Vladimir Zworykin invented the cathode ray tube in 1929, allowing the first fully electronic television system. Color television was demonstrated by Peter Goldmark in 1940 using a spinning color wheel and became more widely used after all-electronic color sets were introduced in the 1950s.
The document traces the evolution of television from its origins in 1884 when Paul Nipkow designed the scanning disk, an important early component. John Logie Baird later designed other key TV components and made the first public broadcast in London in 1927. Early TVs were large console sets that gave way to smaller, flatter screens in later decades. New innovations included the introduction of color and direct broadcast satellite technology in the 1970s, with few design changes through the 1990s until the emergence of curved, high-definition screens.
The document summarizes the history and types of television as well as its social aspects. It discusses how television evolved from mechanical to electronic systems and the development of color TV and high definition formats. Key events included Paul Nipkow's early TV design in 1884, the development of the cathode ray tube in 1897, and the first long-distance TV signal transmission in 1927. The document also briefly outlines some alleged dangers, educational advantages, and impacts of TV on gender, politics, socialization, and technology trends.
The document discusses the history of radio news from 1920 to 1950. It describes how the first radio broadcasts in the early 1920s were just brief news teasers but then expanded in the 1920s and 1930s with the introduction of daily newscasts and network news. The period from 1935 to 1950 is described as the "Golden Age" of radio news, where news became a regular part of programming and major networks developed their own news gathering operations. The summary concludes that television's rise in the late 1940s and the end of World War 2 began to taper off radio's golden age of news.
Television became popular after being made possible by radio. Early TV featured talk shows, game shows, dramas, comedies, and sports. The FCC regulated the growing TV industry and issued licenses. The Golden Ages of TV from the 1950s to 1980s saw the rise of family entertainment in black and white and then colorful programming. Color TV technology advanced and became the standard broadcast by 1972. Modern TV delivery includes broadcast networks, public television, cable, satellite, and online streaming services.
The document provides a history of television from its origins to the present day. It discusses the development of radio in the early 20th century and how radio broadcasting laid the foundation for mass communication. Television began experimentally in the 1930s but took off after World War II, with over half of American homes owning TV sets by the 1950s. The major networks of ABC, CBS, and NBC dominated programming in the golden age of television in the 1950s and 1960s. Cable television emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as an alternative to broadcast TV, while digital technology has transformed television in the 21st century.
Television combines the Greek word "tele" meaning "far" with the Latin word "sees" meaning "vision". It allows visual signals to be electrically transmitted over long distances and displayed on equipment. Early developments included mechanical television using a scanning disk in the 1800s. The first electronic television was created in 1927 by Philo Farnsworth, using cathode ray tubes to transmit and display moving images without mechanical parts. Color television was introduced in the 1950s and became widespread globally as technology advanced.
Television has evolved significantly since its early inventions in the 1800s. While many inventors contributed incremental advances, five men are most recognized for developing the technology: Nipkow, Baird, Jenkins, Zworykin, and Farnsworth. Early TVs were monochrome, expensive, and had small screens, but ownership grew rapidly through the 1900s. Cable, remote controls, and color TV emerged in the mid-20th century, changing the experience. Today, TVs are ubiquitous in American homes and come in high-definition formats with large screens.
Orgeron - Chapter 1 tv history (ms) part 2torgeron77
The document summarizes major events and developments in the history of television production from 1936 to 2009. Some of the key milestones mentioned include the first TV broadcasts in 1936, the first TV commercial in 1941, the rise of popular shows like I Love Lucy in the 1950s, Elvis Presley's controversial appearances on TV in 1956 that helped launch rock and roll, the first presidential debate broadcast in 1960, the launch of PBS and Sesame Street in 1969, and the growth of cable TV through channels like HBO, ESPN, and MTV from the 1970s onward. Reality television emerges as a major genre with the debut of Survivor in 2000.
The first television was invented in 1926 by John Logie Baird in London. He televised the first moving images at the Royal Institution. Early televisions influenced culture as new words from TV shows and movies were adopted and peoples' habits changed to be more modern. Television became a global, popular part of culture that helped spread music worldwide and influenced choices in music. It is predicted that a new "Ultra" High-Definition version of TV will be in development within the next 5-10 years.
1. John Logie Baird demonstrated the first television system in 1926, transmitting moving images on a small screen.
2. Baird founded experimental TV stations and conducted pirate broadcasts to promote television, but the BBC initially rejected his attempts to get a broadcast license.
3. By 1929, three years after Baird's first public demonstration, television began mass production in Britain and Europe, though the images were small and low quality.
1) The television was invented in the early 20th century, with key early inventions including the iconoscope camera tube in 1923 and the image dissector tube shortly after.
2) In 1926, John Logie Baird gave the first public demonstration of a working television system in London.
3) Through the 1920s and 1930s, Baird and others continued developing television technology, with the first large-scale television manufacturing beginning in 1929 and regular broadcasts starting in the late 1930s.
Television History, Importance, Advantages & DisadvantagesChiara Benedicto
John Logie Baird invented the first television set in 1926 using scissors, an old tea chest, and sealing wax. Television broadcasts moving pictures and sound over long distances using a system of transmitting and receiving images. Early television systems used mechanical disks to scan images but were replaced by electronic television invented by Philo Farnsworth in 1927 using cathode ray tubes instead of mechanical parts. Television provides news, entertainment, and education across commercial, public, and subscription services but can also encourage unhealthy behaviors if overused.
