The document outlines the history of computers, beginning with early counting devices and progressing through significant milestones such as Charles Babbage's analytical engine, the development of digital computers by Alan Turing, and the evolution from vacuum tubes to microprocessors. It categorizes computer development into five generations, each characterized by major technological advancements including transistors, integrated circuits, and artificial intelligence. The fifth generation, still in development, emphasizes artificial intelligence capabilities like voice and facial recognition.

1. Assignment no: 01
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Topic:
History of computer
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BScs (E)1st
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2. Computer
FromWikipedia, the free encyclopedia
“Computer technology” and “computer system” redirect here. For company,
see computer technology limited. For other uses, see computer (disambiguation)
and computer system(disambiguation).
A Computer is a general-purposedevicethat can be programmed to carry outa
set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically.
HISTORY
Mainarticle: History of computing hardware
Pre-Twentieth century
Device has been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using
one-to-one correspondencewith fingers.
The Antikythera mechanismis believed to be the earliest mechanical analog
“computer”, according to Derek J.Sollaa price. Itwas designed to calculate
astronomicalpositions. Itwas discovered in 1901 in Antikythera wreck off Greek
island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa
100 BC.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11story
First general-purpose computing device
Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the
concept of a programmablecomputer. Considered the “father of computer”, he
conceptualized in the early 19th
century. After working on his revolutionary
difference engine, designed to aid in navigationalcalculation, in 1833 herealized
that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of
programs and data was to be provided to machine via punched cards and for
output, the machine would havea printer and bell.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.orgwiki/computer#11story

3. Later analog computers
The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir
William Thomas in 1872. The differential analog, a mechanical analog computer
designed to solvedifferential equation by integration using wheel-and-disc
mechanical, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the
more famous Lord Kelvin.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11story
Digital computer development:
The principle of modern computer was first described by mathematician and
pioneering computer scientistAlan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal
1936 paper on “Computable Numbers”. Healso introduced the notation of a
‘UniversalMachine ’, with the idea that such a could performthe tasks of any
other machine, or in other words, itis provablecapable of computing anything
that is computable by executing a programstored on tape, allowing the machine
to be programmable.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11story
Electromechanical:
By 1938 the US Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small
enough to use abroad a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data computer, which
used trigonometry to solvethe problemof firing a torpedo at moving target.
During World War 2 similar device were developed in other countries as well. The
device had a low operating speed and eventually superseded by much faster all-
electric computer, originally using vacuumtubes.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11story
First generation: 1946-1959
Vacuum tubes:

4. The first stage of computer development we used vacuumtubes. Colossus was
the World’s electronic digital programmablecomputer. It used a large numbers of
values (vacuumtubes).
The US-built ENIACwas the firstelectronic programmablecomputer built in US. It
was much faster and moreflexible. The firstgeneration computers were bigger in
sizeeven occupied entire room.
Source:http:www.bankexamstoday.com/2014/12/different-generationof computer-html
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11story
Second generation: 1959-1965
Transistor:
The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From1955 onwards transistors
replaced vacuumtubes in computer designs, giving riseto “second generation” of
computer. They are smaller than vacuumtubes and require less power, so give off
less heat. The firsttransistorized computer and the first in the World, was
operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 1955.
Source:http:www.bankexamstoday.com/2014/12/different-generationof computer-html
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11story
Third generation: 1964-1971
Integrated circuits:
The first practical ICs wereinvented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert
Noyce at Fairchild semiconductor. The ICsuccessfully demonstrating thefirst
working ICexample on 12 September 1958. Transistor wereminiaturized and put
on chip to foam integrated circuit. Which was faster in processing speed, store
instruction in memory and reducesize. These extremely small electronic perform
calculations and storedata using either digital or analog technology. This new
development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personaluseof
computers and led to invention of the microprocessor. Thefirstsingle-chip
microprocessor was Intel 4004.
Source:http:www.bankexamstoday.com/2014/12/different-generationof computer-html
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11story

5. Fourth generation: 1972-2010
Microprocessor:
Crucial stage in development of computer was microprocessor. Intelwas firstto
develop microprocessor. In microprocessorten of millions of transistor fabricated
on single chip which is very small in size and also have very high processing
capabilities. Microprocessor supportmultipletask. This generation saw the
development of computer for use developed by IBM. INTEL4004 is exampleof
this.
Source:http:www.bankexamstoday.com/2014/12/different-generationof computer-html
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/computer#11story
Fifth generation: 2010-Onwards
Artificial Intelligence:
Fifth generation saw the advent of artificial intelligence, features likes voice
recognition face recognition and Robboties are made possiblewith artificial
intelligence as machine able to respond in natural language and have capability to
learn and organizethemselves. Fifth generation is still in development stage.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.orgwiki/computer#11story
Source:http:www.bankexamstoday.com/2014/12/different-generationof computer-html