The document provides a history of television development from 1922 to the late 1950s. It describes some of the early pioneers and innovations in television technology including the BBC beginning daily transmissions in 1922, John Logie Baird developing an early television system in the 1920s, and Herbert E. Ives demonstrating an early color television system in 1929. It also discusses the establishment of early television stations in the US and Europe in the 1930s and 1940s and the replacement of kinescope technology with videotape in 1956 which improved video quality.
The document provides a history of television, describing some of its defining features and how it evolved over time. It discusses early developments in the 1920s and 1930s, the growth of TV stations and audiences in the 1940s and 1950s, the rise of networks and color TV in the 1950s and 1960s, and increased competition from cable TV in the 1980s and 1990s. It also covers the transition to digital TV beginning in the late 1990s and some common terms related to television viewing.
The document summarizes key events in the history of the BBC from the 1920s to the 1970s. It notes that the BBC began daily broadcasting in 1922 and started the world's first regularly scheduled TV service in 1936. In the 1940s, the BBC launched the first post-war TV news service and invented the first means of recording live TV. In the 1950s, the BBC developed early video tape recording technology and launched popular children's programs like Blue Peter. The 1960s saw the introduction of color TV in the UK and globally successful BBC programs like Doctor Who. In the 1970s, the BBC partnered with the Open University and launched groundbreaking factual programs like Newsround and the original series of Life on Earth with David
Television was invented in the 1920s, with J.L. Baird transmitting the first TV pictures in 1926 and Philo Farnsworth transmitting the first TV image with 60 lines, a dollar sign, in 1927. Color TV was developed throughout the early and mid-1900s, becoming commercially available in 1953. Cable TV was created in the late 1940s to provide clearer signals to remote areas, and remote controls were introduced in 1956 when Zenith brought the first "Lazy Bones" remote to homes.
Television has evolved from early experiments in the 1800s to become a global mass media platform. Key developments included mechanical scanning techniques using disks in the 1920s, the introduction of electronic scanning in the 1930s, the start of regular broadcasting in the late 1940s, and the transition to digital broadcasting by the 2010s. Television plays an important social and cultural role in providing news, entertainment and advertising to audiences worldwide.
The document discusses the history of television in several countries. It describes how the BBC in the UK is the oldest and largest public broadcaster, funded by television license fees. It outlines the decentralized, market-based system in the US, including the first networks (NBC, CBS, ABC) which began as radio and the growth of ownership in homes in the late 1990s. It also discusses the founding of public broadcaster PBS and early influential TV shows. Finally, it notes that television first began experimentally in Mexico City in 1946 and the first station and program broadcast.
Early television development followed two paths - mechanical systems using rotating disks like Paul Nipkow's technology, and electronic systems using cathode ray tubes independently developed by Campbell-Swinton and Rosing in 1907. While television provided entertainment and could educate children, it also had disadvantages like promoting unhealthy sedentary behavior, costing money for licenses, risking addiction, and potentially influencing opinions unduly. Moderation in viewing was important to avoid negative effects.
The document traces the evolution of television from its origins in 1884 when Paul Nipkow designed the scanning disk, an important early component. John Logie Baird later designed other key TV components and made the first public broadcast in London in 1927. Early TVs were large console sets that gave way to smaller, flatter screens in later decades. New innovations included the introduction of color and direct broadcast satellite technology in the 1970s, with few design changes through the 1990s until the emergence of curved, high-definition screens.
The document summarizes the history and types of television as well as its social aspects. It discusses how television evolved from mechanical to electronic systems and the development of color TV and high definition formats. Key events included Paul Nipkow's early TV design in 1884, the development of the cathode ray tube in 1897, and the first long-distance TV signal transmission in 1927. The document also briefly outlines some alleged dangers, educational advantages, and impacts of TV on gender, politics, socialization, and technology trends.
The document discusses the history of radio news from 1920 to 1950. It describes how the first radio broadcasts in the early 1920s were just brief news teasers but then expanded in the 1920s and 1930s with the introduction of daily newscasts and network news. The period from 1935 to 1950 is described as the "Golden Age" of radio news, where news became a regular part of programming and major networks developed their own news gathering operations. The summary concludes that television's rise in the late 1940s and the end of World War 2 began to taper off radio's golden age of news.
Television became popular after being made possible by radio. Early TV featured talk shows, game shows, dramas, comedies, and sports. The FCC regulated the growing TV industry and issued licenses. The Golden Ages of TV from the 1950s to 1980s saw the rise of family entertainment in black and white and then colorful programming. Color TV technology advanced and became the standard broadcast by 1972. Modern TV delivery includes broadcast networks, public television, cable, satellite, and online streaming services.
The document provides a history of television from its origins to the present day. It discusses the development of radio in the early 20th century and how radio broadcasting laid the foundation for mass communication. Television began experimentally in the 1930s but took off after World War II, with over half of American homes owning TV sets by the 1950s. The major networks of ABC, CBS, and NBC dominated programming in the golden age of television in the 1950s and 1960s. Cable television emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as an alternative to broadcast TV, while digital technology has transformed television in the 21st century.
Television combines the Greek word "tele" meaning "far" with the Latin word "sees" meaning "vision". It allows visual signals to be electrically transmitted over long distances and displayed on equipment. Early developments included mechanical television using a scanning disk in the 1800s. The first electronic television was created in 1927 by Philo Farnsworth, using cathode ray tubes to transmit and display moving images without mechanical parts. Color television was introduced in the 1950s and became widespread globally as technology advanced.
Television has evolved significantly since its early inventions in the 1800s. While many inventors contributed incremental advances, five men are most recognized for developing the technology: Nipkow, Baird, Jenkins, Zworykin, and Farnsworth. Early TVs were monochrome, expensive, and had small screens, but ownership grew rapidly through the 1900s. Cable, remote controls, and color TV emerged in the mid-20th century, changing the experience. Today, TVs are ubiquitous in American homes and come in high-definition formats with large screens.
Orgeron - Chapter 1 tv history (ms) part 2torgeron77
The document summarizes major events and developments in the history of television production from 1936 to 2009. Some of the key milestones mentioned include the first TV broadcasts in 1936, the first TV commercial in 1941, the rise of popular shows like I Love Lucy in the 1950s, Elvis Presley's controversial appearances on TV in 1956 that helped launch rock and roll, the first presidential debate broadcast in 1960, the launch of PBS and Sesame Street in 1969, and the growth of cable TV through channels like HBO, ESPN, and MTV from the 1970s onward. Reality television emerges as a major genre with the debut of Survivor in 2000.
The first television was invented in 1926 by John Logie Baird in London. He televised the first moving images at the Royal Institution. Early televisions influenced culture as new words from TV shows and movies were adopted and peoples' habits changed to be more modern. Television became a global, popular part of culture that helped spread music worldwide and influenced choices in music. It is predicted that a new "Ultra" High-Definition version of TV will be in development within the next 5-10 years.
1. John Logie Baird demonstrated the first television system in 1926, transmitting moving images on a small screen.
2. Baird founded experimental TV stations and conducted pirate broadcasts to promote television, but the BBC initially rejected his attempts to get a broadcast license.
3. By 1929, three years after Baird's first public demonstration, television began mass production in Britain and Europe, though the images were small and low quality.
1) The television was invented in the early 20th century, with key early inventions including the iconoscope camera tube in 1923 and the image dissector tube shortly after.
2) In 1926, John Logie Baird gave the first public demonstration of a working television system in London.
3) Through the 1920s and 1930s, Baird and others continued developing television technology, with the first large-scale television manufacturing beginning in 1929 and regular broadcasts starting in the late 1930s.
Television History, Importance, Advantages & DisadvantagesChiara Benedicto
John Logie Baird invented the first television set in 1926 using scissors, an old tea chest, and sealing wax. Television broadcasts moving pictures and sound over long distances using a system of transmitting and receiving images. Early television systems used mechanical disks to scan images but were replaced by electronic television invented by Philo Farnsworth in 1927 using cathode ray tubes instead of mechanical parts. Television provides news, entertainment, and education across commercial, public, and subscription services but can also encourage unhealthy behaviors if overused.
The document provides a history of television development from 1922 to the late 1950s. It describes some of the early pioneers and innovations in television technology including the BBC beginning daily transmissions in 1922, John Logie Baird developing an early television system in the 1920s, and Herbert E. Ives demonstrating an early color television system in 1929. It also discusses the establishment of early television stations in the US and Europe in the 1930s and 1940s and the replacement of kinescope technology with videotape in 1956 which improved video quality.
The document provides a history of television, describing some of its defining features and how it evolved over time. It discusses early developments in the 1920s and 1930s, the growth of TV stations and audiences in the 1940s and 1950s, the rise of networks and color TV in the 1950s and 1960s, and increased competition from cable TV in the 1980s and 1990s. It also covers the transition to digital TV beginning in the late 1990s and some common terms related to television viewing.
The document summarizes key events in the history of the BBC from the 1920s to the 1970s. It notes that the BBC began daily broadcasting in 1922 and started the world's first regularly scheduled TV service in 1936. In the 1940s, the BBC launched the first post-war TV news service and invented the first means of recording live TV. In the 1950s, the BBC developed early video tape recording technology and launched popular children's programs like Blue Peter. The 1960s saw the introduction of color TV in the UK and globally successful BBC programs like Doctor Who. In the 1970s, the BBC partnered with the Open University and launched groundbreaking factual programs like Newsround and the original series of Life on Earth with David
Television was invented in the 1920s, with J.L. Baird transmitting the first TV pictures in 1926 and Philo Farnsworth transmitting the first TV image with 60 lines, a dollar sign, in 1927. Color TV was developed throughout the early and mid-1900s, becoming commercially available in 1953. Cable TV was created in the late 1940s to provide clearer signals to remote areas, and remote controls were introduced in 1956 when Zenith brought the first "Lazy Bones" remote to homes.
Television has evolved from early experiments in the 1800s to become a global mass media platform. Key developments included mechanical scanning techniques using disks in the 1920s, the introduction of electronic scanning in the 1930s, the start of regular broadcasting in the late 1940s, and the transition to digital broadcasting by the 2010s. Television plays an important social and cultural role in providing news, entertainment and advertising to audiences worldwide.
The document discusses the history of television in several countries. It describes how the BBC in the UK is the oldest and largest public broadcaster, funded by television license fees. It outlines the decentralized, market-based system in the US, including the first networks (NBC, CBS, ABC) which began as radio and the growth of ownership in homes in the late 1990s. It also discusses the founding of public broadcaster PBS and early influential TV shows. Finally, it notes that television first began experimentally in Mexico City in 1946 and the first station and program broadcast.
Early television development followed two paths - mechanical systems using rotating disks like Paul Nipkow's technology, and electronic systems using cathode ray tubes independently developed by Campbell-Swinton and Rosing in 1907. While television provided entertainment and could educate children, it also had disadvantages like promoting unhealthy sedentary behavior, costing money for licenses, risking addiction, and potentially influencing opinions unduly. Moderation in viewing was important to avoid negative effects.
El documento presenta un proyecto de análisis de medios que incluye la creación de un nuevo proyecto, la selección de un corpus de medios, criterios de codificación y herramientas para recorrer el corpus y visualizar los resultados como gráficos de barras y líneas de tiempo.
The World Economic Forum on East Asia addressed new uncertainties facing the region including rising food and fuel prices, global economic recession, and climate change. Over 300 leaders from 25 countries discussed how Asia can respond. While Asia's future is promising, its leaders must address challenges through cooperation and long-term solutions to ensure continued growth and stability. The meeting focused on Asian leadership in the current economic crisis, global risks, sustainable growth, and competitiveness. Leaders emphasized the need for effective governance, public-private partnerships, and transparency to respond to the needs of citizens during uncertain times.
The document discusses technologies chosen for the energy retailer AGL, including cloud computing, e-commerce, and ECRM. For cloud computing, Mizanur Rahman's team selected it as it provides remote computing services over the internet. This reduces costs for AGL while improving customer service. E-commerce, selected by Mahamudul Hasan's team, allows AGL to reach more customers online and reduce costs. ECRM, chosen by Shree Shrestha's team, helps AGL better understand customer needs and improve relationships through electronic customer touchpoints. The technologies provide AGL advantages like reduced costs, improved customer convenience and service, and increased competitiveness. Challenges include implementing new technologies and ensuring security
The document summarizes CII's initiatives to support India's Swachh Bharat mission for sanitation. Some key initiatives include:
- Constructing over 4,000 toilet blocks in government schools across India with corporate contributions of ~Rs. 90 crores.
- Direct construction of 206 toilet blocks across 6 states through the CII Foundation.
- Community-led sanitation projects in 15 villages in J&K and Uttarakhand reaching over 11,700 people.
- Construction of 15 public toilets near railway stations in 7 cities with corporate support.
The initiatives aim to increase access to toilets in rural and urban areas and promote hygienic sanitation practices.
Individuals develop defense mechanisms like aggression, rationalization, and withdrawal to protect their self-esteem when unable to cope with frustration. Marketers create campaigns that match consumers' frustrated states of mind and portray products resolving frustrations through these defenses. They consider defenses when selecting appeals and ads. Defenses include aggression, rationalization, regression, withdrawal, projection, daydreaming, identification, and repression. Aggression occurs when people behave aggressively due to frustration. Rationalization involves thinking about goal importance. Regression is childlike behavior like fighting over sale items. Withdrawal means giving up on situations or products. Projection redefines frustrations by blaming others. Daydreaming uses consumer imagery to overcome frustrations. Identification
The document provides 24 reasons why the author should continue living. It begins by stating the author needs 24 convincing reasons to continue their journey in life. Some of the key reasons provided include having a purpose and dream given by God, having the Holy Spirit's anointing, others believing in them, having grown and achieved something, feeling there is more to see, and God being able to use anyone for His purpose including Rahab the harlot. The author feels their gifts, talents, choices, activities, language, desires, time allocation, beliefs, and resource allocation indicate there is more for them to fulfill.
Este documento describe la gestión educativa y el rol del director en una escuela. La gestión educativa promueve el aprendizaje de estudiantes, docentes y la comunidad mediante la creación de una unidad de aprendizaje. Consiste en definir objetivos, propuestas de acción, prioridades y acciones para el futuro de la institución. El rol del director implica gestionar procesos formales e informales de la escuela, reflexionar sobre las necesidades sociales y tomar una perspectiva crítica para modificar la institución y adaptarse a las demandas sociales
Usability is identified as one of the top barriers to healthcare IT adoption. It impacts user satisfaction, errors, and frustration. There is no single "silver bullet" for ensuring usability in healthcare IT yet. Usability is defined as the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction with which users can complete tasks. It involves structured testing and analysis through the user-centered design process. Usability testing can be formative during development or summative at the end, and involves representative tasks and scenarios to identify issues. Both low and high fidelity prototypes are used.
Future Agenda are delighted to share this initial perspective on the future civic role of arts and arts organisations. The topic will be explored at a London event in June, hosted by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. The event is part of a wider enquiry by Calouste Gulbenkian into the future civic role of arts and comments are very welcome here on slideshare.
El documento presenta una introducción a Internet, describiendo que es un conjunto descentralizado de redes interconectadas que utilizan protocolos TCP/IP para funcionar como una red lógica global. Explica que Internet está regido por protocolos como HTML, Java y Flash que permiten que los sitios web sean legibles por los navegadores, y describe protocolos fundamentales como TCP y FTP para la transferencia de archivos. También define conceptos clave como redes de computadoras, correo electrónico, buscadores, intranets, chat y videoconferencia.
The document discusses probabilistic graphical models (PGMs) and Bayesian networks. It provides an overview of constructing Bayesian networks and using them for problem solving. Specifically, it discusses:
1. Constructing a Bayesian network from a dataset to identify probabilistic relationships between variables and determine the most influential variables for a given target.
2. Using the network to perform forward and backward analysis to understand how variable changes affect the target and determine variable values to achieve a desired target value.
3. Demonstrating these concepts using a Bayesian network constructed from an account-level dataset, with participation rate as the target variable. The network identifies additional influential variables beyond what was known initially.
El documento resume los principales eventos culturales que tendrán lugar en Zaragoza entre el 4 y el 10 de julio, incluyendo el festival de comedia Zaragoza Comedy con actuaciones de Javier Coronas, Pepe Colubi y Diego Peña; la obra de teatro de Pedro Reyes "El cielo es infinito"; la noche de Paramount Comedy con Ignatius y otros comediantes; y el cierre a cargo de Alex O'Dogherty. También se anuncia la presentación de la última coreografía de Victor Ullate "Wonderland" en el Teatro Principal, y
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de armonía y contraste de color en composiciones bidimensionales. Explica que la armonía de colores se produce cuando hay una relación entre los valores cromáticos utilizados. Luego detalla varios tipos de contraste de color como el contraste de tono, claro-oscuro, saturación, cantidad, simultaneo y entre tonos cálidos y fríos. Por último, define la gradación como un cambio gradual de un color a otro de forma ordenada que crea una ilusión óptica de progresión.
ERATA AND SUMMARY (ten years after starting investigation)siegfried van hoek
SUMMARY OF WRITINGS Medical Research A, B and C, WITH A MINOR CORRECTION IN INTERPRETATION OF ANATOMY. Still the case stands, because surgery on the right half side of the brain, after making a hole at the left side, was performed without patient conscent and kept hidden after. RX manipulation tot frustrate the investigation after is also as finding supporting the case. THE CASE STILL STANDS in spite of counyter-actions. What is there more to be found? Thank you Slideshare for your democratic tool!
The document provides an overview of the history of the BBC from its founding in 1922 through the 1950s. It describes the formation of the BBC by wireless manufacturers in 1922, the appointment of John Reith as the first General Manager, and the expansion of radio broadcasting throughout the 1920s. The document then outlines some of the major developments at the BBC in subsequent decades, including the beginnings of television in the 1930s, the role of radio and television during World War 2, and the increased popularity of television in the 1950s following the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of television broadcasting from its invention in the 1920s to the growth of cable television in the 1970s and 1980s. It discusses key events like the first public demonstration of television by Philo Farnsworth in 1928, the rise of network television in the 1940s and 1950s, the transition to color television in the 1950s and 1960s, and the development of cable networks by Ted Turner in the 1970s which led to more specialized content and challenged the dominance of the big three networks.
The document provides a history of the development of television from electromechanical television in the 1920s-1930s to the introduction of electronic television by Philo Farnsworth in the 1930s. It then discusses the evolution of color television from early experiments in the 1940s-1950s to the first coast-to-coast color broadcast in 1954. Finally, it covers the development of editing techniques in early films from the 1900s-1910s and the rise of nickelodeon theaters in the 1900s which helped popularize movies.
After its formal introduction at the 1939 World's Fair, televisions became widely available in the late 1930s, though some networks had been broadcasting for years. Sets were large pieces of equipment with small 12-inch screens and cost $400-500 when the average income was $1300. Programming was sparse with no "must see TV", mainly broadcasting special events. One iconic broadcast was the 1936 Berlin Olympics opening ceremony announced by Hitler.
The invention of television emerged from the work of many individuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated by Philo Taylor Farnsworth in San Francisco in 1927. Television transmits sound and moving images through a telecommunication system, and has evolved from early monochrome transmission to modern color and 3D transmission.
investigation and analysis bbc documentary.pptxChloeMeadows1
The document provides background information on the history and operations of the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). It discusses how the BBC was formed in 1922 and began radio broadcasting. It describes some of the BBC's early leaders like John Reith and milestones over the decades such as the beginning of television broadcasts in 1936. It also explains that the BBC is publicly funded through television license fees and has a mandate to produce impartial, public service content.
The document provides a brief history of radio in the UK from its scientific origins in the 19th century to modern developments. Some key points include:
- Michael Faraday and others laid the scientific groundwork for radio in the 1800s, while Marconi is often credited with creating the first radio in the early 1900s.
- The Titanic disaster in 1912 demonstrated the importance of radio for distress calls.
- The BBC was formed in 1922 and began national radio broadcasting.
- The transistor radio was invented in 1954, ushering in a new era of portable radio.
- Pirate radio stations operated offshore in the 1960s to circumvent BBC's broadcasting monopoly.
- Radio 1 launched in 1967 to target younger
The document provides a brief history of radio in the UK from its scientific origins in the 19th century to modern developments. Some key points include:
- Michael Faraday and others laid the scientific groundwork for radio in the 1800s, while Marconi is often credited with creating the first radio in the early 1900s.
- The Titanic disaster in 1912 demonstrated the importance of radio for distress calls.
- The BBC was formed in 1922 and began national radio broadcasting.
- The transistor radio was invented in 1954, ushering in a new era of portable radio.
- Pirate radio stations operated offshore in the 1960s to circumvent BBC restrictions.
- Radio 1 launched in 1967 to target youth audiences.
The BBC has been broadcasting radio since 1922 and television since 1936. It has a long history of innovation including developing technologies like teletext, digital audio broadcasting, and high definition television. Notable events include the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 which was the first to be broadcast live, the launch of 24-hour news channel BBC News 24 in 1997, and broadcasting the 2012 Olympics online which set a record with 55 million visitors to BBC Sport online. The BBC has also produced many popular and influential TV shows over the decades from Civilisation and Life on Earth to Strictly Come Dancing and Drag Race UK.
The document outlines the history of broadcasting from its origins to modern times. It discusses key inventors and innovations that led to the development of radio and television technologies. Some of the earliest developments include Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves in 1855 and Marconi sending the first wireless signal in 1901. Over decades, inventors continued improving the technologies, with the first radio broadcasts in the early 1900s and commercial television debuting in 1939. Both media grew rapidly in popularity and changed how people received information and entertainment, helping to shift societies with their widespread adoption.
John Logie Baird invented the first television system in 1926. Televisions evolved from large cathode ray tube models to include rear projection, plasma, LCD, and LED screens of increasing size. Color transmission was introduced in 1954 and 3D televisions became available in 2010. Televisions have had a major social and cultural impact through entertainment and influencing public opinions while also creating environmental concerns over electronic waste disposal.
The document traces the history of broadcast media from early inventors in the late 19th century through the development of radio and television. It discusses key figures like Marconi, Fessenden, and de Forest who helped develop wireless communication and broadcasting technologies. It then outlines the growth of radio broadcasting in the 1920s-1940s and the rise of television in the 1940s-1960s. The document also notes how new technologies and competition from cable TV have changed the broadcast industry in recent decades.
The document summarizes the history of radio from its scientific discoveries in the late 1800s to its golden age in the 1930s-40s and subsequent changes. It describes the key inventors like Marconi and Fessenden who developed radio telegraphy and telephony. The Titanic disaster spurred changes to continuous wave systems. Sarnoff's memo envisioned radio supported by advertising. Popular shows included Amos 'n Andy and The Shadow. Regulation addressed monopoly control and controversial content. Television largely replaced radio in the 1950s, though talk radio and new technologies have evolved.
The document discusses the early history and development of radio technology. It describes key figures like Gugliemo Marconi, who patented wireless telegraphy in 1896, and Lee De Forest, who experimented with the vacuum tube in 1906. It also discusses Edwin Armstrong's inventions like the feedback circuit in 1912 and the superheterodyne receiver in 1917. The document notes the first commercial radio broadcast by station KDKA in 1920 and the rapid growth of radio stations and receivers in the early 1920s as radio became a new mass medium.
The document summarizes the evolution of key media technologies from their origins to modern forms. It describes the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1439, the first camera by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1816, the first telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, the first television by Philo Taylor Farnsworth in 1928, and the first social media site Six Degrees in 1997. It then discusses how these technologies evolved with later innovations like the Kodak camera, mobile phones, websites like Facebook and YouTube, and services like Netflix and Sky TV.
TV viewing has significantly increased since the 1960s, from 5 hours and 38 minutes per day in 1964 to 7 hours and 39 minutes in 2004. While there were just three major networks in 1964, cable TV was introduced later, and today TV can be viewed online through sites like iPlayer. TV has evolved from black and white to color sets, and from CRT to modern LCD, plasma and LED displays. Brands like Samsung, LG, Sony and Sharp now dominate the TV market. Commercials have been a key part of TV since the 1940s, both sponsoring whole shows and advertising in blocks, with prices varying based on the popularity of the show.
History of Digital Media from from1920 1930Zeeshan Shah
The digital media and Multimedia has recent history and this slide contains the information regarding the History of Digital media in details from 1920 to 1930 era.
This document provides an overview of mass media and television in different countries. It discusses the history of mass media beginning in the 19th century with developments like the printing press and comics. It outlines the major forms of television delivery in the United States including broadcast, cable, satellite, and internet television. It also summarizes the history and programming of major US television networks like CBS, NBC, ABC, and Fox. The document then discusses television systems and programming in the UK, highlighting pioneers like John Logie Baird and the role of the BBC.
The cherry: beauty, softness, its heart-shaped plastic has inspired artists since Antiquity. Cherries and strawberries were considered the fruits of paradise and thus represented the souls of men.
Heart Touching Romantic Love Shayari In English with ImagesShort Good Quotes
Explore our beautiful collection of Romantic Love Shayari in English to express your love. These heartfelt shayaris are perfect for sharing with your loved one. Get the best words to show your love and care.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
Fashionista Chic Couture Maze & Coloring Adventures is a coloring and activity book filled with many maze games and coloring activities designed to delight and engage young fashion enthusiasts. Each page offers a unique blend of fashion-themed mazes and stylish illustrations to color, inspiring creativity and problem-solving skills in children.
3. Snow White 1937
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by
RKO Radio Pictures. Based on the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, it is the first full-length cel animated feature film and
the earliest in the Walt Disney Animated Classicsseries. The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard
Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears and Webb Smith. David Hand was the supervising
director, while William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, and Ben Sharpsteendirected the film's individual
sequences.
Snow White premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, followed by a nationwide release on February 4,
1938, and with international earnings of $8 million during its initial release briefly assumed the record of highest grossing sound
film at the time. The popularity of the film has led to it being re-released theatrically many times, until its home video release in the
1990s. Adjusted for inflation, it is one of the top ten performers at the North American box office.
At the 11th Academy Awards, Walt Disney was awarded an honorary Oscar, and the film was nominated for Best Musical Score. It
was added to the United States National Film Registry in 1989 and is ranked in the American Film Institute's list of the 100
greatest American films, who also named the film as the greatest American animated film of all time in 2008. Disney's take on the
fairytale has had a huge cultural impact, resulting in a popular theme parkattraction, a video game, and a Broadway musical.
4. Snow White 1937
Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the
production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions,[4] to The New York Times.[5] Before Snow White and
the Seven Dwarfs, the Disney studio had been primarily involved in the production of animated short subjects in the Mickey Mouse
and Silly Symphonies series. Disney hoped to expand his studio's prestige and revenues by moving into features,[6] and estimated
that Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs could be produced for a budget of US$250,000; this was ten times the budget of an
average Silly Symphony.[5]
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to be the first full-length cel animated feature in motion picture history,[4] and as such Walt
Disney had to fight to get the film produced. Both his brother and business partner Roy Disney and his wife Lillian attempted to
talk him out of it,[6] and the Hollywood movie industry referred to the film derisively as "Disney's Folly" while it was in production.
He had to mortgage his house to help finance the film's production, which eventually ran up a total cost of $1,488,422.74, a
massive sum for a feature film in 1937.[1]
5. First Color Broadcast 1940
Experiments in television systems using radio broadcasts date to the 19th century, but it
was not until the 20th century that advances in electronics and light detectors made
development practical. A key problem was the need to convert a 2D image into a "1D"
radio signal; some form of image scanning was needed to make this work. Early systems
generally used a device known as a "Nipkow disk", which was a spinning disk with a
series of holes punched in it that caused a spot to scan across and down the image. A
single photodetector behind the disk captured the image brightness at any given spot,
which was converted into a radio signal and broadcast. A similar disk was used at the
receiver side, with a light source behind the disk instead of a detector.
6. First Color Broadcast 1940
A number of such systems were being used experimentally in the 1920s. The best-known was John Logie
Baird's, which was actually used for regular public broadcasting in Britain for several years. Indeed, Baird's
system was demonstrated to members of the Royal Society in London in 1926 in what is generally recognized
as the first demonstration of a true, working television system. In spite of these early successes, all
mechanical television systems shared a number of serious problems. Being mechanically driven, perfect
synchronization of the sending and receiving discs was not easy to ensure, and irregularities could result in
major image distortion. Another problem was that the image was scanned within a small, roughly rectangular
area of the disk's surface, so that larger, higher-resolution displays required increasingly unwieldy disks and
smaller holes that produced increasingly dim images. Rotating drums bearing small mirrors set at
progressively greater angles proved more practical than Nipkow discs for high-resolution mechanical
scanning, allowing images of 240 lines and more to be produced, but such delicate, high-precision optical
components were not commercially practical for home receivers.
7. First Color Broadcast 1940
It was clear to a number of developers that a completely electronic scanning
system would be superior, and that the scanning could be achieved in a
vacuum tube via electrostatic or magnetic means. Converting this concept into
a usable system took years of development and several independent
advances. The two key advances were Philo Farnsworth's electronic scanning
system, and Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope camera. The Iconoscope, based
on Kálmán Tihanyi's early patents, superseded the Farnsworth-system. With
these systems, the BBC began regularly scheduled black-and-white television
broadcasts in 1936, but these were shut down again with the start of World War
8. First Color Broadcast 1940
By 22 March 1935, 108-line black-and-white television programs were being
broadcast from the Paul Nipkow TV transmitter in Berlin. In 1936, under the
guidance of "Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda" Joseph
Goebbels, direct transmissions from fifteen mobile units at the Olympic Games
in Berlin were transmitted to selected small television houses (Fernsehstuben)
in Berlin and Hamburg.
In 1941 the first NTSC meetings produced a single standard for US broadcasts.
US television broadcasts began in earnest in the immediate post-war era, and
by 1950 there were 6 million televisions in the United States.
9. First Color Broadcast 1940
Middle East
Nearly all of the countries in the Middle East use PAL. The first country
in the Middle East to introduce color television was Iraq in 1967. Saudi
Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar followed
in the mid-1970s, but Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus continued to
broadcast in black and white until the early 1980s. Israeli television
even erased the color signals using a device called the mekhikon.
10. Transmitter Radio 1954
A radio transmitter is an electronic device which, when
connected to an antenna, produces an electromagnetic signal
such as in radio and televisionbroadcasting, two way
communications or radar. Heating devices, such as a microwave
oven, although of similar design, are not usually called
transmitters, in that they use the electromagnetic energy locally
rather than transmitting it to another location.
11. Transmitter Radio 1954
Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic
signals through the atmosphere or free space.
Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing
(modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their
amplitude,frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves strike
an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating
current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted
and transformed back into its original form.
17. CBS Broad Cast 1956
The CBS Broadcast Center is a television and
radio production facility located in New York
City. It is CBS's main East Coast production
center, much asTelevision City in Los Angeles
is the West Coast hub.
19. CBS Broad Cast 1956
CBS takes over the depot
The building in which the Broadcast Center is located formerly served as a dairy depot for Sheffield
Farms. CBS, which had been using studios at Grand Central Terminal and other theaters throughout
Manhattan, purchased the site in 1952 and began using it regularly for TV in 1963. The radio network,
with offices at 1 East 53rd Street and studios at 49 East 52nd Street, near the old CBS corporate
headquarters at 485 Madison Avenue, moved to the Broadcast Center in July 1964, while the
television network's master control moved from Grand Central to the Broadcast Center in late 1964.
The company spent $14.5 million to create what was, at the time, "the largest 'self-contained' radio
and television production center in the United States and the most modern broadcasting plant of its
kind in the world," as the New York Tribune put it in 1961.
20. CBS Broad Cast 1956
CBS Broadcast Center and soap operas
Until January 2000, the Broadcast Center was home to CBS-TV's soap opera As the World Turns. Defunct
serials Love of Life, Search for Tomorrow and The Edge of Night were also produced at the Broadcast
Center.
After a 37-year absence, the oldest soap opera in the United States, Guiding Light, returned to the Broadcast
Center in September 2005, after 17 years at EUE/Screen Gems studios, 222 East 44th Street and 20 years at
the CBS/Himan Brown studios at 221 West 26th Street. The show had been produced in Studio 45 at the
CBS Broadcast Center from 1965-1968 before moving to West 26th street. "GL" used Studios 42 and 45 until
its final broadcast on September 17, 2009.
As the World Turns was later recorded at JC Studios in Brooklyn (formerly NBC Studios Brooklyn), which was
also home to Another World from 1964-1999. As a result of the move, As the World Turns acquired many of
Another World's old sets. As the World Turns aired its final episode on September 17, 2010.
21. CBS Broad Cast 1956
"From the ABC Broadcast Center..."
In 1996, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment produced "The Dana Carvey
Show" at the Broadcast Center for ABC. As a jab at CBS (ABC's
competition), the show's opening credits had a man with a paper
version of the ABC logo on a ladder outside of the Broadcast Center
covering over the CBS Eye logo while the announcer proclaimed "From
the ABC Broadcast Center".
22. CBS Broadcast 1956
"From the ABC Broadcast Center..."
In 1996, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment produced "The Dana Carvey
Show" at the Broadcast Center for ABC. As a jab at CBS (ABC's
competition), the show's opening credits had a man with a paper
version of the ABC logo on a ladder outside of the Broadcast Center
covering over the CBS Eye logo while the announcer proclaimed "From
the ABC Broadcast Center".
24. Compact Cassette 1963
The Compact Cassette or Musicassette (MC), also commonly called cassette tape, audio
cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is a magnetic taperecording format for audio recording
and playback. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already containing content as a
pre-recorded cassette, or as fully recordable "blank" cassette. It was designed originally for
dictation machines, but improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant
theStereo 8-track cartridge and reel-to-reel tape recording in most non-professional
applications. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early
microcomputers. Between the early 1970s and the late 1990s, the cassette was one of the two
most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP record and later the
compact disc.
25. Compact Cassette 1963
Compact Cassettes consist of two miniature spools, between which a
magnetically coated plastic tape is passed and wound. These spools and their
attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell. Two stereo pairs of
tracks (four total) or two monaural analog audio tracks are available on the
tape; one stereo pair or one monophonic track is played or recorded when the
tape is moving in one direction and the second pair when moving in the other
direction. This reversal is achieved either by manually flipping the cassette, or
by having the machine itself change the direction of tape movement and head
respectively ("auto-reverse").
26. Compact Cassette 1963
In 1935, decades before the introduction of the Compact Cassette, AEG released the first reel-to-reel
tape recorder (in German: Tonbandgerät), with the commercial name "Magnetophon", based on the
invention of the magnetic tape (1928) by Fritz Pfleumer, which used similar technology but with open
reels (for which the tape was manufactured by BASF). These instruments were still very expensive
and relatively difficult to use and were therefore used mostly by professionals in radio stations and
recording studios. For private use the (reel-to-reel) tape recorder was not very common and only
slowly took off from about the 1950s; with prices between 700 and 1,500 DM (which would now be
about € 1600 to 3400)[4] such machines were still far too expensive for the mass market and their
vacuum tube construction made them very bulky. In the early 1960s, however, the weights and the
prices dropped when vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. Reel-to-reel tape recorders then
became more common in household use, though they remained in only a small fraction of homes with
long playing record players.
27. Compact Cassette 1963
In 1958, following four years of development, RCA Victor introduced the stereo,
quarter-inch, reversible, reel-to-reel RCA tape cartridge. It was a cassette, big
(5" × 7"), but offered few pre-recorded tapes; despite multiple versions, it failed.
In 1962, Philips invented the Compact Cassette medium for audio storage,
introducing it in Europe on 30 August 1963 (at the Berlin Radio Show),and in
the United States (under the Norelco brand) in November 1964, with the
trademark name Compact Cassette. The team at Philips was led by Lou Ottens
in Hasselt, Belgium.
28. Compact Cassette 1963
Although there were other magnetic tape cartridge systems, Philips' Compact Cassette became
dominant as a result of Philips' decision in the face of pressure from Sony to license the format free of
charge. Philips also released the Norelco Carry-Corder 150 recorder/player in the U.S. in November
1964. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone and Japan soon became the
major source of recorders. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players.
In the early years, sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it
caught up with the quality of 8-track tape and kept improving. The Compact Cassette went on to
become a popular (and re-recordable) alternative to the 12-inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s.[2]
29. Compact Cassette 1963
Introduction of music cassettes
The mass production of Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in Hanover, Germany. Prerecorded music cassettes (also known as
Musicassettes; M.C. for short) were launched in Europe in late 1965. The Mercury Record Company, a U.S. affiliate of Philips,
introduced M.C. to the U.S. in July 1966. The initial offering consisted of 49 titles. However, the system had been designed initially
for dictation and portable use, with the audio quality of early players not well suited for music. Some early models also had
unreliable mechanical design. In 1971 the Advent Corporation introduced their Model 201 tape deck that combined Dolby type B
noise reduction and chromium dioxide (CrO2) tape, with a commercial-grade tape transport mechanism supplied by the Wollensak
camera division of 3M Corporation. This resulted in the format being taken more seriously for musical use, and started the era of
high fidelity cassettes and players.
During the 1980s, the cassette's popularity grew further as a result of portable pocket recorders and high-fidelity ("hi-fi") players,
such as Sony's Walkman (1979). The body of the Walkman was not much larger than the cassette tape itself, with mechanical
keys on one side, or electronic buttons or a display on the face. Sony's WM-10 was even smaller than the cassette itself, and
expanded to hold and play a cassette.